《安全員》TheSecurity第二章施工現場安全管理Chapter2ConstructionSiteSafetyManagement第一節施工現場安全管理要求Section1SafetyManagementRequirementsforConstructionSites1．一般工程的施工現場基本要求1.Basicrequirementsforconstructionsiteofgeneralengineering1)開工前，在施工組織設計(或施工方案)中，必須有詳細的施工平面布置圖。運輸道路、臨時用電線路布置、各種管道、倉庫、加工車間(作業場所)，主要機械設備位置及工地辦公、生活設施等臨時工程的安排，均要符合安全要求。1)Beforestartingconstruction,adetailedconstructionlayoutplanmustbeincludedintheconstructionorganizationdesign(orconstructionplan).Thearrangementoftransportationroads,temporarypowerlines,variouspipelines,warehouses,processingworkshops(workplaces),mainmechanicalequipmentlocations,andtemporaryengineeringsuchasofficeandlivingfacilitiesontheconstructionsitemustcomplywithsafetyrequirements.(1)平面布置(1)Planelayout2)工地四周應有與外界隔離的圍護設置，人口處一般應有(特殊工程工地除外)工程名稱、施工單位名稱牌，并設置施工現場平面布置圖、施工概況表(或稱“施工公告”)、安全紀律(或“施工現場安全管理規定”)。使進入該工地的人，能對該工程的概況有一個基本了解和注意安全的忠告。2)Thereshouldbeanenclosurearoundtheconstructionsitethatisisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.Generally,thereshouldbeasignboardfortheprojectnameandconstructionunitnameinthepopulationarea(excludingspecialconstructionsites),andaconstructionsitelayoutplan,constructionoverviewtable(or"constructionannouncement"),andsafetydiscipline(or"constructionsitesafetymanagementregulations")shouldbesetup.Enablethosewhoentertheconstructionsitetohaveabasicunderstandingoftheprojectoverviewandprovidesafetyadvice.3)工地排水設施應全面規劃，排水溝的截面及坡度應進行計算，其設置不得妨礙交通和影響工地周圍環境。排水溝還應經常清理疏浚，保持暢通。3)Thedrainagefacilitiesontheconstructionsiteshouldbecomprehensivelyplanned,andthecross-sectionandslopeofthedrainageditchshouldbecalculated.Itssettingshouldnothindertrafficoraffectthesurroundingenvironmentoftheconstructionsite.Thedrainageditchshouldalsoberegularlycleanedanddredgedtomaintainsmoothness.1)工地的人行道、車行道應堅實平坦，保持暢通。主要道路應與主要臨時建筑物的道路連通。場內運輸道路應盡量減少彎道和交叉點。頻繁的交叉處，必須設有明顯的警告標志，或設臨時交通指揮(指揮人員或指揮信號)。1)Thesidewalksandroadwaysontheconstructionsiteshouldbesolidandflat,andkeptunobstructed.Themainroadsshouldbeconnectedtotheroadsofthemaintemporarybuildings.Thetransportationroadswithinthesiteshouldminimizebendsandintersectionsasmuchaspossible.Atfrequentintersections,obviousWarningsignmustbesetup,ortemporarytrafficcommanders(commandersorcommandsignals)mustbesetup.2)工地通道不得任意挖掘或截斷。如因工程需要，必須開挖時，有關部門應事先協調，統一規劃。同時將通過道路的溝渠，搭設安全牢固的橋板。2)Accesstotheconstructionsiteshallnotbearbitrarilyexcavatedorcutoff.Ifexcavationisnecessaryduetoengineeringneeds,relevantdepartmentsshouldcoordinateandplaninadvance.Atthesametime,safeandsturdybridgeslabswillbeerectedthroughtheditchesoftheroad.(2)道路運輸(2)Roadtransportation1)工地的人行道、車行道應堅實平坦，保持暢通。主要道路應與主要臨時建筑物的道路連通。場內運輸道路應盡量減少彎道和交叉點。頻繁的交叉處，必須設有明顯的警告標志，或設臨時交通指揮(指揮人員或指揮信號)。1)Thesidewalksandroadwaysontheconstructionsiteshouldbesolidandflat,andkeptunobstructed.Themainroadsshouldbeconnectedtotheroadsofthemaintemporarybuildings.Thetransportationroadswithinthesiteshouldminimizebendsandintersectionsasmuchaspossible.Atfrequentintersections,obviousWarningsignmustbesetup,ortemporarytrafficcommanders(commandersorcommandsignals)mustbesetup.2)工地通道不得任意挖掘或截斷。如因工程需要，必須開挖時，有關部門應事先協調，統一規劃。同時將通過道路的溝渠，搭設安全牢固的橋板。2)Accesstotheconstructionsiteshallnotbearbitrarilyexcavatedorcutoff.Ifexcavationisnecessaryduetoengineeringneeds,relevantdepartmentsshouldcoordinateandplaninadvance.Atthesametime,safeandsturdybridgeslabswillbeerectedthroughtheditchesoftheroad.(2)道路運輸(2)Roadtransportation1)一切建筑施工器材(包括建筑材料、預制構件、施工設施構件等)都應該按施工平面布置圖規定的地點分類堆放整齊穩固。各類材料的堆放不得超過規定高度。嚴禁靠近場地圍護柵欄及其他建筑物墻壁堆置，且其間距應在50cm以上，兩頭空間應予封閉，防止有人人內，發生意外傷害事故。1)Allconstructionequipment(includingbuildingmaterials,prefabricatedcomponents,constructionfacilitycomponents,etc.)shouldbeclassifiedandstackedneatlyandstablyaccordingtothelocationspecifiedintheconstructionlayoutplan.Thestackingofvariousmaterialsshallnotexceedthespecifiedheight.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtopileupfencesandotherbuildingwallsnearthesite,andtheirspacingshouldbemorethan50cm.Thespaceatbothendsshouldbeclosedtopreventaccidentalinjuryaccidentscausedbypeopleinside.3)油漆及其稀釋劑和其他對職工健康有害物質，應該存放在通風良好、嚴禁煙火的專用倉庫。瀝青應放置在干燥、通氣的場所。3)Paints,theirdiluents,andothersubstancesharmfultoemployeehealthshouldbestoredinawellventilatedandstrictlyprohibitedwarehouse.Asphaltshouldbeplacedinadryandventilatedplace.2)作業中使用剩余器材及現場拆下來的模板、腳手架桿件和余料、廢料等都應隨時清理回收，并且將釘子拔掉或者打彎再分類集中堆放。2)Theremainingequipmentusedintheoperation,aswellasthedismantledtemplates,scaffoldingrods,surplusmaterials,wastematerials,etc.,shouldbecleanedandrecycledatanytime,andthenailsshouldbepulledoutorbentbeforebeingclassifiedandstackedinacentralizedmanner.(3)材料堆放(3)Materialstacking1)一切建筑施工器材(包括建筑材料、預制構件、施工設施構件等)都應該按施工平面布置圖規定的地點分類堆放整齊穩固。各類材料的堆放不得超過規定高度。嚴禁靠近場地圍護柵欄及其他建筑物墻壁堆置，且其間距應在50cm以上，兩頭空間應予封閉，防止有人人內，發生意外傷害事故。1)Allconstructionequipment(includingbuildingmaterials,prefabricatedcomponents,constructionfacilitycomponents,etc.)shouldbeclassifiedandstackedneatlyandstablyaccordingtothelocationspecifiedintheconstructionlayoutplan.Thestackingofvariousmaterialsshallnotexceedthespecifiedheight.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtopileupfencesandotherbuildingwallsnearthesite,andtheirspacingshouldbemorethan50cm.Thespaceatbothendsshouldbeclosedtopreventaccidentalinjuryaccidentscausedbypeopleinside.3)油漆及其稀釋劑和其他對職工健康有害物質，應該存放在通風良好、嚴禁煙火的專用倉庫。瀝青應放置在干燥、通氣的場所。3)Paints,theirdiluents,andothersubstancesharmfultoemployeehealthshouldbestoredinawellventilatedandstrictlyprohibitedwarehouse.Asphaltshouldbeplacedinadryandventilatedplace.2)作業中使用剩余器材及現場拆下來的模板、腳手架桿件和余料、廢料等都應隨時清理回收，并且將釘子拔掉或者打彎再分類集中堆放。2)Theremainingequipmentusedintheoperation,aswellasthedismantledtemplates,scaffoldingrods,surplusmaterials,wastematerials,etc.,shouldbecleanedandrecycledatanytime,andthenailsshouldbepulledoutorbentbeforebeingclassifiedandstackedinacentralizedmanner.(3)材料堆放(3)Materialstacking1)一切建筑施工器材(包括建筑材料、預制構件、施工設施構件等)都應該按施工平面布置圖規定的地點分類堆放整齊穩固。各類材料的堆放不得超過規定高度。嚴禁靠近場地圍護柵欄及其他建筑物墻壁堆置，且其間距應在50cm以上，兩頭空間應予封閉，防止有人人內，發生意外傷害事故。1)Allconstructionequipment(includingbuildingmaterials,prefabricatedcomponents,constructionfacilitycomponents,etc.)shouldbeclassifiedandstackedneatlyandstablyaccordingtothelocationspecifiedintheconstructionlayoutplan.Thestackingofvariousmaterialsshallnotexceedthespecifiedheight.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtopileupfencesandotherbuildingwallsnearthesite,andtheirspacingshouldbemorethan50cm.Thespaceatbothendsshouldbeclosedtopreventaccidentalinjuryaccidentscausedbypeopleinside.3)油漆及其稀釋劑和其他對職工健康有害物質，應該存放在通風良好、嚴禁煙火的專用倉庫。瀝青應放置在干燥、通氣的場所。3)Paints,theirdiluents,andothersubstancesharmfultoemployeehealthshouldbestoredinawellventilatedandstrictlyprohibitedwarehouse.Asphaltshouldbeplacedinadryandventilatedplace.2)作業中使用剩余器材及現場拆下來的模板、腳手架桿件和余料、廢料等都應隨時清理回收，并且將釘子拔掉或者打彎再分類集中堆放。2)Theremainingequipmentusedintheoperation,aswellasthedismantledtemplates,scaffoldingrods,surplusmaterials,wastematerials,etc.,shouldbecleanedandrecycledatanytime,andthenailsshouldbepulledoutorbentbeforebeingclassifiedandstackedinacentralizedmanner.(3)材料堆放(3)Materialstacking安全設施如安全網、洞口蓋板、護欄、防護罩、各種限制保險裝置都必須齊全有效，并且不得擅自拆除或移動，因施工確實需要移動時，必須經工地施工管理負責人同意，并需采取相應的臨時安全措施，在完工后立即復原。Safetyfacilitiessuchassafetynets,holecovers,guardrails,protectivecovers,andvariousrestrictedinsurancedevicesmustbecompleteandeffective,andmustnotberemovedormovedwithoutauthorization.Whenconstructiondoesrequiremovement,itmustbeapprovedbytheconstructionmanagementresponsiblepersonontheconstructionsite,andcorrespondingtemporarysafetymeasuresmustbetaken,andimmediatelyrestoredaftercompletion.(4)施工現場的安全設施(4)Safetyfacilitiesattheconstructionsite施工現場除應設置安全宣傳標語牌外，危險部位還必須懸掛按照GB32893-82《安全色》和GB32894-82《安全標志》規定的標牌。夜間有人經過的坑洞等處還應設紅燈示警。Inadditiontosettingupsafetypropagandasignsontheconstructionsite,dangerousareasmustalsohangsignsinaccordancewithGB32893-82"SafetyColors"andGB32894-82"SafetySigns".Redlightsshouldalsobesetuptowarnpeoplepassingthroughpitsandotherplacesatnight.(5)安全標牌(5)Safetysigns(1)特殊工程系指工程本身的特殊性或工程所在區域的特殊性或采用的施工工藝、方法有特殊要求的工程。有的是整體工程屬于特殊工程施工現場，也有的僅是分部分項工程屬于特殊工程施工現場。(1)Specialengineeringreferstoprojectsthathavespecialcharacteristicsoftheprojectitselfortheareawheretheprojectislocated,orhavespecialrequirementsfortheconstructionprocessandmethodsused.Someoftheoverallprojectsbelongtospecialengineeringconstructionsites,whileothersareonlysubprojectsbelongingtospecialengineeringconstructionsites.2．特殊工程施工現場基本要求2.Basicrequirementsforspecialengineeringconstructionsites1)編制特殊工程施工現場安全管理制度并向參加施工的全體職工進行安全教育和交底。1)Developasafetymanagementsystemforspecialengineeringconstructionsitesandprovidesafetyeducationanddisclosuretoallemployeesparticipatingintheconstruction.3)強化安全監督檢查制度，并認真做好安全日記。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.2)特殊工程施工現場周圍要設置圍護，要有出入制度并設門衛(值班人員)。2)Surroundingsshouldbesetuparoundtheconstructionsiteofspecialprojects,andthereshouldbeanaccesssystemandaguard(ondutypersonnel).(2)特殊工程施工現場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應根據特殊工程的性質、施工特點、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:1)編制特殊工程施工現場安全管理制度并向參加施工的全體職工進行安全教育和交底。1)Developasafetymanagementsystemforspecialengineeringconstructionsitesandprovidesafetyeducationanddisclosuretoallemployeesparticipatingintheconstruction.3)強化安全監督檢查制度，并認真做好安全日記。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.2)特殊工程施工現場周圍要設置圍護，要有出入制度并設門衛(值班人員)。2)Surroundingsshouldbesetuparoundtheconstructionsiteofspecialprojects,andthereshouldbeanaccesssystemandaguard(ondutypersonnel).(2)特殊工程施工現場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應根據特殊工程的性質、施工特點、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:1)編制特殊工程施工現場安全管理制度并向參加施工的全體職工進行安全教育和交底。1)Developasafetymanagementsystemforspecialengineeringconstructionsitesandprovidesafetyeducationanddisclosuretoallemployeesparticipatingintheconstruction.3)強化安全監督檢查制度，并認真做好安全日記。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.2)特殊工程施工現場周圍要設置圍護，要有出入制度并設門衛(值班人員)。2)Surroundingsshouldbesetuparoundtheconstructionsiteofspecialprojects,andthereshouldbeanaccesssystemandaguard(ondutypersonnel).(2)特殊工程施工現場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應根據特殊工程的性質、施工特點、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:4)對于從事危險作業的人員要進行安全檢測和設置監護。如在容器內、地下室，特別是作防水、防腐蝕涂料、油漆、爆破、吊裝拆除工程和滑模施工等。4)Forpersonnelengagedinhazardousoperations,safetytestingandmonitoringshouldbecarriedout.Forexample,incontainersandbasements,especiallyforwaterproofing,anti-corrosioncoatings,painting,blasting,liftinganddemolitionengineering,andslidingformconstruction.6)要備有滅火、防爆炸等的器材物資。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.5)施工現場應設醫務室或派醫務人員。5)Amedicalroomshouldbesetupormedicalpersonnelshouldbedispatchedattheconstructionsite.(2)特殊工程施工現場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應根據特殊工程的性質、施工特點、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:4)對于從事危險作業的人員要進行安全檢測和設置監護。如在容器內、地下室，特別是作防水、防腐蝕涂料、油漆、爆破、吊裝拆除工程和滑模施工等。4)Forpersonnelengagedinhazardousoperations,safetytestingandmonitoringshouldbecarriedout.Forexample,incontainersandbasements,especiallyforwaterproofing,anti-corrosioncoatings,painting,blasting,liftinganddemolitionengineering,andslidingformconstruction.6)要備有滅火、防爆炸等的器材物資。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.5)施工現場應設醫務室或派醫務人員。5)Amedicalroomshouldbesetupormedicalpersonnelshouldbedispatchedattheconstructionsite.(2)特殊工程施工現場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應根據特殊工程的性質、施工特點、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:4)對于從事危險作業的人員要進行安全檢測和設置監護。如在容器內、地下室，特別是作防水、防腐蝕涂料、油漆、爆破、吊裝拆除工程和滑模施工等。4)Forpersonnelengagedinhazardousoperations,safetytestingandmonitoringshouldbecarriedout.Forexample,incontainersandbasements,especiallyforwaterproofing,anti-corrosioncoatings,painting,blasting,liftinganddemolitionengineering,andslidingformconstruction.6)要備有滅火、防爆炸等的器材物資。3)Strengthenthesafetysupervisionandinspectionsystem,andcarefullykeepasafetydiary.5)施工現場應設醫務室或派醫務人員。5)Amedicalroomshouldbesetupormedicalpersonnelshouldbedispatchedattheconstructionsite.(2)特殊工程施工現場安全管理，除一般工程的基本要求外，還應根據特殊工程的性質、施工特點、要求等制定有針對性的安全管理和安全技術措施，基本要求是：(2)Inadditiontothebasicrequirementsofgeneralengineering,specialengineeringconstructionsitesafetymanagementshouldalsodeveloptargetedsafetymanagementandsafetytechnicalmeasuresbasedonthenature,constructioncharacteristics,requirements,etc.ofthespecialengineering.Thebasicrequirementsare:把“綜合治理”充實到安全生產方針當中，始于黨的十六屆五中全會上的《中共中央關于制定國民經濟和社會發展第十一個五年規劃的建議》，并在胡錦濤總書記、溫家寶總理的講話中得到了進一步明確。這一完善和發展，更好地反映了安全生產工作的規律和特點。綜合運用經濟手段、法律手段和必要的行政手段，從發展規劃、行業管理、安全投入、科技進步、經濟政教育培訓、安全立法、激勵約束、企業管理、監管體制、社會監督以及追究事故責任、査處違法違紀等方面著手，解決影響制約安全生產的歷史性、深層次問題，建立安全生產的長效機制。The"comprehensivemanagement"approachtoproductionsafetybeganattheFifthPlenarySessionofthe16thCPCCentralCommittee's"ProposalfortheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment"andwasfurtherclarifiedinthespeechesofGeneralSecretaryHuJintaoandPremierWenJiabao.Thisrefinementanddevelopmentbetterreflectsthelawsandcharacteristicsofworkinproductionsafety.Thecomprehensiveuseofeconomic,legalandnecessaryadministrativemeans,fromdevelopmentplanning,industrymanagement,safetyinvestment,scientificandtechnologicalprogress,economicandpoliticaleducationandtraining,safetylegislation,incentivesandconstraints,enterprisemanagement,regulatorysystem,socialsupervision,aswellasthepursuitofresponsibilityforaccidents,investigationandpunishmentofviolationsoflawanddiscipline,etc.,tosolvethehistoricalanddeep-rootedproblemsaffectingtheconstraintsonproductionsafety,andestablishalong-termmechanismforproductionsafety.綜合治理Comprehensivegovernance(1)在編制施工組織設計(或施工方案)時，應有消防安全要求。如施工現場平面布置、暫設工程(臨時建筑)搭建位置、用火用電和易燃易爆物品的安全管理、工地消防設施和消防責任制等都應按消防要求周密考慮和落實。(1)Whenpreparingtheconstructionorganizationdesign(orconstructionplan),thereshouldbefiresafetyrequirements.Thelayoutoftheconstructionsite,thelocationoftemporaryconstructionprojects(temporarybuildings),thesafetymanagementoffire,electricity,andflammableandexplosivematerials,thefireprotectionfacilitiesandfireresponsibilitysystemontheconstructionsiteshouldbecarefullyconsideredandimplementedinaccordancewithfireprotectionrequirements.(2)施工現場要明確劃分用火作業區、易燃、可燃材料堆放場、倉庫、易燃廢品集中點和生活區等。各區域之間間距要符合防火規定。(2)Theconstructionsiteshouldbeclearlydividedintohotworkareas,flammableandcombustiblematerialstorageareas,warehouses,flammablewasteconcentrationpoints,andlivingareas.Thespacingbetweeneachareashouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations.3．防火3.Fireprevention1)臨時宿舍盡可能搭建在離開建筑物20m以外；并不得搭在高壓架空線路下方，應和高壓架空線路保持安全距離。1)Temporarydormitoriesshouldbebuiltasfaraspossible20metersawayfromthebuilding;Itshouldnotbeplacedunderhigh-voltageoverheadlines,andasafedistanceshouldbemaintainedfromhigh-voltageoverheadlines.3)每幢宿舍居住人數，不宜超過100人，每25人要有一個可直接出入的門，門寬不少于1．2m，同時門必須向外開。3)Thenumberofresidentsineachdormitoryshouldnotexceed100,andevery25peopleshouldhaveadirectaccessdoorwithawidthofnolessthan1.2m,andthedoormustopenoutward.2)工棚內頂高度一般不低于2．5m。2)Theheightoftheceilinginsidetheworkshedisgenerallynotlessthan2.5m.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:1)臨時宿舍盡可能搭建在離開建筑物20m以外；并不得搭在高壓架空線路下方，應和高壓架空線路保持安全距離。1)Temporarydormitoriesshouldbebuiltasfaraspossible20metersawayfromthebuilding;Itshouldnotbeplacedunderhigh-voltageoverheadlines,andasafedistanceshouldbemaintainedfromhigh-voltageoverheadlines.3)每幢宿舍居住人數，不宜超過100人，每25人要有一個可直接出入的門，門寬不少于1．2m，同時門必須向外開。3)Thenumberofresidentsineachdormitoryshouldnotexceed100,andevery25peopleshouldhaveadirectaccessdoorwithawidthofnolessthan1.2m,andthedoormustopenoutward.2)工棚內頂高度一般不低于2．5m。2)Theheightoftheceilinginsidetheworkshedisgenerallynotlessthan2.5m.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:1)臨時宿舍盡可能搭建在離開建筑物20m以外；并不得搭在高壓架空線路下方，應和高壓架空線路保持安全距離。1)Temporarydormitoriesshouldbebuiltasfaraspossible20metersawayfromthebuilding;Itshouldnotbeplacedunderhigh-voltageoverheadlines,andasafedistanceshouldbemaintainedfromhigh-voltageoverheadlines.3)每幢宿舍居住人數，不宜超過100人，每25人要有一個可直接出入的門，門寬不少于1．2m，同時門必須向外開。3)Thenumberofresidentsineachdormitoryshouldnotexceed100,andevery25peopleshouldhaveadirectaccessdoorwithawidthofnolessthan1.2m,andthedoormustopenoutward.2)工棚內頂高度一般不低于2．5m。2)Theheightoftheceilinginsidetheworkshedisgenerallynotlessthan2.5m.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:4)一切架空電線均須用固定瓷瓶絕緣，電線穿過墻壁時，必須從瓷管硬塑料管內通過。4)Alloverheadwiresmustbeinsulatedwithfixedporcelainbottles.Whenwirespassthroughwalls,theymustpassthroughhardplasticpipesinporcelaintubes.6)倉庫、木工棚及易燃易爆物堆(存)放等處，應張貼(懸掛)醒目的防火標志。6)Clearfiresafetysignsshouldbeposted(hung)inwarehouses,woodworkingsheds,andplaceswhereflammableandexplosivematerialsarestored.5)明火作業必須經有關部門批準后，才可動火。5)Hotworkmustbeapprovedbyrelevantdepartmentsbeforehotworkcanbecarriedout.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:4)一切架空電線均須用固定瓷瓶絕緣，電線穿過墻壁時，必須從瓷管硬塑料管內通過。4)Alloverheadwiresmustbeinsulatedwithfixedporcelainbottles.Whenwirespassthroughwalls,theymustpassthroughhardplasticpipesinporcelaintubes.6)倉庫、木工棚及易燃易爆物堆(存)放等處，應張貼(懸掛)醒目的防火標志。6)Clearfiresafetysignsshouldbeposted(hung)inwarehouses,woodworkingsheds,andplaceswhereflammableandexplosivematerialsarestored.5)明火作業必須經有關部門批準后，才可動火。5)Hotworkmustbeapprovedbyrelevantdepartmentsbeforehotworkcanbecarriedout.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:4)一切架空電線均須用固定瓷瓶絕緣，電線穿過墻壁時，必須從瓷管硬塑料管內通過。4)Alloverheadwiresmustbeinsulatedwithfixedporcelainbottles.Whenwirespassthroughwalls,theymustpassthroughhardplasticpipesinporcelaintubes.6)倉庫、木工棚及易燃易爆物堆(存)放等處，應張貼(懸掛)醒目的防火標志。6)Clearfiresafetysignsshouldbeposted(hung)inwarehouses,woodworkingsheds,andplaceswhereflammableandexplosivematerialsarestored.5)明火作業必須經有關部門批準后，才可動火。5)Hotworkmustbeapprovedbyrelevantdepartmentsbeforehotworkcanbecarriedout.(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:7)施工現場必須配備足夠數量的防火、滅火設施和器材。如防火工具(消防桶、消防梯、鐵鍬、安全鉤等)、砂箱(池)、消防水池(缸)、消防栓和滅火器。7)Theconstructionsitemustbeequippedwithasufficientnumberoffirepreventionandextinguishingfacilitiesandequipment.Suchasfirepreventiontools(firebuckets,fireladders,shovel,safetyhooks,etc.),sandboxes(pools),firepools(tanks),Firehydrantandfire(3)工棚或臨時宿舍的搭建及間距要符合防火規定：(3)Theconstructionandspacingofworkshedsortemporarydormitoriesshouldcomplywithfirepreventionregulations:8)要建立安全防火責任制，并劃分防火責任區。8)Weneedtoestablishasafetyandfirepreventionresponsibilitysystemanddividefirepreventionresponsibilityzones.第二節施工安全技術措施SectionIITechnicalMeasuresforConstructionSafety第二節施工安全技術措施SectionIITechnicalMeasuresforConstructionSafety安全技術措施，系指為防止工傷事故和職業病的危害，從技術上采取的措施。Safetytechnicalmeasuresrefertothemeasurestakentechnicallytopreventthehazardsofwork-relatedaccidentsandoccupationaldiseases.第二節施工安全技術措施SectionIITechnicalMeasuresforConstructionSafety安全技術措施，系指為防止工傷事故和職業病的危害，從技術上采取的措施。Safetytechnicalmeasuresrefertothemeasurestakentechnicallytopreventthehazardsofwork-relatedaccidentsandoccupationaldiseases.工程施工中，針對工程的特點、施工現場環境、施工方法、勞動組織、作業方法、使用的機械、動力設備、變配電設施、架設工具以及各項安全防護設施等制定的確保安全施工的措施，稱為施工安全技術措施。施工安全技術措施是施工組織設計(或施工方案)的重要組織部分。Intheconstructionoftheproject,themeasurestoensurethesafetyoftheconstructionareformulatedforthecharacteristicsoftheproject,theconstructionsiteenvironment,theconstructionmethod,thelabourorganisation,theoperationmethod,themachineryused,thepowerequipment,thesubstationanddistributionfacilities,theerectiontoolsandthesafetyprotectionfacilities,etc.Theyarecalledconstructionsafetytechnicalmeasures.Constructionsafetytechnicalmeasuresareanimportantpartoftheconstructionorganisationdesign(orconstructionprogramme).工程大致分為兩種：一是結構共性較多的稱為一般工程；二是結構比較復雜、施工特點較多的稱為特殊工程。Theworksarebroadlydividedintotwotypes:firstly,thosewithmorestructuralcommonalitiesarecalledgeneralworks;secondly,thosewithmorecomplexstructuresandconstructionfeaturesarecalledspecialworks.有人認為在安全技術措施中摘錄幾條標準就可以了。這是行不通的。因為，即使是同類結構的工程，由于施工條件、環境等不同，既有共性，也有不同之處。不同之處在共性措施中就無法解決。因此應根據工程施工特點，將不同危險因素，按照有關規程的規定，結合以往的施工經驗與教訓，參照以下內容編制安全技術措施。Somepeoplethinkthatafewexcerptsofstandardsinthesafetytechnicalmeasureswillbesufficient.Thisisnotfeasible.Because,evenifitisthesamekindofstructureoftheproject,duetotheconstructionconditions,environmentandotherdifferent,therearecommonality,butalsodifferences.Thedifferencescannotbesolvedinthecommonmeasures.Therefore,accordingtotheconstructioncharacteristicsoftheproject,differentriskfactorsshouldbecompiledinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftherelevantregulations,combinedwithpreviousconstructionexperienceandlessonslearned,withreferencetothefollowingcontentofthetechnicalsafetymeasures.(1)土方工程。根據基坑、基槽、地下室等挖土方深度和土的種類，選擇開挖方法，確定邊坡的坡度或采取哪種護坡支撐和護地樁，以防土方塌方。(1)Earthwork.Accordingtothedepthofexcavationandthetypeofsoilinthefoundationpit,trenchandbasement,choosetheexcavationmethodanddeterminetheslopeofthesideslopeorwhichkindofslopeprotectionsupportandgroundprotectionpiletopreventtheearthfromcollapsing.(3)高處作業的上下安全通道。(3)Safepassageupanddownforworkingatheight.(2)腳手架、吊籃、工具式腳手架等選用及設計搭設方案和安全防護措施。(2)Selectionanddesignofscaffolding,hangingbaskets,tooledscaffolding,etc.anderectionprogrammesandsafetymeasures.1．一般工程安全技術措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures(1)土方工程。根據基坑、基槽、地下室等挖土方深度和土的種類，選擇開挖方法，確定邊坡的坡度或采取哪種護坡支撐和護地樁，以防土方塌方。(1)Earthwork.Accordingtothedepthofexcavationandthetypeofsoilinthefoundationpit,trenchandbasement,choosetheexcavationmethodanddeterminetheslopeofthesideslopeorwhichkindofslopeprotectionsupportandgroundprotectionpiletopreventtheearthfromcollapsing.(3)高處作業的上下安全通道。(3)Safepassageupanddownforworkingatheight.(2)腳手架、吊籃、工具式腳手架等選用及設計搭設方案和安全防護措施。(2)Selectionanddesignofscaffolding,hangingbaskets,tooledscaffolding,etc.anderectionprogrammesandsafetymeasures.1．一般工程安全技術措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures(1)土方工程。根據基坑、基槽、地下室等挖土方深度和土的種類，選擇開挖方法，確定邊坡的坡度或采取哪種護坡支撐和護地樁，以防土方塌方。(1)Earthwork.Accordingtothedepthofexcavationandthetypeofsoilinthefoundationpit,trenchandbasement,choosetheexcavationmethodanddeterminetheslopeofthesideslopeorwhichkindofslopeprotectionsupportandgroundprotectionpiletopreventtheearthfromcollapsing.(3)高處作業的上下安全通道。(3)Safepassageupanddownforworkingatheight.(2)腳手架、吊籃、工具式腳手架等選用及設計搭設方案和安全防護措施。(2)Selectionanddesignofscaffolding,hangingbaskets,tooledscaffolding,etc.anderectionprogrammesandsafetymeasures.1．一般工程安全技術措施1.Generalengineeringsafetytechnicalmeasures(4)安