專題十四詞義猜測高考英語

(江蘇省專用)A組

自主命題·江蘇卷題組Passage1(2017江蘇,D)詞數:690OldProblem,NewApproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsome

decadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,we

wouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterand

morecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Weare

thereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.

Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:“Thereisno‘one-size

fitsall’adaptation.”Nevertheless,therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskor

cost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.Floods五年高考havebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunity

whereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveas

floatinglibraries,schools,andhealthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommuni-

catingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(連接)toreplacefloodedroadsandhigh-

ways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomake

floatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.Chewang

Norphellivesinamoun-

tainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)theredueto

globalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarrive

intheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteof

wateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhere

itfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)wa-

ter.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3of

water.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warm-

ingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseof

greenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactually

cooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouses

havedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,

citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimate

changehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectiveness

willrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincluded

theprojectonitslistof“100ideastosavetheplanet”.Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmineownsanareaofland

inwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthe

pastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmany

countriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethings

differently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebutto

adapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.

Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbon

pollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.1.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies

.A.adaptationisanever-changingprocessB.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging2.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.3.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A.Storingiceforfutureuse. B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C.Changingtheirrigationtime. D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.4.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.5.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould

.A.adapttocarbonpollution B.planthighlyprofitablecropsC.leavecarbonemissionalone D.fightagainstcarbonpollution6.What'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A.Settingupanewstandard. B.Reducingcarbonemission.C.Adaptingtoclimatechange. D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.答案[語篇解讀]本文為議論文,題材為環境問題類。話題為“老問題,新方法”——適應我們所面

臨的嚴峻的氣候環境,而且要意識到環境的改變和適應環境是一個過程。1.A詞義猜測題。根據第二段主題句Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstand

thatclimatechangeisaprocess.可知氣候的改變是一個不斷變化的過程。再結合后面幾段給出

的事例可知,適應也是一個不斷變化的過程,由此可推斷出畫線部分意為adaptationisanever-

changingprocess,故答案為A項。2.C推理判斷題。根據第三段第三句MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawon-

lydisaster.及后面的描述可知他的非營利組織在充分利用糟糕的環境,故正確答案為C項。本題

干擾項為D項,由第三段第五句Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivitytoreplacefloodedroads

andhighways.可知D項錯誤。3.A細節理解題。根據第四段第六句Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereit

froze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.可知A項正確。4.D推理判斷題。根據第六段首句InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthat

hasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.可推斷出答案為D。5.D觀點態度題。根據倒數第二段中的Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthe

battletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomake

thecaseforbusinessasusual.可推知D項為正確答案。6.B推理判斷題。根據最后一段第二句Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelyto

adaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.可知最明智的適應應該是改變我們的能量

體系以減少碳排放污染,故B項正確。長難句原句:Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollu-

tionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.分析:本句為復合句。when引導的時間狀語從句中,that引導的賓語從句作動詞argue的賓語;it's

anonsense...為主句,其中designed為過去分詞作后置定語修飾名詞nonsense。譯文:當污染企業辯解說我們已經在控制碳污染的戰斗中失敗并且別無選擇只好適應它時,這是

慣用的為了商業利益而設計好的胡說八道的伎倆。重點詞匯adaptationn.適應adaptto適應fundamentaladj.基本的,根本的Passage2(2014江蘇,B)詞數:399Howeverwealthywemaybe,wecanneverfindenoughhoursinthedaytodoeverythingwewant.

Economicsdealswiththisproblemthroughtheconceptofopportunitycost,whichsimplyrefersto

whethersomeone'stimeormoneycouldbebetterspentonsomethingelse.Everyhourofourtimehasavalue.Foreveryhourweworkatonejobwecouldquiteeasilybedoing

another,orbesleepingorwatchingafilm.Eachoftheseoptionshasadifferentopportunitycost—

namely,what

they

cost

us

in

missed

opportunities.Sayyouintendtowatchafootballmatchbuttheticketsareexpensiveanditwilltakeyouacouple

ofhourstogettoandfromthestadium.Why

not,youmightreason,watchthegamefromhomeand

usetheleftovermoneyandtimetohavedinnerwithfriends?This—thealternativeuseofyourcash

andtime—istheopportunitycost.Foreconomists,everydecisionismadebyknowledgeofwhatonemustforgo—intermsofmoney

andenjoyment—inordertotakeitup.Byknowingpreciselywhatyouarereceivingandwhatyou

aremissingouton,yououghttobeabletomakebetter-informed,morereasonabledecisions.Consider

thatmostfamouseconomicruleofall:there'snosuchthingasafreelunch.Evenifsomeoneofferstotakeyououttolunchforfree,thetimeyouwillspendintherestaurantstillcostsyousomethingin

termsofforgoneopportunities.Somepeoplefindtheideaofopportunitycostextremelydiscouraging:imaginespendingyourentire

lifecalculatingwhetheryourtimewouldbebetterspentelsewheredoingsomethingmoreprofitable

orenjoyable.Yet,inasenseit'shumannaturetodopreciselythat—weassesstheadvantagesand

disadvantagesofdecisionsallthetime.Inthebusinessworld,apopularphraseis“valueformoney.”Peoplewanttheircashtogoasfaras

possible.However,anotherisfastobtaininganadvantage:“valuefortime.”Thebiggestrestriction

onourresourcesisthenumberofhourswecandevotetosomething,sowelooktomaximizethere-

turnwegetonourinvestmentoftime.Byreadingthispassageyouaregivingoverabitofyourtime

whichcouldbespentdoingotheractivities,suchassleepingandeating.In

return,however,thispas-

sagewillhelpyoutothinklikeaneconomist,closelyconsideringtheopportunitycostofeachofyour

decisions.1.Accordingtothepassage,theconceptof“opportunitycost”isappliedto

.A.makingmoremoneyB.takingmoreopportunitiesC.reducingmissedopportunitiesD.weighingthechoiceofopportunities2.The“leftover...time”inParagraph3probablyreferstothetime

.A.sparedforwatchingthematchathomeB.takentohavedinnerwithfriendsC.spentonthewaytoandfromthematchD.savedfromnotgoingtowatchthematch3.Whatareforgoneopportunities?A.Opportunitiesyouforgetindecision-making.B.Opportunitiesyougiveupforbetterones.C.Opportunitiesyoumissaccidentally.D.Opportunitiesyoumakeupfor.答案[語篇解讀]本文屬于說明文,題材為技巧指導。文章主要介紹了如何更好地支配自己的時間

和金錢,以及如何在作決定時考慮花費的機會成本。1.D推理判斷題。根據文章第三段最后一句This—thealternativeuseofyourcashandtime—is

theopportunitycost.可知,opportunitycost的意思就是對你金錢和時間的其他用法。由此可推斷

opportunitycost和“對機會選擇的權衡”有關。故選D項。2.C詞義猜測題。上文提到你打算去體育場觀看一場足球比賽,但門票太昂貴,而且從家到體

育場的往返時間要花費幾個小時。然后提到“為什么不在家里看比賽,而把剩余的金錢和時間

用來和朋友共進晚餐呢?”由此可推斷“leftover...time”指的就是從家到體育場的往返時間。

故選C項。3.B推理判斷題。根據第四段最后一句...thetimeyouwillspendintherestaurantstillcostsyou

somethingintermsofforgoneopportunities.可知,即使有人帶你出去享用免費的午餐,而從forgone

opportunities的角度來看你卻要付出花費時間的代價。再結合第二句Byknowingpreciselywhat

youarereceivingandwhatyouaremissingouton,yououghttobeabletomakebetter-informed,

morereasonabledecisions.可知,通過準確了解你會得到什么和你會錯失什么獲利的機會,你應該能夠作出更明智的選擇。由此可推斷forgoneopportunities指的就是那些為了獲得更好的機會

而放棄的機會。故選B項。高級語塊

1.missouton錯過失去……的好機會2.intermsof就……而言,在……方面3.inasense從某種意義上說長難句

Thebiggestrestrictiononourresourcesisthenumberofhourswecandevotetosome-

thing,sowelooktomaximizethereturnwegetonourinvestmentoftime.我們資源上最大的限制

是我們可以投入在某事上的時間,因此我們期盼我們能從時間投資上得到最大的回報。整個句子是so連接的并列句。前一分句中wecandevotetosomething為定語從句,修飾hours。后

一分句中wegetonourinvestmentoftime也是定語從句,修飾thereturn。B組

統一命題、省(區、市)卷題組Passage1(2017課標全國Ⅲ,C)詞數:291Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.Fourteen

wolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopu-

lationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalU-

nitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshad

practicallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.Theywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsof

Canada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—major

foodsources(來源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation

(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalso

grewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark'sredfoxes,andcompletelydrove

awaythepark'sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstone

Park.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.

FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,the

debatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyote

populationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolf

projecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvesto

otherpartsofthecountryaswell.1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?A.Tested.

B.Separated.

C.Forcedout.

D.Trackeddown.3.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark'sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful.

B.Positive.C.Disapproving.

D.Uncaring.答案[語篇解讀]本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述的是,經過多年的激烈爭論之后,灰狼又回到了黃石

國家公園。1.D主旨大意題。文章第一段第一句為文章的主題句,文章圍繞其展開,講述的就是黃石國家

公園再次引入灰狼這件事,故答案選D。2.C詞義猜測題。根據第二段第一句和第二句可知,答案選C。灰狼曾經在黃石地區隨處可

見,可后來由于人類的發展,該種群被漸漸驅離這里。3.A推理判斷題。根據第三段可以推斷灰狼的消失對生態造成了破壞。4.B推理判斷題。由文章最后一段最后一句話中的avaluableexperiment可知,作者覺得這個項

目很有價值,說明作者的態度是積極的。重點詞匯

consumev.消耗;吃opposev.反對reintroducev.重新引入Passage2(2017課標全國Ⅰ,D)詞數:311Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸餾器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswhere

theliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,

it'sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,

sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area

5'×5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjusta

drinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedon

yourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeet

deep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher'sproductivity.Placeyour

cupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthe

cupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweighting

thesheet'scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圓錐體)with45-degree-

angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinch-esabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸發)and

collectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.

Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thaveto

breakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.1.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sdelicate.

B.It'sexpensive.C.It'scomplex.

D.It'sportable.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.

B.Thestill. C.Thehole.

D.Thecup.3.Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.Digaholeofacertainsize. B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet'scenterdown. D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.4.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom

.A.theplastictube

B.outsidetheholeC.theopenair

D.beneaththesheet答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文,題材為科普實驗類。文章具體描述了利用自制太陽能蒸餾器獲取

飲用水的方法。1.D細節理解題。根據第一段最后兩句,尤其是尾句Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittle

packandfastenedonyourbelt.可知該裝置是可折疊的、便攜的(portable),故答案為D項。2.B詞義猜測題。根據第二段前兩句可知,畫線短語指代的是該段首句中的aworkingstill,故

答案為B項。3.C細節理解題。根據第二、三段可知四個選項正確的順序是A→B→D→C,故答案為C項。4.D細節理解題。根據尾段前兩句可知該裝置是利用蒸發到塑料薄片上的水分凝聚成水滴,

最后滴落到杯子中,故答案為D項。長難句

原句:Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestoftheline

runsup—andout—thesideofthehole.分析:本句為復合句。主句laythetubeinplace為祈使句;sothat引導目的狀語從句,從句是

and連接的并列句。inplace在恰當的地方;alltheway自始至終。譯文:接著把管子放在恰當的位置,使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延

伸到所挖坑的外部。重點詞匯substituten.代用品componentn.零件,構成要素;成分productivityn.生產力;生產

效率securev.把……弄牢falloffinto落入,注入Passage3(2017課標全國Ⅱ,B)詞數:289IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButch

Cassidy

and

the

Sun-

dance

Kid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwant-

edsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewould

havedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandThe

Stingfouryearslaterhad

itsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheater

andliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft(技藝)andfocusedondiggingintothecharacterswewere

goingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,

aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealso

atthecore(核心)ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback

—hewithhisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,

andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatreg-

ularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He'dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthe

dealwas,andwedidn'ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn'tneedalotofwords.1.Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletotheauthoratfirst?A.PaulNewmanwantedit.B.Thestudiopowersdidn'tlikehisagent.C.Hewasn'tfamousenough.D.Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.2.WhydidPaulandtheauthorhavealastingfriendship?A.Theywereofthesameage.B.Theyworkedinthesametheater.C.Theywerebothgoodactors.D.Theyhadsimilarcharacteristics.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A.Theirbelief.

B.Theircareforchildren.C.Theirsuccess.

D.Theirsupportforeachother.4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowhisloveoffilms.B.Torememberafriend.C.Tointroduceanewmovie.D.Tosharehisactingexperience.答案[語篇解讀]本文是一篇記敘文。在電影界初出茅廬的作者得到了著名演員保羅·紐曼的支持,

從而獲得了一個重要的演出機會。他們建立了深厚的友誼,這份友誼一直持續到保羅·紐曼去世。1.C推理判斷題。根據第一段中的“itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul”可知,這家電

影公司不想把這個角色給作者,是因為他們想把角色給像保羅這樣出名的人,作者還不夠出名,

所以答案為C項。2.D細節理解題。根據第二段中的“Bothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalof

Americanactors”可知,保羅和作者之所以有著長久的友誼,是因為他們兩個人有著相似的品質,

所以答案為D項。3.A詞義猜測題。根據本段第一句話“Wesharedthebeliefthatif...”可知,盡管他們不經常

見面,但是正是那種信念讓他們聚在了一起。由此推斷出畫線單詞指的是他們的共同的信念,所

以答案為A項。4.B

推理判斷題。文章開頭作者介紹了自己與著名演員保羅·紐曼相識的情景,后面描述了兩

人的交往和深厚的友誼。最后一段指出兩人的最后一面是在醫院。由此推斷出作者寫這篇文章就是為了紀念自己的一位朋友。所以答案為B項。長難句

原句:Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomething

back...分析:本句為復合句。句子的主干為Wesharedthebelief。that引導同位語從句,說明belief的內

容。譯文:我們有著相同的信念,那就是如果你足夠幸運而成功了的話,你應該對這個世界有所回報

……重點詞匯experiencen.經歷berespectfulof尊重humorousadj.幽默的aggressiveadj.有

進取心的Passage4(2017天津,C)詞數:330Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesfor

autonomousvehicles(自主駕駛車輛).Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovern

howsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“death

valley”ofautonomousvehicles:the

greyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(財產)damageoverpersonalinjury;

thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisor

herhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisa

crash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”says

Dobrindt.Itwillput

fullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersand

lawyers.“Theliability(法律責任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratatthe

UniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhata

human“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay

‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars,”Merat

says.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyauto-

matedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyan

CaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovern-

ment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeover

driverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”says

Calo.1.Whatdoesthephrase“death

valley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredrivers'roleisnotclear.2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto

.A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB.helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC.protectdriversofallagesandracesD.preventseriouspropertydamage3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.4.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein

.A.Singapore

B.theUK

C.theUS

D.Germany5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Autonomous

Driving:WhoseLiability?B.FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC.Autonomous

Vehicles:DriverRemoved!D.Driverless

Cars:RootofRoadAccidents答案[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文,題材為社科類。本文介紹了德國交通部部長AlexanderDo-

brindt提出的一系列有關自主駕駛車輛的法規。1.D詞義猜測題。根據第一段第二句和第二段的內容可知,“Theywoulddefinethedriver's

role”的目的是處理“deathvalley”,故可推知“deathvalley”是一種司機的角色不明確的狀

況,故選D。2.B推理判斷題。根據第二段可知,由Dobrindt提出的這項建議旨在幫助促進全自動駕駛。故

選B。3.D推理判斷題。根據第七段中的“Youknow—nodriver.”和第八段中的“untilvehicles

canbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation”可知,消費者擔心的是人的責任問題,故選D。4.C細節理解題。由最后一段中的“ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS”可知選C。5.A主旨大意題。本文主要探討無人駕駛技術在推廣過程中遇到的困難,即難以界定法律責

任的主體,故選A。長難句原句:Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperform

incrasheswherelivesmightbelost.分析:本句為復合句,本句中howsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost為賓語從句;

賓語從句中包含了一個定語從句wherelivesmightbelost修飾crashes。譯文:它們將界定在這樣的汽車中司機的角色,并規定這樣的汽車在可能危及生命的事故中如何

表現。重點詞匯proposev.建議governv.規定distinguishv.區別;辨認出consumern.消費者in-

surance

n.保險;保險業confusionn.混亂;困惑詞匯積累autonomousadj.自主的assumptionn.設想;假定launchv.發起Passage5(2016四川,B)詞數:242Ifyoucouldhaveonesuperpower,whatwoulditbe?Dreamingaboutwhetheryouwouldwanttoreadminds,seethroughwalls,orhavesuperhuman

strengthmaysoundsilly,butitactuallygetstotheheartofwhatreallymattersinyourlife.Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprove

theworld.Theyhaveadifferentkindofsuperpowerthatallofuspossess:thepowertomakeadifferenceinthe

livesofothers.We'renotsayingthateveryoneneedstocontributetheirlivestothepoor.Yourlivesarebusye-

noughdoinghomework,playingsports,makingfriends,seekingafteryourdreams.Butwedothink

thatyoucanliveamorepowerfullifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomething

muchlargerthanyourself.Findanissueyouareinterestedinandlearnmore.Volunteeror,ifyou

can,contributealittlemoneytoacause.Whateveryoudo,don'tbeabystander.Getinvolved.You

mayhavetheo