演講人：日期：生物醫學英語常見病目錄OverviewofCommonDiseasesCardiovascularsystemissuesRespiratorysystemissuesDigestivesystemdiseasesUrinarysystemissuesNeurologicaldisorders01OverviewofCommonDiseasesDefinitionCommondiseasesrefertothediseaseswithhighincidenceratethatareprevalentinthesocialpopulationandhaveasignificantimpactonhumanhealth.ClassificationCommondiseasescanbedividedintotwocategories:infectiousdiseasesandnoncommunicablediseases.Infectiousdiseasesincludeinfluenza,pneumonia,etc;Noncommunicablediseasesincludecardiovasculardiseases,diabetes,etc.DefinitionandclassificationCausesofonsetCommondiseaseshaveavarietyofcauses,includinggenetic,environmental,lifestyle,andotherfactors.Forexample,theincidenceofcardiovasculardiseaseisrelatedtofactorssuchashypertensionandhyperlipidemia;Theonsetofdiabetesisrelatedtoinsufficientinsulinsecretionorinsulinresistance.RiskfactorsDifferentdiseaseshavedifferentriskfactors.Generallyspeaking,unhealthylifestylehabits(suchassmoking,drinking,lackofexercise,etc.),environmentalpollution,mentalstress,etc.canallbecomeriskfactorsforcommondiseases.CausesandriskfactorsofonsetClinicalmanifestationsanddiagnosticmethodsTheclinicalmanifestationsofcommondiseasesvary,buttheyusuallyhavecertainsymptomsandsigns.Forexample,influenzapatientsmayexperiencesymptomssuchasfever,cough,andheadache;Cardiovasculardiseasepatientsmayexperiencesymptomssuchaschesttightness,palpitations,andfatigue.ClinicalmanifestationsCommondiagnosticmethodsfordiseasesincludephysicalexamination,laboratoryexamination,imagingexamination,etc.Doctorswillmakeaccuratediagnosesbasedonthepatient'ssymptomsandsigns,combinedwithcorrespondingexaminationresults.DiagnosticmethodsPreventivemeasuresPreventionofcommondiseasesmainlyincludesimprovinglivinghabits,strengtheningexercises,maintainingabalanceddie,andavoidingexposuretoriskfactorsAdditionally,regularphysicalexaminationsandearlyscreeningscanhelpidentifypotentialhealthproblemsearlyonImportancePreventingcommondiseasesiscriticalformaintainingindividualandpublichealthByreducingtheincidenceandpresenceofthesediseases,theoverallqualityoflifeandlifespanofthepopulationcanbeimprovedFurthermore,effectivepreventioncanalsoreducetheburdenonthehealthcaresystemandsaveresourcesPreventivemeasuresandimportance02CardiovascularsystemissuesDefinitionHypertension,alsoknownashighbloodpressure,isaconditioninwhichtheforceofthebloodagainsttheartwallsistoohighSymptomsHeadaches,dizziness,chestpain,shortnessofbreath,andnosebleedsarecommonsymbolsoftensionHowever,manypeoplewithtensionmaynotexperienceanysymptomsatallDiagnosisBloodpressurereadingsaretakentodiagnosehypertensionAbloodpressurereadingof140/90mmHgorhigherisconsideredhypertensiveHypertensionTreatmentTreatmentfortensionmayincludelifestylechangessuchasreducingsaltintake,increasingphysicalactivity,andlosingweightMedicationsmayalsobesubscribedtolowerbloodpressureHypertensionDefinitionCoronaryheartdiseaseisaconditioninwhichthecoronaryarts,whichsupplyoxygenandnutrientstotheheartmuscle,comedownorblockedbyabuildofplateauCoronaryheartdiseaseSymptomsCommonsymptomsofcoronaryheartdiseaseincludechestpainordiscomfort,shortnessofbreath,andfatigueDiagnosisCoronaryheartdiseaseistypicallydiagnosedthroughacombinationofmedicalhistory,physicalexamination,anddiagnostictestssuchasanelectrocardiogram(ECG)orcoronaryangiographyCoronaryheartdiseaseTreatmentTreatmentforcoronaryheartdiseasemayincludelifestylechanges,treatmentstolowerbloodpressureandcholesterollevels,andproceduressuchasangioplastyorcoronaryarterybypasssurgerytorestorebloodflowtotheheartmuscleCoronaryheartdiseaseDefinitionRhythmiasareabnormalheartrhythmsthatcancausethehearttobeattoofast,tooslow,orirregularlySymptomsSymptomsofarrhythmiasmayincludepetitions,dizziness,lightheadedness,pointing,andshortnessofbreathDiagnosisArrhythmiasaretypicallydiagnosedthroughacombinationofmedicalhistory,physicalexamination,anddiagnostictestssuchasanelectrocardiogram(ECG)orHoltermonitorRhythmiasTreatmentTreatmentforarrhythmiasmayincludelifestylechanges,treatmentstocontroltheheartrateorrhythm,andproceduressuchascatalystinhibitionorpacemakerimplementationtocorrectthearrhythmiasRhythmiasDefinitionHeartfailureisaconditioninwhichtheheartmuscleisunabletopumpenoughbloodtomeetthebody'sneedsSymptomsCommonsymptomsofheartfailureincludeshortnessofbreath,fatigue,andswingingoftheankles,feet,legs,andabdomensDiagnosisHeartfailureistypicallydiagnosedthroughacombinationofmedicalhistory,physicalexamination,anddiagnostictestssuchasanelectrocardiogram(ECG),echocardiogram,andbloodtestsHeartfailureHeartfailureTreatmentTreatmentforheartfailuremayincludelifestylechangessuchasreducingsaltintakeandincreasingphysicalactivity,treatmentstoimproveheartfunctionandreducesymptoms,anddevicessuchaspacemakersordefibrillatorstohelpcontroltheheartrhythmInmultiplecases,hearttransmissionmaybeconsidered03RespiratorysystemissuesAsthmaShortnessofBreath,wheeling,chesttightness,coughingAllergens,exercise,coldair,respiratoryinfectionsInhalers,Bronchodilators,CorticosteroidsAveragetriggers,managestress,maintainahealthylifestyleSymptomsTriggersTreatmentPreventionPersistentcough,spitproduction,shortnessofbreathSymptomsLongtermexposuretoinitiatorssuchascigarettesmokeCausesBronchilators,Corticosteroids,OxygenTherapyTreatmentQuitsmoking,avoidexposuretolungirritantsPreventionChronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(COPD)SymptomsCausesTreatmentPreventionPneumoniaFever,Cough,ShortnessofBreath,ChestPainAntibiotics,antibiotics,supportivecareBacterial,viral,orfungalinfectionsVacation,goodhygiene,avoidsidecontactsPersistentcough,chestpain,shortnessofbread,weightlossSymptomsCausesTreatmentPreventionSmoking,exposuretocarcinogenssuchasasbestosSurgery,chemotherapy,radiationtherapyQuitsmoking,avoidexposuretocarcinogensLungCancer04DigestivesystemdiseasesDefinitionGastritisisaninflationoftheliningoftheStomachCausesBacterialinfection(Helicobacterpylori),excessivealcoholconsumption,longtermuseofcentralmedicine,andautoimmunedisordersTreatmentAntibioticstotreatbacterialinfection,antibioticstoreducestomachacid,andlifestylechangessuchasavoidingalcoholandspicefoodsSymptomsUpperdominantpaint,nasea,invoicing,bloating,andlossofappearanceGastritisDefinitionPepticulcerisasortintheliningoftheStomachorDuodenumSymptomsAbsolutepaintthatmaybeworthywitheatingoremptystomach,weightloss,andinvoicingbloodorcoffeegroundmaterialCausesBacterialinfection(Helicobacterpylori),longtermuseofcervicalmedicinesuchasNSAIDs,smoking,andstressTreatmentAntibioticstotreatbacterialinfection,treatmentstoreducestomataacidandprotecttheliningofthestomata,andlifestylechangessuchasquenchingsmokingandreducingstressPepticulcerDefinitionHeritageisaninflationoftheliverSymptomsFatigue,nausea,invoicing,dominantpaint,jaundice,anddarkurineCausesViralinfection(suchasdiseasesA,B,C),excessivealcoholconsumption,autoimmunedisorders,andchronicdiseasesTreatmentAntiviralmedicineforviralhepatitis,corticosteroidstoreduceinflammation,andlifestylechangessuchasavoidingalcoholandeatingahealthydiet01020304HepatitisCirchosisDefinitionCirrhosisisalatestageofscaling(fibrosis)ofthelivercausedbymanyformsofliverdiseasesandconditionsSymptomsFatigue,weakness,lossofappearance,nausea,invoicing,dominantswitching,andfollowingoftheskinandeyesCausesChronicalcoholuse,hepatitisBandC,chronicfattyliverdisease,andautoimmunehepatitisTreatmentTreatingtheunderlyingcauseofcirchosis,medicinetomanagesymptomsandcomplications,andlifestylechangessuchasavoidingalcoholandeatingahealthydietInmultiplecases,aliverspreadmaybenecessary05UrinarysystemissuesTypesAcuteNephritis,ChronicNephritis,andNephriticSyndromearecommontypesofNephritisSymptomsMayincludebloodintheurine,proteinintheurine,swinging,highbloodpressure,andreducedkidneyfunctionDiagnosisUrinalysis,bloodtests,andkidneybiopsymaybeusedtodiagnoseneuropathyTreatmentDependsonthetypeandseverityofNephritis,mayincludetreatmentstocontrolbloodpressure,reduceinflammation,andmanagekidneyfunctionNephritisKidneystonesCausesKidneystonesformwhenabstractsintheurine,suchascalcium,oxalate,andphase,comeconcentratedandcrystallizeSymptomsMayincludeseverepaininthebackorside,nasea,invoicing,andbloodintheurineDiagnosisImagingtestssuchasultrasonicorCTscancandetectkidneystonesTreatmentDependsonthesizeandlocationofthestone,mayincludepaymusic,drinkingplentyoffluids,andsurgicalremovalifnecessaryTreatmentAntibioticsaretypicallysubscribedtotreatUTIs,alongwithdrinkingplentyoffluidsandrelievingpaintifnecessaryCausesUTIsarecausedbybacteriathatentertheurinarytractandmultiple,oftenaffectingthebladerandurethraSymptomsMayincludeburningsensationduringurination,frequenturination,strongsellingurine,andpolarpaintDiagnosisUrinalysisandculturecandetectbacteriaandconfirmaUTIUrinarytractinfection(UTI)RenalfailureTypesActualrenalfailureandchronicrenalfailurearetwomaintypes,dependingonthedurationandseverityofkidneydysfunctionSymptomsMayincludedecreasedurineoutput,switching,fatigue,nasea,andfusionDiagnosisBl