鄭州鐵路職業技術學院無損檢測概述NondestructivetestingOverview車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology主講人：時蕾FUNDAMENTALSOFSENSORTECHNOLOGYLecturer:ShiLei無損探傷的基本概念人們在使用各種材料（尤其是金屬材料）的長期實踐中，觀察到大量的斷裂現象，它曾給人類帶來許多災難事故，涉及艦船、飛機、軸類、壓力容器、宇航器、核設備等。Inthelong-termpracticeofusingvariousmaterials(especiallymetalmaterials),alargenumberoffracturephenomenahavebeenobserved,whichhasbroughtmanydisasterstohumanbeings,involvingships,aircraft,axes,pressurevessels,spacevehicles,nuclearequipmentandsoon.路軌斷裂事故Railbreakageaccident無損探傷的方法對缺陷的檢測手段有破壞性試驗和無損探傷。由于無損探傷以不損壞被檢驗對象為前提，所以得到廣泛應用。Thedetectionmethodsfordefectsincludedestructivetestandnon-destructivetesting.Sincenondestructivetestingisbasedonthepremiseofnotdamagingthetestedobject,itiswidelyused無損檢測的方法有磁粉檢測（MT）射線檢測（RT）超聲波檢測（UT）滲透檢測（PT）渦流檢測（ET）和Methodsofnon-destructivetestingareMagneticParticleDetection(MT)RadiographicInspection(RT)UltrasonicInspection(UT)PenetrationTesting(PT)EddyCurrentTesting(ET)目錄CATALOGPART

01磁粉檢測（MT）MagneticParticleDetection(MT)PART

02射線檢測（RT）RadiographicInspection(RT)PART

03超聲波檢測（UT）UltrasonicInspection(UT)PART

04滲透檢測（PT）PenetrationTesting(PT)PART

05渦流檢測（ET）EddyCurrentTesting(ET)磁粉檢測（MT）MagneticParticleDetection(MT)Part

01車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology一.磁粉檢測（MT）將鐵磁性材料直接通以電流或置于磁場中，使其磁化。磁力線遇到缺陷時，會繞過缺陷而產生漏磁，漏磁場將吸引磁粉，在合適的光照下形成目視可見的磁痕，從而顯示出缺陷的位置、大小、形狀和嚴重程度。Aferromagneticmaterialismagnetizedbypassinganelectriccurrentdirectlyorbyplacingitinamagneticfield.Whenthemagneticfieldlineencountersadefect,itwillbypassthedefectandproducemagneticleakage,whichwillattractmagneticpowderandformvisualmagneticmarksundertherightlight,thusshowingthelocation,size,shapeandseverityofthedefect基本原理fundamental（一）一.磁粉檢測（MT）優缺點relativemerits（二）缺點

drawback只能探測鐵磁性材料，不能發現內部缺陷，難于確定缺陷深度。Onlyferromagneticmaterialscanbedetected,internaldefectscannotbefound,anditisdifficulttodeterminethedepthofdefects.優點

merit靈敏度高、速度快、操作簡單、費用低廉，直觀顯示缺陷的位置、形狀和大小。Highsensitivity,fastspeed,simpleoperation,lowcost,intuitivedisplayofdefectlocation,shapeandsize.一.磁粉檢測（MT）使用范圍usablerange（三）磁粉檢測儀磁懸液檢測鑄件、鍛件、焊縫和機械加工零件等鐵磁性材料。主要檢測鐵磁性材料的表面和近表面缺陷，如裂紋。Inspectferromagneticmaterialssuchascastings,forgings,weldsandmachinedparts.Itmainlydetectssurfaceandnear-surfacedefectsofferromagneticmaterials,suchascracks.Magneticparticledetectormagneticsuspension射線檢測（RT）RadiographicInspection(RT)Part

02車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology二.射線檢測（RT）利用射線源向工件發出射線，因工件的材料結構或缺陷的存在，使透過工件的射線強度發生不均勻變化，經照相底片感光和顯影處理后，獲得該工件結構和缺陷相對應的投影圖像。通過對圖像的觀察分析，確定工件內缺陷的種類、大小和分布狀況。Theraysourceisusedtoemitraystotheworkpiece.Duetotheexistenceofthematerialstructureordefectoftheworkpiece,therayintensitythroughtheworkpiecechangesunevenly.Afterthephotographicplateissensitizedanddeveloped,theprojectedimagecorrespondingtothestructureanddefectoftheworkpieceisobtained.Throughtheobservationandanalysisoftheimage,thetype,sizeanddistributionofthedefectsintheworkpiecearedetermined.基本原理fundamental（一）優缺點relativemerits（二）缺點defect檢驗成本高，工件厚度受限制，對人體有傷害，需考慮安全防護問題Theinspectioncostishigh,thethicknessoftheworkpieceislimited,anditisharmfultothehumanbody,andsafetyprotectionneedstobeconsidered優點merit不受工件形狀限制，能永久保存，記錄缺陷直觀。Itisnotlimitedbytheshapeoftheworkpiece,canbepermanentlystored,andthedefectsarerecordedintuitively.二.射線檢測（RT）使用范圍usablerange（三）主要用于檢測鑄件和焊件等構件的內部缺陷，尤其是體積型缺陷，如氣孔、夾渣、縮孔、疏松等，對片狀缺陷檢出較難。Itismainlyusedtodetecttheinternaldefectsofcastingsandweldparts,especiallythevolumedefects,suchaspores,slaginclusion,shrinkageholes,porosity,etc.,anditisdifficulttodetectsheetdefects.二.射線檢測（RT）X光探傷X-raydetection計算機斷層成像技術(CT)是一種重要的無損檢測技術(NDT)，是物理學與計算機科學的發展產物。它是基于射線與物質的相互作用原理，通過投影重建方法獲取被檢測物體的數字圖像，全面解決了傳統x射線攝影裝置的影像重疊、密度分辨率低等缺點。ComputedTomography(CT)isanimportantnondestructivetestingtechnique(NDT),whichisaproductofthedevelopmentofphysicsandcomputerscience.Itisbasedontheprincipleofinteractionbetweenraysandmatter,andobtainsthedigitalimageofthedetectedobjectthroughprojectionreconstructionmethod,whichcomprehensivelysolvestheshortcomingsoftraditionalX-rayphotographicdevicessuchasimageoverlapandlowdensityresolution.二.射線檢測（RT）計算機斷層成像技術(CT)探傷Computedtomography(CT)detection超聲波檢測（UT）UltrasonicInspection(UT)Part

03車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology基本原理fundamental（一）利用超聲波入射被檢工件，當超聲波遇到缺陷時會全部或部分反射，反射回來的超聲波被探頭接收，通過儀器內部的電路處理，在儀器的熒光屏上就會顯示出不同高度和有一定間距的波形。可以根據波形的變化特征，判斷缺陷在工件中的深度、位置和形狀。Theuseofultrasonicwaveincidenttotheworkpiecetobeexamined,whenultrasonicdefectswillbereflectedinwholeorinpart,thereflectedultrasonicwaveisreceivedbytheprobe,processedbythecircuitinsidetheinstrument,andthewaveformofdifferentheightsandacertaindistancewillbedisplayedonthefluorescentscreenoftheinstrument.Accordingtothechangingcharacteristicsofthewaveform,thedepth,positionandshapeofthedefectintheworkpiececanbejudged.三.超聲波檢測（UT）優缺點relativemerits（二）缺點defect顯示不直觀，技術難度大，容易受到外界因素影響，并且結果不便于永久保存，對工件表面要求平滑，難于對缺陷作精度定性和定量，要求工作人員經驗豐富，才能辨別缺陷種類。Thedisplayisnotintuitive,thetechnicaldifficultyislarge,itiseasytobeaffectedbyexternalfactors,andtheresultsarenoteasytobepermanentlypreserved,thesurfaceoftheworkpieceissmooth,itisdifficulttomakethequalitativeandquantitativeaccuracyofthedefects,andthestaffisrequiredtobeexperiencedinordertoidentifythetypesofdefects.優點merit檢測厚度大、靈敏度高、速度快、費用低廉、對人體無害，能對缺陷進行定位和定量。Thedetectionthicknessislarge,thesensitivityishigh,thespeedisfast,thecostislow,thehumanbodyisharmless,andthedefectscanbelocatedandquantified.三.超聲波檢測（UT）使用范圍usablerange（三）適用于金屬、非金屬及符合材料的鑄、鍛、焊件與板材，主要檢測工件的內部缺陷，同時也可發現工件表面的裂紋。Itissuitableformetal,non-metalandconformingmaterialscasting,forging,weldingpartsandplates,mainlydetecttheinternaldefectsoftheworkpiece,andalsofindthecracksonthesurfaceoftheworkpiece.起始波

缺陷工件缺陷反射波底波三.超聲波檢測（UT）滑板式探頭鋼軌探傷車三.超聲波檢測（UT）rail-defectdetectorcarSlideprobe鐵路鋼軌探測用的滾軸式探頭（也稱做輪式探頭）Rollerprobe(alsocalledwheelprobe)高速鋼軌探傷車High-speedrailflawdetectioncar三.超聲波檢測（UT）鐵路鋼軌探頭

Railprobe三.超聲波檢測（UT）缺陷defect焊縫鐵路鋼軌探傷用滑板式探頭鐵路鋼軌對接焊縫探測用探頭ProbesfordetectingbuttweldsofrailwayrailsSlideprobeforrailwayrailflawdetectionweldseam管道環焊縫超聲波檢測裝置PipegirthweldUltrasonictestingdevice三.超聲波檢測（UT）三.超聲波檢測（UT）管道環焊縫超聲波檢測裝置原理Principleofultrasonictestingdeviceforpipelinegirthweld三.超聲波檢測（UT）超聲探傷儀reflectoscope三.超聲波檢測（UT）構件的超聲探傷Ultrasonicflawdetectionofcomponents三.超聲波檢測（UT）構件的超聲探傷Ultrasonicflawdetectionofcomponents三.超聲波檢測（UT）超聲探傷的計算顯示器的x軸為10

s/div(格)，現測得B波與T波的距離為6格，F波與T波的距離為2格。Thexaxisofthedisplayis10s/div(grid).ThedistancebetweenBwaveandTwaveis6grids,andthedistancebetweenFwaveandTwaveis2grids.設1）t

及tF

；求：2）鋼板的厚度

及缺陷與表面的距離xF

。CalculationofultrasonicflawdetectionThicknessofthesteelplate

andthedistancebetweenthedefectandthesurfacexF三.超聲波檢測（UT）解1）tδ=10μs/div×6div=60μs=0.06ms，

tF=10μs/div×2div=20μs=0.02ms2）查表得到縱波在鋼板中的聲速v=5.9×103m/s則：δ=tδ×vL/2=（0.06×10-3×5.9×103/2）m≈0.2mXF=tF×vF/2=（0.02×10-3×5.9×103/2）m≈0.1mLookupthetabletogetthesoundvelocityofp-waveinsteelplate滲透檢測（PT）PenetrationTesting(PT)Part

04車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology基本原理fundamental（一）在清洗過的工件表面施加含有色澤和熒光物質的滲透劑，滲透劑滲入缺陷并留在空腔內，然后洗去表面多余的滲透劑，再涂上一層顯影劑，借毛細管吸附作用，使缺陷中的滲透劑吸出。通過色澤對比或紫外線照射激發熒光物質發光，從而將缺陷的圖像顯現出來。Anpenetrantcontainingcolorandfluorescentsubstancesisappliedonthesurfaceofthecleanedworkpiece,andthepenetrantpenetratesintothedefectandremainsinthecavity,andthenwashesofftheexcesspenetrantonthesurface,andthencoatsalayerofdeveloper,andsucksoutthepenetrantinthedefectbycapillaryadsorption.Theimageofthedefectcanberevealedbycolorcontrastorultravioletirradiationtostimulatetheluminescenceofthefluorescentmaterial.四.滲透檢測（PT）優缺點meritanddemerit（二）缺點defect只能檢測表面缺陷，不能顯示缺陷的深度、缺陷內部的形狀和尺寸，無法或難于檢查多孔材料，檢測結果受表面粗糙度影響。Onlysurfacedefectscanbedetected,andthedepthofthedefect,theshapeandsizeinsidethedefectcannotbedisplayed.Itisimpossibleordifficulttocheckporousmaterials,andthedetectionresultsareaffectedbysurfaceroughness.優點merit操作簡單、設備簡單、投資小，效率高，對表面缺陷，一般不受試件材料種類及其外形輪廓限制。Theoperationissimple,theequipmentissimple,theinvestmentissmall,theefficiencyishigh,andthesurfacedefectsaregenerallynotlimitedbythetypeofspecimenmaterialanditscontour.四.滲透檢測（PT）使用范圍usablerange（三）主要用于檢驗有色和黑色金屬的鑄件、鍛件、粉末冶金件以及各種陶瓷、塑料、玻璃制品的裂紋、氣孔、分層等缺陷。Itismainlyusedtotestthedefectsofnonferrousandferrousmetalcastings,forgings,powdermetallurgypartsandvariousceramics,plastics,glassproductssuchascracks,pores,delaminationandsoon.汽車平衡桿缺陷-熒光滲透熒光滲透缺陷四.滲透檢測（PT）Automotivebalancebardefect-fluorescentpenetrationFluorescentpermeabilitydefect渦流檢測（ET）EddyCurrentTesting(ET)Part

05車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology基本原理fundamental（一）將載有交變或脈沖電流的試驗線圈靠近導電工件時，在工件表面由電磁感應產生渦電流，而感生的渦電流又產生磁場，反作用到原試驗線圈的磁場，形成疊加磁場。當工件內有缺陷時，渦電流因流動途徑的變化，使渦電流磁場也相應變化，經試驗線圈檢出異常磁場的變化量，可以得到缺陷的信息。Whenthetestcoilcarryingalternatingorpulsecurrentisclosetotheconductingworkpiece,theeddycurrentisgeneratedbyelectromagneticinductiononthesurfaceoftheworkpiece,andtheinducededdycurrentgeneratesamagneticfield,whichreactstothemagneticfieldoftheoriginaltestcoiltoformasuperimposedmagneticfield.Whentherearedefectsintheworkpiece,theeddycurrentmagneticfieldchangescorrespondinglyduetothechangeofflowpath.Thedefectinformationcanbeobtainedbydetectingthecha