Chapter1

InternationalTrade全套可編輯PPT課件

本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Inthischapter,we’llcover:ReasonsandEffectsofInternationalTradeDevelopmentofInternationalTradeTheoriesBenefitsofFreeTradeTradeBarriersArgumentsforTradeProtectionGATTandWTO本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalTradeDefinition:thepurchase,saleorexchangeofgoodsandservicesacrossnationalbordersFunctionsIncreasesthenumberofgoodsthatdomesticconsumerscanchoosefrom;Decreasesthecostofthosegoodsthroughincreasedcompetition;Allowsdomesticindustriestoshiptheirproductsabroad.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ReasonsandEffectsWhydonationstrade?Thedistributionofnatural,human,andcapitalresourcesamongnationsisuneven;nationsdifferintheirendowmentsofeconomicresources.Efficientproductionofvariousgoodsrequiresdifferenttechnologiesorcombinationsofresources.Productsaredifferentiatedastoqualityandothernon-priceattributes.Somepeoplemayprefercertainimportedgoodstosimilargoodsmadedomestically.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ReasonsandEffectsJapan:labor-intensive

goodsAustralia:land-intensivegoodsIndustriallyadvancedeconomies:capital-intensivegoods本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ReasonsandEffectsComparativeadvantagee.g.charteredaccountantorpainter?OpportunitycostNote:absoluteadvantage本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ReasonsandEffectsAneconomy’sannualGDP:C+I+G+(X-M)TradesurplusandtradedeficitExportsandimportsExchangerate:appreciationanddepreciationcompetitivedevaluation本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DevelopmentofInternationalTradeTheoriesMercantilismAbsoluteadvantageComparativeadvantageFactorendowmentsInternationalproductlifecycleNewtradeandnationalcompetitiveadvantage本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DevelopmentofInternationalTradeTheoriesGovernmentintervention:tariffAdamSmith:absoluteadvantage“theinvisiblehand”DavidRicardo:comparativeadvantage本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DevelopmentofInternationalTradeTheoriesH-Omodel:factorsofproductionRaymondVernon:InternationalproductlifecycletheoryThelate1970sandearly1980s:Newtradetheory本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件BenefitsofFreeTradePromotescompetitionanddetersmonopolyIncreasedvarietyofgoodsandservicesavailabletoconsumersFreetradehasledtoprosperityandgrowthandthatprotectionismhashadtheoppositeeffects本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件TradeBarriersTariffs:specificTariffs

andAdValoremTariffsrevenuetariffprotectivetariffnon-tariffbarrier(NTB):licenseandquotalicense:

permitsforimportandexportquota:importandexportquotaVoluntaryexportrestraint(VER)EmbargoStandardsSubsidy本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ArgumentsforTradeProtectionNationalsecurityargument:

self-sufficiencyIncreaseddomesticemploymentargument:JobcreationfromimportsFallacyofcompositionPossibilityofretaliationLong-runfeedbacks本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ArgumentsforTradeProtectionDiversificationforStabilityArgumentInfant-industryargumentProtectionagainstdumpingargumentCheapforeignlaborargumentTheretaliationargument本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GATTandWTOGATTGeneralAgreementonTariffs1947Threeprinciples:Equal,non-discriminatorytradetreatmentforallmembernations;Reductionoftariffsbymultilateralnegotiation;Eliminationofimportquotas本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GATTandWTOWTO(WorldTradeOrganization)SuccessorofGATT1995Sixkeyobjectives:tosetandenforcerulesforinternationaltradetoprovideaforumfornegotiatingandmonitoringfurthertradeliberalizationtoresolvetradedisputestoincreasethetransparencyofdecision-makingprocesses,tocooperatewithothermajorinternationaleconomicinstitutionsinvolvedinglobaleconomicmanagement,tohelpdevelopingcountriesbenefitfullyfromglobaltradingsystem本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GATTandWTOThreepurposesofWTOrulesprotecttheinterestsofsmallandweakcountriesagainstdiscriminatorytradepracticesoflargeandpowerfulcountriesrequirememberstolimittradeonlythroughtariffsandtoprovidemarketaccessnotlessfavorablethanthatspecifiedintheirscheduleshelpgovernmentsresistlobbyingeffortsbydomesticinterestgroupsseekingspecialfavors本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions1.Whydonationsengageininternationaltrade?2.Howdoesacountry’sinternationaltradeaffectitsexchangerate?3.Whataresomeoftheimportanttheoriesofinternationaltrade?4.Whathappenedtoworldtradeinthe1930s?Whydidithappen?5.Whataretheargumentsinfavoroftradeprotection?Howvalidarethey?6.WhatarethefunctionsoftheWTOasanorganizationforliberalizingtrade?本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalInvestment本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Inthischapter,we’llcover:DefiningInternationalInvestmentForeignDirectInvestment:ProsandConsGovernmentPoliciestowardsFDIEvolutionofGlobalFDIMultinationalCorporations本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DefiningInternationalInvestmentFourcategoriesofinternationalinvestment:CommercialloansOfficialflowsForeigndirectinvestment（FDI)Foreignportfolioinvestment(FPI)本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DefiningInternationalInvestmentFDI:internationalinvestmentinwhichtheinvestorobtainsalastinginterestinanenterpriseinanothercountry.InwardFDI:investmentscomingintothecountryOutwardFDI:investmentsmadebycompaniesfromthatcountryintoforeigncompaniesinothercountries本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DefiningInternationalInvestmentFPI:investmentinacompany’sstocks,bonds,assets,ormoneymarketinstrumentsthatarebasedinadifferentcountry.DistinctionbetweenFDIandFPI:FDIoftenconnotesownershipofphysicalassetsandismoredifficulttopulloutorselloffFPIcanbemuchmorevolatile本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ForeignDirectInvestment:ProsandConsPros:ProvideforeigncapitalandfundsBenefitsthehostcountriesCreatejobsinregionallabormarketIntroduceadvancedtechnologyandtechnicalknow-howGainagreaterfootholdintheworldeconomyandintegrateintoawidermarketEmployeesgetexposedtogloballyvaluedskills本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ForeignDirectInvestment:ProsandConsBenefittoinvestorsandtheirhomecountryAccesstoalargermarketAbilitytotapthepotentialofcheapandskilledlaborAvailabilityofnaturalresourcesofthehostcountryBenefitstotherecipientcountryInflowofforeigncapitalintoitscountryThesharingoftechnicalandmanagerialexpertise本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ForeignDirectInvestment:ProsandConsCons:TheriskofFDIdestroyinglocalcapabilitiesandextractingnaturalresourceswithoutadequatelycompensatingpoorcountries.FDIisalsodetrimentaltothehosteconomyduetotheirlargesizeandeconomicpowerThelong-runbalanceofpaymentpositionofthehosteconomyisjeopardizedwhentheinvestormanagestorecoveritsinitialoutlayAlossofemploymentinthehomecountryTheearningsorgainsmadeabroadcannotbedeployedelsewhereintheeventofmoreprofitableopportunities本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GovernmentPoliciestowardsFDIManygovernmentsencourageFDIintheircountriesasawaytocreatejobs,expandlocaltechnicalknowledge,andincreasetheiroveralleconomicstandards.Incontrast,manycountrieshaverestrictedorcontrolledinwardFDIfordecadesbyrequiringextensivepaperworkandbureaucraticapprovalsaswellaslocalpartnersforanynewforeignbusiness.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GovernmentPoliciestowardsFDIRestrictivePolicies:tolimitorcontrolFDItoprotectlocalindustriesandkeyresourcespreservethenationalandlocalculture,protectsegmentsoftheirdomesticpopulation,maintainpoliticalandeconomicindependence,andmanageorcontroleconomicgrowthOwnershiprestrictionsTaxratesandsanctions本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GovernmentPoliciestowardsFDIFavorablePolicies:topromoteFDIwhengovernmentsareeagertoexpandtheirdomesticeconomyandattractnewtechnologies,businessknow-how,andcapitaltotheircountryFinancialIncentivesInfrastructureAdministrativeprocessesandregulatoryenvironmentInvestmentineducationPolitical,economicandlegalstability本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EvolutionofGlobalFDIOverviewofChangesinFDIThelevelandrelativeimportancehavefluctuatedovertimeBothmeasureswerehighintheearlypartofthe20thcentury,lowinthemiddlepart,andhightowardstheend.WorldWarIandtheGreatDepressionAfterWorldWarIITheendoftheColdWarFrom1980to25yearslaterThe1990sTheearlyyearsofthe21stcentury本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件MultinationalCorporations(MNCs)DefinitionofMNCabusinessconcernwithoperationsinmorethanonecountryheadquartersinonecountryandsubsidiariesinothercountriesoperationslinkedtotheparentbymerger,withconsiderableautonomyMerger本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件MultinationalCorporations(MNCs)StrategiesandProceduresofMNCoperationsKeyFactorsinfluencingStrategiesPopulationandsizeofthemarketofacountryEconomieswithplentyofcheaplaborStatusofwatersupply,telecommunicationsandtransportationHostcountriesmakepoliciesopenandinvestorfriendly本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件MultinationalCorporations(MNCs)Otherfactors:Business’sneedsandoverallstrategyMergerwithordirectacquisitionofexistingcompaniesinanewmarketSequentialmarketentryCreatingjointventureswithfirmsalreadyoperatinginthesemarkets.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件MultinationalCorporations(MNCs)TwoincreasinglyapplicableformsofoperationsGreenfieldFDI:acompanybuildsnewfacilitiesfromscratch.occurwhenmultinationalcorporationsenterintodevelopingcountriestobuildnewfactoriesorstores.BrownfieldFDI:acompanyorgovernmententitypurchasesorleasesexistingproductionfacilitiestolaunchanewproductionactivity.Note:thetwoarenotexclusivetotheFDI.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件MultinationalCorporations(MNCs)GrowingpowerofMNCsrapidlydevelopingeconomies(RDEs)theBRICcountriesaspirationalgoodscorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions1.Whataremajorcategoriesofinternationalinvestment?2.HowhadthepatternofFDIchangedinthe20thcentury?3.WhatarethebenefitsandcostsofFDI?4.HowdogovernmentsregulateandmanageFDI?5.WhatfactorsinfluenceMNCs’choiceofhostcountriesfordirectinvestment?6.Howdomajorglobalcorporationsimpactthehostcountryeconomically?本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalFinance本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Inthischapter,we’llcover:InternationalBalanceofPaymentsReserveCurrency:TwoSidesoftheSameCoinEvolutionofInternationalMonetarySystemsUniformCurrency–BlessingorCurse?InternationalFinanceInstitutionsEconomicAid:ASolutiontotheDebtProblem?本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalBalanceofPaymentsBalanceofpayments(BOP)recordsthefinancingofanation’sinternationaltradeanditsotherfinancialtransactionswiththerestoftheworld.Theoretically,theBOPshouldbezero,meaningthatassets(credits)andliabilities(debits)shouldbalance.BOPcantelltheobserverifacountryhasadeficitorasurplusandfromwhichpartoftheeconomythediscrepanciesarestemming.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalBalanceofPaymentsTheBOPAccountsCurrentaccount:theinflowandoutflowofgoodsandservicesintoacountry.Balanceoftrade(BOT):goodsandservicestogethertradedeficitvs.tradesurplusCapitalaccount:internationaltransfersinassetsandliabilitiesFinancialaccount:internationalmonetaryflowsrelatedtoinvestmentinbusiness,realestate,bondsandstocksSpecialdrawingrights(SDRs)InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalBalanceofPaymentsBalancingtheAccountsAdeficitinthecurrentaccountbalanceismatchedbyasurplusinthecapitalandfinancialaccountbalance,andviceversa.“Balancingout”ofthethreeaccountsdependsonthecountry’sexchangerateregime.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalBalanceofPaymentsExchangerate:thepriceofonecurrencyintermsofanothercountry’scurrency.Appreciation:ariseinthepriceofanation’scurrency.Depreciation:adeclineinthepriceofanation’scurrencyLiberalizingCapitalAccountsCapitalaccountliberalizationisaprocessthatremovesrestrictionsoncapitalmovement.Thisunrestrictedmovementofcapitalmeansthatgovernments,corporationsandindividualsarefreetoinvestcapitalinothercountries.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ReserveCurrency:TwoSidesoftheSameCoinFunctionsofaforeigncurrencyConveniencefortheCountry’sResidentsSeigniorageorExorbitantPrivilegeinGoodTimesSeigniorageorExorbitantPrivilegeinBadTimesPoliticalPowerandPrestige本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ReserveCurrency:TwoSidesoftheSameCoinThecostofreservecurrenciesExorbitantCurseNotPrivilegeVulnerabilityfromExorbitantPrivilegeBurdenofResponsibilityThe“Costly”Prerequisites本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EvolutionofInternationalMonetarySystemsInternationalmonetarysysteminvolvessetsofinternationallyagreedrules,conventionsandsupportinginstitutionsthatfacilitateinternationaltrade,crossborderinvestmentandgenerallythereallocationofcapitalbetweennationstates.Firstmoderninternationalmonetarysystem:GoldstandardPrevailedduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesGoldistheonlystandardofvalue本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EvolutionofInternationalMonetarySystemsGoldbullionstandardreplacedthegoldstandardwasduringthe1920sNationsnolongermintedgoldcoinsbutbackedtheircurrencieswithgoldbullionandagreedtobuyandsellthebullionatafixedprice.BritainreturnedtotheGoldStandardin1925atpre-warrate,andwasforcedtoabandontheGoldStandardin1931.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EvolutionofInternationalMonetarySystems1944:BrettonWoodsinternationalconferenceAsystemoffixedexchangerateswasadopted.InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)wascreated1971:TheBrettonWoodssystemeventuallycollapsed.The

two-tiersystemwascreatedin1968TheUSwasforcedtoabandongoldconvertibility.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EvolutionofInternationalMonetarySystems1976:floatingexchangeratesystemevolvedCenteredonthreefloatingcurrencies(G3).:USdollar,JapaneseyenandDeutscheMarkValuedeterminedbythemarket2002:TheeuroreplacedEuropeanCurrencyUnit.Thesecondmostcommonlyusedcurrencyafterthedollarintheprimaryinternationalbondmarketfirstcirculatingin12EUnations,andadditionalEUmembershaveadoptedit本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件UniformCurrency–BlessingorCurse?Merits:Bringsaboutsignificantbenefitstoworldeconomyandinternationaltrade.MakesiteasiertogivebirthtoacashlesssocietywhichisconvenientandsecureDefects:PosesthreattonationalsovereigntyUnequaleconomicdecisionsThelimitedfeasibilityofachievingauniformcurrency.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalFinancialInstitutionsInternationalfinancialinstitutions(IFIs)Financialinstitutionsthathavebeenestablished(orchartered)bymorethanonecountry,andhencearesubjectsofinternationallaw.Thebest-knownIFIswereestablishedafterWorldWarIItoassistinthereconstructionofEuropeandprovidemechanismsforinternationalcooperationinmanagingtheglobalfinancialsystem,notablytheWorldBank,theIMF,andtheInternationalFinanceCorporation本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalFinancialInstitutionsRegionalBanksInter-AmericanDevelopmentBankAsianDevelopmentBankAfricanDevelopmentBankEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalFinancialInstitutionsTheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)isaninternationalorganizationthatprovidesfinancialassistanceandadvicetomembercountriesOrganizationalStructure:Themembercountriescontributedtoapoolwhichcouldbeborrowedfrom,onatemporarybasis,bycountrieswithpaymentimbalances.MajorFunctionsResponsibleforthecreationandmaintenanceoftheinternationalmonetarysystem.Providingasystematicmechanismforforeignexchangetransactionspromotingbalancedglobaleconomictrade本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalFinancialInstitutionsTheWorldBankis

aninternationalfinancialinstitutionthatprovidesloanstodevelopingcountriesforcapitalprogramswiththegoalofalleviatingpoverty.OrganizationandOperations:fiveseparateinstitutionsInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)InternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA)InternationalFinanceCorporationMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgencyInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件InternationalFinancialInstitutionsTheWorldBank’sfocus:Increasingtransparency;Expandingsocialissuesinthefightonpoverty;Improvingcountries’competitivenessandincreasingexports;Improvingefficienciesindiverseindustriesandleveragingtheprivatesector.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EconomicAid:ASolutiontotheDebtProblem?Howbeneficialisaid?Bilateralaid:transferreddirectlyfromonecountrytoanotherMultilateralaid:givenbydonorcountriestoaninternationalagency,suchastheWorldBank,whichthendistributesittotherecipientsTiedaid:moneythathastobespentinacertainway本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件EconomicAid:ASolutiontotheDebtProblem?CommonviewsoftheleftandrightBothquestionthesuccessofaidinstimulatingeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Bothsuggestthataidcancreateformsofdependency.Bothagreethatattitudesareimportantindeterminingeconomicdevelopmentandthataidcanadverselyaffecttheseattitudes.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions1.WhatistheBalanceofPaymentcomposedof?2.Whatarebenefitsandcostsofaninternationalreservecurrency?3.Howhadtheinternationalmonetarysystemshiftedinthe20thcentury?4.DiscusswhetherSDRsoranotherglobalcurrencycreatedbyIMFshouldreplaceUSdollarastheinternationalreservecurrency.5.WhatistheWorldBank,andwhatroledoesitplay?6.Whataretheprosandconsofeconomicaidtodevelopingcountries?本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GlobalizationandEconomicIntegration本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Inthischapter,we’llcover:Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsGlobalizationinHistoricalPerspectiveGlobalizationandEconomicGrowthProsandConsofEconomicGlobalization本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsGlobalizationisevidentinmanyways.commonperspectivesonglobalization：growinginterdependenceoftheworld’speopleAshortdefinitionofglobalization：growingliberalizationofinternationaltradeandinvestment,andtheresultingincreaseintheintegrationofnationaleconomies.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsKeycharacteristicsofglobalization：ImprovedTechnologyinTransportationandTelecommunicationsMovementofPeopleandCapitalDiffusionofKnowledgeNon-GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)andMultinationalCorporations本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsDavidHenderson’sdefinitionofglobalization:increasingtendencyforfirmstothink,plan,operate,andinvestforthefuturewithreferencetomarketsandopportunitiesacrosstheworldasawhole;growingeaseandcheapnessofinternationalcommunications,withtheInternettheleadingaspect;thetrendtowardcloserinternationaleconomicintegration,resultinginthediminishedimportanceofpoliticalboundaries.Thistrendisfueledpartlybythefirsttwotrends,butevenmorepowerfullybyofficialpoliciesaimedattradeandinvestmentliberalization;本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsapparentlygrowingsignificanceofissuesandproblemsextendingbeyondnationalboundariesandtheresultingimpetustodealwiththemthroughsomeformofinternationallyconcertedaction;andthetendencytowarduniformity(or“harmonization”),bywhichnorms,standards,rules,andpracticesaredefinedandenforcedwithrespecttoregions,ortheworldasawhole,ratherthanwithintheboundsofnation-states.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsEconomicglobalization

Referstointegrationontheeconomicfrontwiththedeveloped,developingandunder-developedeconomiescomingtogetherbymeansofinternationaltrade,foreigndirectinvestments,etc.Alsodefinedasglobalizationofmarkets,whereintheterm“market”aptlyreplacestheterm“village”intheconceptof“globalvillage”,bringingtothesurfacetheconceptofglobalmarketplaceorasingleworldmarket.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Globalization:DefinitionandCharacteristicsFinancialglobalizationreferstothegrowingunificationorintegrationoffinancialmarketsallovertheworld.Ithasstimulatedhighcapitalmobilityandalargevolumeofgrossinternationalfinancialflows.“Racetothebottom”asasocio-economicphenomenonoccursbetweencountries,states,provincesorterritoriesasanoutcomeofglobalization,freetrade,neoliberalismoreconomicderegulation.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GlobalizationinHistoricalPerspectiveEvolutionofGlobalizationFirsteraofglobalcommerceprecedingtwoworldwars.TheaftermathofWWIIRollingbackagainstKeynesianismtheMexicodebtcrisisof1982本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GlobalizationinHistoricalPerspectiveFactorsinfluencingeconomicglobalization:improvementsinthetechnologyoftransportationandcommunicationhavereducedthecostsoftransportinggoods,services,andfactorsofproductionandofcommunicatingeconomicallyusefulknowledgeandtechnology.tastesofindividualsandsocietieshavegenerallyfavoredtakingadvantageoftheopportunitiesprovidedbydecliningcostsoftransportationandcommunicationthroughincreasingeconomicintegration.publicpolicieshavesignificantlyinfluencedthecharacterandpaceofeconomicintegration,althoughnotalwaysinthedirectionofincreasingeconomicintegration.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GlobalizationandEconomicGrowthFastereconomicgrowthisafundamentalblessingofglobalizationonnationsthatembraceit.Thegreatestbeneficiariesofglobalizationarethelong-sufferingconsumersinthosenationsthathadbeen“protected”fromglobalcompetition.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件GlobalizationandEconomicGrowthBenefitsforLDCsengagingintheglobaleconomyaccesstomuchlargermarkets,bothforimportsandexportsaccesstoamuchhigherleveloftechnologycapitaltofuelfuturegrowth.accesstoinfrastructureforeconomicgrowth.encouraginggovernmentstofollowmoresensibleeconomicpolicies.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ProsandConsofEconomicGlobalizationPositivechangesfromglobalizationIncreasedCompetitionEmploymentInvestmentandCapitalFlowsForeignTrade本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ProsandConsofEconomicGlobalizationSpreadofTechnicalKnow-HowSpreadofCultureSpreadofEducationLegalandEthicalEffects本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件ProsandConsofEconomicGlobalizationDisadvantagesofglobalizationInordertocutdowncosts,manyfirmsindevelopednationshaveoutsourcedtheirmanufacturingandwhite-collarjobstoThird-Worldcountries.Thelossofjobs.ManyAmericansarenotsatisfiedwiththelevelofcustomerservicethattheyaresubjectedto.Peopleindevelopingnationshavetheirownsetofreasonsagainstglobalization,e.g.environmentalissuesandfastfoodissues.Whilethericharegettingricher,thepoorarestrugglingforasquaremeal.Moneyisnotdistributedequally.Environmentaldegradation本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件StudyQuestions1.Whatarethecharacteristicsofeconomicglobalization?Illustratewithexamples.2.Howdoestheongoingglobalizationcomparewithitsparallelsinworldhistory?3.Whatarethepositiveandnegativeeffectsofglobalization,economicallyandotherwise?4.Howhasglobalizationcontributedtoeconomicgrowth?Illustratewithfactsandfigures.5.Whataretheunderlyingreasonsforthesocio-economicphenomenon“racetothebottom”?6.WhyistheWTOconsideredasthemostcrucialcarrierofeconomicglobalization?本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件

本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件RegionalEconomicIntegration本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件Inthischapter,we’llcover:CharacteristicsandEffectsofRegionalSynergyDrivingFactorsforRegionalIntegrationGrowingComplexityofRegionalIntegrationMajorRegionalGroupsandAgreements本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件CharacteristicsandEffectsofRegionalSynergyRegionalEconomicIntegrationoccurswhenagroupofcountrieslocatedinthesamegeographicproximitydecidetocooperatebasedonagreements.EvidenceofregionalsynergyNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)EuropeanUnion(EU)SouthernConeCommonMarket(SCCM)AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)SouthernCommonMarketTreaty(MERCOSUR)SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SFDC)本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件CharacteristicsandEffectsofRegionalSynergyTheclassicschemaofregionalintegrationranksintegrationarrangementsaccordingtothedepthofintegrationPreferentialtradeareaFreetradearea,customsunion,commonmarket,economicunion,economicandmonetaryunionTotaleconomicintegration.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件CharacteristicsandEffectsofRegionalSynergyTwokindsofeffects:staticanddynamicStaticeffectsinvolvetradecreationandtradediversion.Thedynamiceffects：competitiveness,technologicaldevelopment,scaleeconomies,resourceallocationandinvestment.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件CharacteristicsandEffectsofRegionalSynergyBeneficialinfluenceofregionalsynergy：allowsseveraldifferentcountriestocometogetherandformcommonmarkets

theeffectofalargermarketnotonlyallowstheinternaleconomicoutputwithintheregionalblocktoincrease,italsoputstheblockatanadvantageinrelationtoothercountriesaroundtheworld.本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件CharacteristicsandEffectsofRegionalSynergyNotableadvantagesofregionalintegration:largermarketsincreasedglobalcompetitivenessnegativeeffectsofregionalintegration:lossofsovereigntylossofflexibility本課件是可編輯的正常PPT課件DrivingFactorsforRegionalIntegrationTheoreticalexplanationsforregionalintegration:Gravitymodelfocusesonbothtangibleandintangiblefactors,withanemphasisoftheimportanceofproximityandtherelativeeconomicsizeofpartnersinaccountingforinternationaltradepatterns.Optimumcurrencyareatheoryseekstogaugetheeconomicandfinanciallinkagesamongcountrieswiththeobjectiveofidentifyinggroupssuitedtomonetaryintegration.Indeed,tradeandcommoncurrencyarekeystobecomingeconomically