Unit1InternetofThings[1] TextA InternetofThings[13] TextB ApplicationsofIoT[19] 參考譯文 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)

TheInternetofThingsreferstouniquelyidentifiableobjects(things)andtheirvirtualrepresentationsinanInternet-likestructure.ThetermInternetofThingswasfirstusedbyKevinAshtonin1999.TheconceptoftheInternetofThingsfirstbecamepopularthroughtheAuto-IDCenterandrelatedmarketanalystspublications.InternetofThingsTextARadio-FrequencyIDentification(RFID)isoftenseenasaprerequisitefortheInternetofThings.Ifallobjectsofdailylifewereequippedwithradiotags,theycouldbeidentifiedandinventoriedbycomputers.However,uniqueidentificationofthingsmaybeachievedthroughothermeanssuchasbarcodesor2D-codesaswell.

Withallobjectsintheworldequippedwithminusculeidentifyingdevices,dailylifeonEarthwouldundergoatransformation.Companieswouldnotrunoutofstockorwasteproducts,asallinvolvedpartieswouldknowexactlywhichproductsarerequiredandconsumed.Mislaidandstolenitemswouldbeeasilytrackedandlocated.

1.Alternativedefinitions

DifferentdefinitionsfortheInternetofThingshaveappearedandthetermisevolvingasthetechnologyandimplementationoftheideasmoveforward.Hereareseveralpartiallyoverlappingdefinitions.

Aglobalnetworkinfrastructure,linkingphysicalandvirtualobjectsthroughtheexploitationofdatacaptureandcommunicationcapabilities.ThisinfrastructureincludesexistingandevolvingInternetandnetworkdevelopments.Itwillofferspecificobject-identification,sensorandconnectioncapabilityasthebasisforthedevelopmentofindependentcooperativeservicesandapplications.Thesewillbecharacterizedbyahighdegreeofautonomousdatacapture,eventtransfer,networkconnectivityandinteroperability.1.1CASAGRAS

Aworldwherephysicalobjectsareseamlesslyintegratedintotheinformationnetwork,and

wherethephysicalobjectscanbecomeactiveparticipantsinbusinessprocesses.Servicesareavailabletointeractwiththese'smartobjects'overtheInternet,queryandchangetheirstateandanyinformationassociatedwiththem,takingintoaccountsecurityandprivacyissues.1.2SAP

Thenetworkformedbythings/objectshavingidentities,virtualpersonalitiesoperatinginsmartspacesusingintelligentinterfacestoconnectandcommunicatewiththeusers,socialandenvironmentalcontexts.1.3EPoSS

InternetofThings(IoT)isanintegratedpartofFutureInternet.Itcouldbedefinedasadynamicglobalnetworkinfrastructurewithselfconfiguringcapabilitiesbasedonstandardandinteroperablecommunicationprotocols.IntheIoT,physicalandvirtual'things'haveidentities,physicalattributes,andvirtualpersonalitiesanduseintelligentinterfaces,andareseamlesslyintegratedintotheinformationnetwork.IntheIoT,'things'areexpectedtobecomeactiveparticipantsinbusiness,informationandsocialprocesses.1.4CERP-IoTTheyareenabledtointeractandcommunicateamongthemselvesandwiththeenvironmentbyexchangingdataandinformation'sensed'abouttheenvironment,whilereactingautonomouslytothe'real/physicalworld'eventsandinfluencingitbyrunningprocessesthattriggeractionsandcreateserviceswithorwithoutdirecthumanintervention.Interfacesintheformofservicesfacilitateinteractionswiththese'smartthings'overtheInternet,queryandchangetheirstateandanyinformationassociatedwiththem,takingintoaccountsecurityandprivacyissues.

ThefutureInternetofThingslinksuniquelyidentifiablethingstotheirvirtualrepresentationsintheInternetcontainingorlinkingtoadditionalinformationontheiridentity,status,locationoranyotherbusiness,socialorprivatelyrelevantinformationatafinancialornon-financialpay-off.Itexceedstheeffortsofinformationprovisioningandoffersinformationaccesstonon-predefinedparticipants.1.5OtherTheprovidedaccurateandappropriateinformationmaybeaccessedintherightquantityandcondition,attherighttimeandplaceattherightprice.TheInternetofThingsisnotsynonymouswithubiquitous/pervasivecomputing,theInternetProtocol(IP),communicationtechnology,embeddeddevices,itsapplications,theInternetofPeopleortheIntranet/ExtranetofThings,yetitreliesonalloftheseapproaches.Theassociationofintelligentvirtualrepresentations(e.g.:calledavatarsandembedded,hostedintheCloudorcentralized)andphysicalobjectsaresometimescalled"cyberobjects".Cyberobjectsarethenconsideredasautonomousactorsofthevaluechainstheyareinvolvedin:abletoperceive,analyzeandreactinvariouscontexts;althoughactingundertheguidanceofhumanbeingsasprogrammed.Cyberobjectscanthenbeassistants,advisors,decisionmakers,etc;andcanbeconsideredastrueagent(economics),helpingtochangeexistingeconomicororganizationmodels.Insuchascenario,theconceptionofavatarsreferstoArtificalIntelligenceandcomplexsystem.

2.Uniqueaddressabilityofthings

TheoriginalideaoftheAuto-IDCenterisbasedonRFID-tagsanduniqueidentificationthroughtheElectronicProductCode.

Analternativeview,fromtheworldoftheSemanticWeb,focusesinsteadonmakingallthings(notjustthoseelectronic,smart,orRFID-enabled)addressablebytheexistingnamingprotocols,suchasURI.Theobjectsthemselvesdonotconverse,buttheymaynowbereferredtobyotheragents,suchaspowerfulcentralizedserversactingfortheirhumanowners.TheElectronicProductCode(EPC)isdesignedasauniversalidentifierthatprovidesauniqueidentityforeveryphysicalobjectanywhereintheworld,foralltime.

ThenextgenerationofInternetapplicationsusingInternetProtocolversion6(IPv6)wouldbeabletocommunicatewithdevicesattachedtovirtuallyallhuman-madeobjectsbecauseoftheextremelylargeaddressspaceofIPv6.Thissystemwouldthereforebeabletoidentifyanykindofobject.

AcombinationoftheseideascanbefoundinthecurrentGS1/EPCglobalEPCInformationServicesspecifications.ThissystemisbeingusedtoidentifyobjectsinindustriesrangingfromAerospacetoFastMovingConsumerProductsandTransportationLogistics.

3.Trendsandcharacteristics

AmbientIntelligenceandAutonomousControlarenotpartoftheoriginalconceptoftheInternetofThings.AmbientIntelligenceandAutonomousControldonotnecessarilyrequireInternetstructures,either.However,thereisashiftinresearchtointegratetheconceptsoftheInternetofThingsandAutonomousControl.3.1IntelligenceInthefuturetheInternetofThingsmaybeanondeterministicandopennetworkinwhichauto-organizedorintelligententities(Webservices,SOAcomponents),virtualobjectswillbeinteroperableandabletoactindependently(pursuingtheirownobjectivesorsharedones)dependingonthecontext,circumstancesorenvironments.

Embeddedintelligencepresentsan"AI-oriented"perspectiveofIoT,whichcanbemoreclearlydefinedas:leveragingthecapacitytocollectandanalyzethedigitaltracesleftbypeoplewheninteractingwithwidelydeployedsmartthingstodiscovertheknowledgeabouthumanlife,environmentinteraction,aswellassocialconnection/behavior.

ThesystemwilllikelybeanexampleofEvent-DrivenArchitecture,bottom-upmade(basedonthecontextofprocessesandoperations,inreal-time)andwillconsideranysubsidiarylevel.Therefore,modeldrivenandfunctionalapproacheswillcoexistwithnewonesabletotreatexceptionsandunusualevolutionofprocesses.3.2Architecture

Insemi-openorclosedloops,itwillthereforebeconsideredandstudiedasaComplexsystemduetothehugenumberofdifferentlinksandinteractionsbetweenautonomousactors,anditscapacitytointegratenewactors.Attheoverallstage(fullopenloop)itwilllikelybeseenasachaoticenvironment.3.3Complexsystem

TheInternetofObjectswouldencode50to100trillionobjects,andbeabletofollowthe

movementofthoseobjects.3.4Sizeconsiderations

InthisInternetofThings,madeofbillionsofparallelandsimultaneousevents,timewillnomorebeusedasacommonandlineardimensionbutwilldependoneachentity(object,process,informationsystem,etc.).ThisInternetofThingswillbeaccordinglybasedonmassiveparallelITsystems(Parallelcomputing).3.5Timeconsiderations

InanInternetofThings,theprecisegeographiclocationofathing—andalsotheprecisegeographicdimensionsofathing—willbecritical.Currently,theInternethasbeenprimarilyusedtomanageinformationprocessedbypeople.Therefore,factsaboutathing,suchasitslocationintimeandspace,hasbeenlesscriticaltotrackbecausethepersonprocessingtheinformationcandecidewhetherornotthatinformationwasimportanttotheactionbeingtaken,andifso,addthemissinginformation(ordecidenottotaketheaction).3.6Spaceconsiderations(NotethatsomethingsintheInternetofThingswillbesensors,andsensorlocationisusuallyimportant.)TheGeoWebandDigitalEartharepromisingapplicationsthatbecomepossiblewhenthingscanbecomeorganizedandconnectedbylocation.However,challengesthatremainincludetheconstraintsofvariablespatialscales,theneedtohandlemassiveamountsofdata,andanindexingforfastsearchandneighbouroperations.IntheInternetofThings,ifthingsareabletotakeactionsontheirowninitiative,thishuman-centricmediationroleiseliminated,andthetime-spacecontextthatweashumanstakeforgrantedmustbegivenacentralroleinthisinformationecosystem.JustasstandardsplayakeyroleintheInternetandtheWeb,geospatialstandardswillplayakeyroleintheInternetofThings.

4.Frameworks

InternetofThingsframeworksmighthelpsupporttheinteractionbetween"things"andallowformorecomplexstructureslikedistributedcomputingandthedevelopmentofdistributedapplications.Currently,InternetofThingsframeworksseemtofocusonrealtimedataloggingsolutionslikePachube:offeringsomebasistoworkwithmany"things"andhavetheminteract.FuturedevelopmentsmightleadtospecificsoftwaredevelopmentenvironmentstocreatethesoftwaretoworkwiththehardwareusedintheInternetofThings.

1.?Retail

ThefirstlargescaleapplicationoftheInternetofThingstechnologieswillbetoreplacethebarcodeinretail.Themainbarrierssofarhavebeenthemuchhighercostofthetagoverthebarcode,someneededtechnologyimprovementforwhatconcernstransmissionofmetalsandliquiditems,andprivacyconcerns.Nonetheless,

ApplicationsofIoTthereplacementhasalreadystartedinsomepilotprojectsandalthoughonemayexpecttoseecoexistenceofthetwoidentificationmechanismsformanyyearsintothefuture,advancesintheelectronicsindustrywillrendertheRFIDtagevercheaperandmoreattractiveandaccessibletotheretailers.

Theelectronictagsoffermultiplebenefitsoverthebarcodeforboththeretailersandtheconsumers.Theretailerswillhaveitemidentificationunifiedfromtheproducer,throughthestorage,theshopfloor,cashierandcheckout,aswellastheftprotection.

Theymayalsosavecostbyallowingcustomerstocheckouttheproductsthemselvesandwithouthavingtoputtheboughtitemsonaconveyerbelt.Theshelvesmaybeintelligentissuingarefillorderautomaticallytothestorageasitemsaresoldofferingprecisedeliveryfromthewholesalerdirectlytotheshelf.Furthermore,thehistoryofanyitemfromproductiontotheshelfcanbestoredofferingincreasedqualitymanagementalongthesupplychain.

Fortheconsumersthisoffersthepossibilityofavoidinglongcheck-outlinesandhavingtheproducthistoryavailable,whichwillimprovefoodsafetyandprotectconsumerrightsincaseoffailingproducts.Yet,RFIDinretailhascreatedconsumerconcerns,althoughit'shardtoseehowanelectronictagmayinfringeprivacyanymorethanthebarcode.Anyitempaidwithapaymentcardinsomebody'snamemaybeconnectedtotheownerintheshop'sdatabase.Theonlydifferenceisthattheelectronictagcouldbereadpost-saletoidentifydateandlocationofthepurchase.Ontheotherhand,thiscouldbeusedtoproverightfulownershipandsortoutguaranteedisputes.Thechallengeistoputthisintoausefulcontextfortheuserandtoprovidetherightincentivestoincreaseacceptance.Similartothewaysecurityequipmentincarsgivesadiscountoninsurance,havingthecapitalgoodsinahouseholdmarkedwithelectronictagsmakingitmoredifficulttoselltheitemsillegallyandeasiertorecoverstolengoodscouldgivediscountsonthehouseinsurance.Similartothewayoneregisterthesaleofacaramongprivatepersons,onlineaccesstotheitemsregistrycouldallowlawfultransactionstobestoredintheitem'shistory.

TodayalmosteveryphonesoldisequippedwithsomekindofshortrangeradiocommunicationlikeBluetooth,ormorespecificallyNearFieldCommunication(NFC)[1]specificallydesignedforreadingRFIDtags.Predictionsindicatethattherecouldbeasmanyas2billionNFCenabledmobilephonesby2012.Soontheconsumerwillnolongerneedtoconsultashopfloorreadertoknowthehistoryofaproduct,andtheshoppinglistcanbecreatedasthewrappingofusedgoodsarediscarded.

[1]NearFieldCommunication(NFC)isasetofstandardsforsmartphonesandsimilardevicestoestablishradiocommunicationwitheachotherbytouchingthemtogetherorbringingthemintocloseproximity,usuallynomorethanafewcentimetres([5senti7mi:tE]n.厘米，公分).Presentandanticipatedapplicationsincludecontactlesstransactions,dataexchange,andsimplifiedsetupofmorecomplexcommunicationssuchasWiFi.CommunicationisalsopossiblebetweenanNFCdeviceandanunpoweredNFCchip,calleda"tag".Thisopensforautomatedwarehouseswheretheshoppinglististransmittedwhenthecustomerleavesthehousetocollectareadymadeshoppingbagalreadycheckeduponarrivaltothewarehouse.Withtheabilityofdirectlyreadingthetags,theinventoryofyourbelongingsmaybestoredinyoumobilephone,whichwillmakeinsuranceclaimseasierandfacilitatetheprivatesalesofgoodssinceacentralisedregistryofthingswillnolongerbeneeded.

2.Logistics

Itisimportanttorememberthatinnovationinlogisticsnormallydoesnotchangetheindustryfundamentallybutallowsimprovingefficiencyofprocessesorenablesnewvalueaddingfeatures.Thefirstobservationtobemadefromtheprecedingdiscussionisthatthewarehouseswillbecomecompletelyautomaticwithitemsbeingcheckedinandoutandordersautomaticallypassedtothesuppliers.Thiswillallowbetterassetmanagementandproactiveplanningonbehalfofthetransporter.Goodsmaybetransportedwithouthumaninterventionfromproducertoconsumerandthemanufacturerswillhaveadirectfeedbackonthemarket'sneeds.Inthiswaytheproductionandtransportationcanbeadapteddynamicallythussavingtime,energy,andtheenvironment.

Theexecutablecodesinthetagsenablethethingintransittomakeintelligentdecisionsonitsroutingbasedoninformationreceivedeitherviareadersorpositioningsystems.Thiswillhelpoptimizingtheforwardingoftheitemanddelegateroutingauthorityfromthetransportertothemanufacturerorthecustomer.Thething

couldcheckbackwiththesenderifitshouldcontinuetowardstheintendedrecipient,oralternativelymovetoanotherrecipientpayingbettertohavethethingquickly.

Presentdaylogisticsisbasedonestablishedsupplychainsfrommanufacturertoconsumer.Supplychainsarebasedonlegalagreementandexistingovertime.ItispossibletoenvisionthatthethingsintransitformamarketplaceandthataconsumercouldplacearequestontheInternetofThings,receiveandacceptanofferfromathingfulfillingtherequest.EquivalenttoservicecompositioninthevirtualsoftwareworldwhereanapplicationisassembledofmultipleservicesavailableontheInternet,mayanassembledthingbeconstructedfrompartsautomaticallyidentifiedontheInternetofThings.Thiswillchangethewaybusinessdealsaremadesinceacustomermaynotplaceanorderforalargevolumeofthingswithamanufacturer,butbuytheminasequenceofindividualordersandpossiblyfromcompetingmanufacturers.

3.Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceuticalapplicationsarefundamentallynothingbutproduction,logistics,andretailofdrugsasalreadyoutlinedintheabovesections.Anaddedbenefitofanelectronictagisthatitmaycarryinformationrelatedtodrugusemakingiteasierforthecustomertobeacquaintedwithadverseeffectsandoptimaldosage.

Furthermore,smartbiodegradabledustembeddedinsidepillsmayinteractwiththeintelligenttagontheboxallowingthelattertomonitortheuseandabuseofmedicineandinformthepharmacistwhennewsupplyisneeded.Thesmartdust[1]inpillscouldknowincompatibledrugs,andwhenoneisdetectedcloseenoughthepillcouldrefusetoactivateorreleasetheactivesubstances.Thesamemechanismcouldofcoursebeusedtopreventoverdoses.Ifthereisanaccidentorwhensomeoneperishesfromdrugabuseormisuseitwillbepossibletoquicklyidentifythetakendrugbyaskingthesmartdust,whichmayalsoinformabouttherightantidoteanddosagetoenabletheemergencytreatmenttobegivenfasterandmorecorrectandtherebysavinglives.

4.Food

Europeistraditionallyspoiledwithexcellentfoodandwinewherethequestfortheperfecttastehasbeenongoingforcenturies.Frenchlawpioneeredtheideaofprotectingproduceofalimitedgeographicalorigin,andsimilarlawshavesincebeenestablishedinmanyEuropeancountries.TraceableidentitieswillhelptheconsumerstoverifytheoriginsoftheproductsandhelpEuropetopreserveagriculturaldiversityandrurallifestyles.

TheunfortunateoutbreaksofBSEor"madcowdeceases"havedrawnpublicattentiontofoodsafety.Therehavealsobeencaseswhereinfectiveagentshavebeendetectedincertainonelotoffood.Oftentheseagentscanonlybedetectedinlaboratoryassaysonsamplestakenfromthelot,andregrettablytheresultsmaybecomeavailableonlyaftertheproducehasreachedthemarket,whichmakesarecalldifficultandonehastoresorttoimprecisepublicwarnings.Knowingtheoriginofeachfooditemisthusessentialtoensurethatitisnotcarryingunwanteddeceases,andtoenableselectiverecallsofinfecteditemsavoidingtowastegoodfoodasasafetyprecaution.Itwillhelpassuringtheconsumersthatthefoodtheybuyisofcontrolledorigin,andthatthequalitycontroloftheshopandthepublicauthoritiesextendsfromthefarmtothetable.Shouldafoodrelateddiseasebedetectedthetraceabilityoftheeatenfoodwillenablefasterdetectionoftheoriginoftheinfectionandthuscurbingitsimpactbetterandfaster.

Finally,traceabilitymayprovidemarketfeedbacktotheproducersinasectorwheretheproductionisoftenplannedwellinadvanceaccordingtowholesaledealers'predictionofthemarketforcertainproduceandtheproducers'flexibilityislimitedbylongtermcontractsandpoliticallydecidedproductionsubsidies.Therecentglobalfoodcrisishighlightedthatthefeedbackmechanismsinfoodmarketdonotworkaswellasinothercommoditymarkets,whichmakesthefoodavailabilityoscillatebetweenperiodsofoverproductionandshortage.Allthemajorfoodproducersintheworldcouldhaveaugmentedtheirproductionhadtheyonlyseentheincreasingdemandearlier.Knowingwhatthemarketbuyscouldstimulatethefarmerstotimetheirproduceandofferingsbettertomarketdemandfluctuations.Thesocialimpactofimprovedfoodsupplystabilitycannotbeunderestimatedashungerisastrongdrivingforceforsocialunrestanduprising.

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是指可唯一標(biāo)識(shí)的物體及其在類似因特網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬表現(xiàn)。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)這一術(shù)語是KevinAshton于1999年首先使用的。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的概念通過Auto-ID中心及相關(guān)市場(chǎng)分析出版物首先流行開來。射頻識(shí)別(RFID)通常被視為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的先決條件。如果生活中的所有物體都帶有無線標(biāo)簽，那么它們就可以被計(jì)算機(jī)識(shí)別和存儲(chǔ)。但是，物體的唯一標(biāo)識(shí)也可以用其他方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)，如條形碼或二維碼。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)如果世界上的全部物體都配備了微小識(shí)別設(shè)備，那么地球上的日常生活將經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)變革。公司不會(huì)缺貨或者浪費(fèi)產(chǎn)品，因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)的各方都可以準(zhǔn)確地了解他們所需的和消耗的產(chǎn)品。配備微小識(shí)別設(shè)備也易于追蹤和定位失竊的產(chǎn)品。

1.多重定義

目前已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了多種物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的定義，且隨著這些觀點(diǎn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，該術(shù)語也在發(fā)生變化。以下幾種定義有部分重疊。

CASAGRAS是一個(gè)全球化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，它使用數(shù)據(jù)捕捉和通信功能把物理和虛擬物體鏈接起來。這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)包括現(xiàn)有的和進(jìn)化中的因特網(wǎng)以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展。它將提供特殊的物體識(shí)別、傳感器和連接能力，以此作為獨(dú)立協(xié)作服務(wù)和應(yīng)用的發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)。因而CASAGRAS具有高度自治的數(shù)據(jù)捕捉、事件傳輸、網(wǎng)絡(luò)連通與協(xié)同工作的特點(diǎn)。1.1CASAGRAS

SAP可看做是一個(gè)物理對(duì)象被無縫整合到信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)的世界，在那里物理對(duì)象可以主動(dòng)參與業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)程。SAP提供了可通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)來與這些“智能物體”交互、查詢和改變它們的狀態(tài)以及與它們相關(guān)的任何信息的服務(wù)，并考慮了服務(wù)中的安全和私密問題。1.2SAP

EPoSS是由物/物體構(gòu)成的一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在其運(yùn)行的智能空間中，這些物體具有身份和虛擬品質(zhì)，它們通過智能接口與用戶、社會(huì)和環(huán)境連接與通