GeneralIntroductionofTheLinguisticalDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishByMargaret.HSyntheticvs.AnalyticAsyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”.Latin,GermanyandancientEnglishAnanalyticlanguageis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms”.ChineseBasedontheancientEnglish,ModernEnglishkeepsthehereditaryinflectionwhilewithnumerousfunctionwordsandrelativelysettledwordorder,soitisasynthetic-analyticlanguage.

綜合語的特征是運用詞的形態(tài)變化來表達語法關(guān)系。

分析語的特征是用語序及虛詞來表達語法關(guān)系。

現(xiàn)代英語是從古英語發(fā)展出來，仍然保留著綜合語的某些特征，但也有分析語的特點：有形態(tài)變化，但不像典型綜合語那么復(fù)雜；語序比漢語靈活，但相對固定；虛詞很多，用得也相當(dāng)頻繁。Inflectedforms,wordorderandfunctionwordsarethemajorthreewaystoexpresslexicalrelationships.AsChineselanguagehasbeenrecordedintheformofcharacter,namely,ideographs.Ideographsarenotaffectedbyphonologicalevolutionandthereforelargelyimmunetochange.English,thoughasrecordedinphoneticscript,hasgotridofmostitsinflections,andexpressesgrammaticalrelationsbydeviceslikeprepositionsandauxiliaryverbsandbytheorderofitswords.

形態(tài)變化、語序和虛詞是表達語法關(guān)系的三大手段，三者之間關(guān)系密切。漢語由于缺乏形態(tài)變化，表達語法關(guān)系只好借助語序和虛詞；現(xiàn)代英語擯棄了古英語大部分的形態(tài)變化，因而表達語法關(guān)系除了借助遺留下來的形態(tài)變化形式，還必須借助語序和虛詞。Syntheticvs.AnalyticWordsInflectioninEnglish1.Affixation（詞綴變化）E.g.a)Hemovedastonishinglyfast.b)Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.c)Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.d)Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.e)Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.f)Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.g)Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.h)Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.i)Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.j)Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.2)FormInflection（構(gòu)形形態(tài)變化）E.g.1

Igavehimabook.我給他一本書。

Hehasgivenmetwobooks.他已經(jīng)給了我兩本書。

Hisfatheroftengiveshimbooks.他爸爸常常給他一些書。E.g.2Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他們告訴我，到年底，他們在一起工作就有三十年了。Newfactoriesarebeingbuiltalloverthecountry.全國到處都在興建新工廠。Duringthewartime,yearslikethesewouldhavemeantcertaindeathformanypeople.Manywouldhavebecomebeggarsandotherswouldhavebeencompelledtoselltheirchildren.戰(zhàn)爭期間碰到這樣的年景，很多人肯定會死去，很多人會逃荒要飯，很多人會被迫賣兒賣女。TheEnglishinflections,fewastheirnumberis,areanintegralandessentialpartofthelanguage.Theexcessivefrequencyoftheseformsgivesthemgreatmorphologicalweight.Wecannotbutacceptthetruththat“onceinflectional,alwaysinflectional”.Hence,whileEnglishappearsasalmostuninflectionalwhencomparedwithsuchalanguageasLatin,itappearsintheoppositelightwhencomparedwithanisolatinglanguagesuchasChinese.

AlthoughcertainimportantgrammaticaldevicesdoexistinLiteraryChinesetoindicateverbmood,nounnumber,nominalizationofwords,andthelike,theiruseisbynomeansalwaysmandatoryanddependsverymuchonthewhimofthewriter.Thislanguageisnotgovernedbyruleswhichrequiretheintroductionofsuchindicationsasamatterofprescribednecessity.Theruleis,ifyoucanpossiblyomit,doso.Theresultmaybethatthemeaningisquitehidden,butthereaderissupposednotonlytohaveanencyclopedicknowledgetoassisthiminhisguesswork,buttohaveunlimitedtimeforfillingtheellipses.Thisdoesnotmeanthatlanguagehasnowordstofilltheellipses,orthattherearenowordstoconveytense,number,ormood.Itmerelymeansthatthespiritofthelanguageisagainsttheiruse.Trytounderstandandinterprettheseparagraphsbelow.Tosummarize,thecontrastontheuseofinflectedformsinChineseandEnglishreflectsthefeaturesbetweenthesetwoquitedifferentculture.ThewesterncultureoriginsfromtheAncientGreekculture.AsthetoolofthinkingfortheGreekpeople,Greekisasyntheticlanguagewithclearclassificationofwords,prescriptsentencepatternsandgrammarrules,whichisfitforthepreciselythinkingmodeofphilosophyandscience.ThisprescriptionisdeeplybrandedintoEnglish.

英漢形態(tài)變化的多寡或有無反映了英漢語言文化的不同特征。西方文化的搖籃之一是古希臘文明。作為希臘人的思維工具，希臘語是一種綜合語，詞性分類精確，句法和語法要求嚴格，適合嚴密的哲學(xué)和科學(xué)思維。英語作為一種印歐語，深受希臘語的影響

Otherwise,themonosyllabic,noninflecting,andideographiccharactersprovidedacongenialmediumforrelationalthinking,whichhavebeenadistinctivequalityofChinesethoughtandculture.Byvirtueofthelanguagestructure,attentionisfocusedonwordrelationsratherthanonindividualwordsthemselves.

漢語缺乏形態(tài)變化，一個詞本身難以表達性、數(shù)、格、時、體、語態(tài)、語氣、詞類、比較級和最高級等語法意義，必須與其他詞聯(lián)系起來，如借助詞序或虛詞，甚至語境或語感，才能確定其意。這一特點直接影響了漢民族注重整體關(guān)聯(lián)性的思維方式。WordOrdersinEnglishandChineseThemoreinflectedinwordforms,themoreflexibleinwordorders.SoforChineseitisveryperscriptinwordordersthaninEnglish.Changingaword'sorderinonecertainsentencecouldmaketheword'sgrammaticalfunctionandconcentrationinthatsentencechange,too.

我吃完小浣熊干脆面了。小浣熊干脆面我吃完了。一個重要的問題averyimportantquestionaquestionofgreatimportance一個可以辯論的題目adebatablesubjectasubjectwhichcanbedebatedWetrustinGod.InGodwetrust.inversionThus,weneedtochangethewordordersandevenwordfunctionsoftheSLtextwhenwedoE-CorC-EtranslationfortheexpressivenessoftheTLtext.PracticeKeith:Alittleyellow,ragged,lame,unshavenbeggar.Shehadakindly,smiling,tender,gentle,generousheartofherown.Thesparkleofhereyesbetrayedhergreatexcitement.Manysketchesareinexistenceofpeasantsseatedbytheroadsideandmenandwomenatworkinthefields.Myfoolofadoctortoldmetomakemywill.基思：一個討飯的，身材矮小，面色蒼黃，衣衫襤褸，一瘸一拐，滿臉胡子。她心地厚道，為人樂觀，性格溫柔，待人和藹，心胸寬廣。她閃亮的眼睛說明她非常激動。至今仍保留著許多速寫，畫的是坐在路旁的農(nóng)民和田里勞動的男男女女。我那蠢貨醫(yī)生叫我寫遺囑。Still,bythevirtueofthevarietiesinexpressionsandthinkingpatternsbetweenChineseandEnglish,weneedtochangetheorderofwordsorsentencestomaketheTLtextmorefluent.E.g.1(a)Thetendencyofabodytocontinueinmotion(b)iscleartoonewhoobservesthat(c)anautomobileoratrainmovesforsomedistanceevenwhenbrakesareusedtocheckthismotion.

汽車或火車在已經(jīng)剎車的情況下還會向前移動一定的距離。看到這種情況的人就會明白，運動著的物體具有繼續(xù)運動的傾向。Chinesesentenceorder:c-b-aE.g.2(a)Categorytwocontainsonlyfouritems,and(b)Ishallsaynomoreaboutthemexceptthat,(c)sincetheyareunderconsideration,(d)weshouldnotletthegrassgrowunderfeet,butattempt,asearlyaspossible,toarriveatacommonunderstanding(e)intheinterestofhumanity.第二類只包括四項內(nèi)容，而且都已在審議之中。為了人類的利益，我們應(yīng)該不失時機，力圖盡快達成共識。除此之外，別的我就不多說了。Q:WhatisthesentenceorderinE.g.2?TheEnglishlanguageanditsrelatedlineofthoughthaveevolvedoutoftheAnglo-Europeanculturalpattern.TheexpectedsequenceofthoughtinEnglishisessentiallyaPlatonic-AristoteliansequencedescendedfromthephilosophersofancientGreeceandshapedsubsequentlybyRoman,MedievalEuropean,andlaterWesternthinkers.Deductivevs.InductiveStraightlinevs.CircularlinePractice:

Soccerisadifficultsport.Aplayermustbeabletorunsteadilywithoutrest.Sometimesaplayermusthittheballwithhisorherhead.Playersmustbewillingtobangintoandbebangedintobyothers.Theymustputupwithachingfeetandsoremuscles.足球運動員必須能不停地奔跑，有時得用頭頂球，愿意撞別人或被別人撞，必須忍受雙腳和肌肉的疼痛，所以說，足球運動是一項難度大的運動。FunctionWordsinEnglishandChineseFunctionWordsinEnglishTherearegreatnumberoffunctionwordsinChineseandEnglish;theyare,whileontheoppositsideofnotionwords/fullwords,stillquietdifferentineitherlanguage.(alsocalledstructuralwordsorformwords)article;auxiliary;coordinator;preposition;etc.FunctionWordsinChinese(alsocalledemptywords)TheuseofdefinitearcticleandindefinitearticleinEnglishmakesdifficultyforthelearnersandtranslatorsinlanguageconception.outofquestionoutofthequestionE.G.ahundredandoneonehundredandonequantifier;auxiliary;coordinator;preposition;etc.PracticeShewaswithachild.ShewaswithchildTheyarestudentsofourschool.Theyarethestudentsofourschool.Ihavelivedhereformorethanayear.Ihavelivedhereformorethanoneyear.Pleasetakeachair.Hetookthechairtoday.Hetookthechairofthecommittee.她帶著一個孩子。她懷著孕。他們是我校的學(xué)生。他們是我校全體學(xué)生。我在這住了一年多了。我在住了不止一年了。

請坐。今天他主持會議。/今天他拿走了那把椅子。他接受了委員會主席一職。Quantifier（量詞）

QuantifierisbroadlyusedinbossthewrittenandoralsystemofChineselanguage,justasarticleinEnglish.Buttheywon’tstaysimultaneouslyinacertainlanguagethroughtheresearchoflinguistictaxonomy.ThisisbecausethatquantifiersinChineseandarticlesinEnglish

arebothusedastoclassifythetypeofnouns,justasthegendersysteminLatinlanguages.豐富的量詞系統(tǒng)是漢語的一大特點，而漢語中的量詞不是從來就有的。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,甲骨文中的量詞不超過10個,金文中有40多個,西漢時有60多個,魏晉南北朝時期有200多個,而現(xiàn)代漢語則有500多個。量詞的來源很復(fù)雜，不同類型的量詞產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展的歷史是不相同的。呂叔湘《現(xiàn)代漢語八百詞》(商務(wù)印書館2007，頁14)把量詞分為9個小類：①個體量詞；②集合量詞；③部分量詞；④容器量詞；⑤臨時量詞；⑥度量量詞；⑦自主量詞；⑧動量詞；⑨復(fù)合量詞。(via知乎@王宇quotedfrom《近三十年中古漢語量詞研究述評》/upfile/soft/20101104/24-p0131-skd16.pdf)WhytherearequantifiersinChinese?Suggestedanswersa)toclassifyhomonymsandavoidthevaguenessincommunication;b)tobethesymbolsinhumanlanguagesasmen’ssubjectiveclassificationsofthereality.e.g.我給了他一把刀。(Igavehimaknife.)

我給了他一刀。(Istabbedhimwithaknife.)朱德熙（1982：48）在分析時指出，“名詞和跟它相配的個體量詞之間有的時候在意義上有某種聯(lián)系”，如細長的東西論“枝”，有延展性的東西論“張”等，這是某種分類性的表現(xiàn)。（via知乎@盧笑予）

c)toindicatethenumberofnouns;漢語量詞的特點是使得所有名詞都可數(shù)。典型的“不可數(shù)”名詞特征在漢語里表現(xiàn)為其量詞可變。例如所有液體(水)根據(jù)情況可以用滴,灘,片(自由形態(tài)),瓶,杯,盆...(容器形態(tài))來指代。可數(shù)名詞的量詞就沒這么多變。另外在上下文明確的情況下,量詞可以作為代詞用而省略指代的名詞本身，如“你要吃幾碗飯？”“五碗。”。（via知乎@匿名）Whatconclusioncanyougetfromtheabovearguments?AuxiliaryAuxiliaryinEnglish:

An

auxiliaryverb

(abbreviated

aux)isa

verb

thataddsfunctionalorgrammaticalmeaningtothe

clause

inwhichitappears,suchastoexpress

tense,

aspect,

modality,voice,emphasis,etc.Auxiliaryverbsusuallyaccompanyamainverb.Themainverbprovidesthemainsemanticcontentoftheclause.Somesentencescontainachainoftwoormoreauxiliaryverbs.Auxiliaryverbsarealsocalled

helpingverbs,

helperverbs,or

(verbal)auxiliaries.E.g.Ihavefinishedmyhomework.Shedoesn’ttellmethetruth.

Shecouldn’thavebeensuchameangirl.IwouldknowthatJimisthekiller!漢語助詞TheauxiliaryinChineseisquietdifferentfromwhichinEnglish.Itisusuallydividedintothreegroups,namely,modalauxiliary,（語氣助詞）,structureauxiliary（結(jié)構(gòu)助詞）andtenseandaspectauxiliary（時態(tài)助詞）.ModalauxiliaryisoneofthemostremarkablefeaturesinChineselanguage.Itmakesthereadersoraudienceeasilygetthemoodofthespeakersorwriters.他早來啦！/Why,he’sbeenhereforalongtime!她真來啦？/Hasshereallycome?你好好想想吧！/Justthinkitover.多好的天氣啊！/Whatafineday!InEnglish,themoodofthespeakersorwritersisexpressedbyintonation.Youmustbefeelingrathertired./你一定覺得有點累。你一定覺得有點兒累了。/你一定覺得有點累了吧？PrepositionPrepositioniswidelyusedinEnglishwhileinChineseactuallythereisnorealpreposition.MostprepositioninChineselanguagecomesfromverbs.SoinE-Ctranslation,theSLprepositioninSLisalwaystranslatedintoTLverbs.Whatisheat?他在干什么？PracticeJohnvotewiththeTories.Heisthemanabovevugularinterests.Peterdrewhisknifeontherobber.ItlooksasifweareinforastormIfamancouldn'twalkintoaroomandtellwhowasforhimandwhowasagainsthim,thenhewasn'tmuchofapolitician.CoordinatorEitherinEnglishorChineselanguagetherearecoordinators;however,theyaremuchmorefrequentlyappliedintheformmerone.InspiteofthesymstrysinChinese,suchasor,because,if,unless,when,etc.,therearestillrelativepronouns(who,which),linkingpronouns(that),relativeadverbs(where,when)andsoon.Usually,inChineselanguageonecanseecoordinatorsmoreinwritenandnormalstyles.TheChinesepeopleprefertocommunicatewiththehelpofadverbs,wordordersandthecontext.SoinC-Etranslation,thetranslatorsneedtoaddcoordinatorsinTLtext.火車未停，請勿開門。吃水不忘挖井人。無事不登三寶殿。Don'topenthedooruntilthetrainstops.Whenyoudrinkwater,thinkofthosewhodugthewell.Iwouldn'tcometoyouifIhadn'tsomethingaskforyou.APECblue/APEC藍“APECblue”isapopularphrasecoinedbyChina’snetizenstodescribetheblueskyintheheavily-pollutedBeijingduringtheAPECweek,whichwasaresultoftoughemission-reductionmeasures.TheChinesepeoplehopetomakeAPECbluea“newnormal”.APEC期間，污染嚴重的北京執(zhí)行了嚴厲的減排措施，天空重現(xiàn)蔚藍，中國網(wǎng)友稱其為“APEC藍”。中國人民希望“APEC藍”能夠成為一種“新常態(tài)”。securitylevel/安檢級別FightsbrokeoutamongangrypassengersatBeijingCapitalInternationalAirportonSundaymorning,afterthesecuritylevelfordomesticflightswasraisedfromLevelthreetoLeveltwo.周日上午，北京首都國際機場國內(nèi)航班的安檢級別從三級升致二級，部分旅客情緒激動，并引發(fā)爭執(zhí)。safetyoverhaul/安全大檢查China'stransportationauthorityonSundayorderedlocaldepartmentstolaunchathoroughsafetyoverhaultoresolutelycurbseveretrafficaccidents.中國交通部負責(zé)人周日要求地方各部門全面開展安全大檢查，徹底杜絕發(fā)生嚴重交通事故。

worksafety/安全生產(chǎn)Afirethatkilled120peopleatapoultryfactoryinNortheastChina'sJilinprovinceonMondayhasraisedconcernsoverChina'soften-criticizedlaxworksafetyconditions.本周一發(fā)生在吉林省一家肉禽加工廠的大火已導(dǎo)致120死亡。該事件引發(fā)了人們對我國安全生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的關(guān)注。國內(nèi)的安全生產(chǎn)環(huán)境一直因管理松散而屢遭詬病。Intonationvs.ToneTheusageofinflection,wordordersandfunctionwordsinalanguagewillreflectinit'ssoundsystem.Inalanguageinwhichinflexionhasbeengreatlyreduced,word-ordermustbecomerelativelymorerigid.Oneconsequenceofthistendencytoafixedword-orderwillbeanincreaseintheroleofintonationinthelanguage.Forsincethevaryingoftheorderofwordsisnolongersopossibleasameansofconveyingshadesofmeaningsuchasthosethatdependonemphasis,thisemphasismustbeobtainedbyothermeans......AchangeoftoneinChinesewillturn“tobuy”into“tosell”,forinstance.(Wrenn,1978:143)屈折形式、語序以及虛詞同語言的語音系統(tǒng)關(guān)系密切。比如某一語言的屈折變化越少，其語序就相對越固定。這一趨勢導(dǎo)致語調(diào)在該語言的表意系統(tǒng)中至關(guān)重要。而對漢語而言，語調(diào)對于表意的影響不那么大，取而代之的是聲調(diào)。MeansforEnglishSoundSystemIntonationFalliingToneRisingToneLevelFall-RiseRise-FallFall-plus-RiseThefallingtoneexpressescertainty,completeness,independenceandanairoffinality.Oftenusedin:statements,specialquestions,instructionsandorders.Welldone!（↙）Wherehaveyoubeen?（↙）Isupposeso.（↙）One,two,three.（↙）Therisingtoneexpressesuncertainity,incompletenessanddependence(includingyes-noquestions,parentheticalandsubsidiaryinformationinastatement,encouragingorpolitedenials,commands,invitations,greetings,farewells,etc.)（↙）（↗）（→）（∧）（∨）（↗↙）Really?（↗）One,two,three,four,five,six（↗）......Areyoukidding?（↗）What!（↗）Youdidwhat?（↗）Closethedoor,wouldyou?（↗）Comewithme.（↗）1）A：Jean，canyoubringmethenewspaper？B：Sorry？（↗）2)A：Jean，canyoubringmethenewspaper？B：Sorry．（↙）Implication:Ididn'thearyou．Couldyousaythatagain，please？Implication:Ican'thelpyou.3）M：Lindalookedverytiredthesedays．W：ShelookedOKtome（↗）．Q：WhatdoesthewomanthinkofLinda？［A］ShesawLindaandme．［B］Lindasaidshewasfine．［C］Shelookedupthewordforme．［D］SheconsideredLindawasallright．KEY:（D）A：Mr．Smiththinksweoughttogetthemoneyinhandfirst．B：Who？（↗）A：Mr．Smith．4）5）A：We'dliketohavesomeonetosayawordatthebeginningtowelcomethegroup．B：Who？（↙）A：WethoughtthatyouorDr．Johnsonmightdoit．Couldyoufindouttheimplicationoftheintonation?A：AreyouMr．Blake？B：Yes．（↙）A：Roomtwenty-six．6）7）A：AreyouMr．Blake？B：Yes？（↗）A：Ah，thesecretarywouldlikeawordwithyou．Couldyoufindouttheimplicationoftheintonation?8）W：Marysaysshelikesplayingtennis．M：Butshedoesn'tplaytennisoften，doesshe？（↙）Q：WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutMary？［A］Sheplaysalotofothersports．

［B］Shedoesn'treallyliketennis．［C］Sheonlylikeswatchingtennis．［D］Shehasalotofthingstodo．KEY:（B）M：HowlongshallwestayattheGrandCanyon？W：Aday？（↗）Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean？［A］WeshallstayattheGrandCanyonforoneday．［B］ShallwestayattheGrandCanyonforoneday？［C］TostayattheGrandCanyonforonedayistooshort．［D］TostayattheGrandCanyonforonedayisenough．KEY:（B）9）10）M：Istarteddrivingat8：00yesterdayandarrivedhereat5：30thismorning．W：Youdroveallnight？（↗）Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean？［A］Nightdrivingcanbedangerous．［B］Youshouldn'thavedrivenduringthenight．［C］Whydon'tyoudriveallnight？［D］Didyoureallydriveallnight？KEY:（D）M：Wasn'tSam'sspeechgreat！（↙）W：Areyouserious？Q：WhatdoesthemansayaboutSam'sspeech？［A］Sam'sspeechwasn'tgreat，wasit？［B］Sam'sspeechwasgreat，wasn'tit？［C］Samgaveaseriousspeech．［D］Samwasnotserious．11）KEY:（B）A：AreyougoingtowatchTVagain？B：Whatelseistheretodo？（↗）ComparewithB'snarrativeversion“there'snothingelsetodo.”tounderstandthefunctionofintonation.11）Thefall-risetonecombinesthefallingtone'smeaningof“assertion,certainity”withtherisingtone'smeaning“dependence,incompleteness”.Attheendofasentence,itoftenconveysafeelingofreservation;atthebeginningorinthemiddleofasentence,itisamoreforcefulalternativetotherisingtone,expressingtheassertionofonepoint,togetherwiththeimplicationthatanotherpointistofollow.M：DoyouthinkPettyisqualifiedtodothejob？W：IfPettyisnot（↙），whois？（↗）Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean？［A］Pettyisnotqualifiedforthejob．［B］Nobodyisqualifiedforthejob．［C］Pettyiswellqualifiedforthejob．［D］AllexceptPettyarequalifiedforthejob．KEY:（C）Stressa)Toshowemphasis;b)toexpressemotion;c)todistinguish;Youmay'notgo.You'maynotgo.你不可以去。你可以不去。Allcatsdon'tlikewater.（↙）'Allcatsdon'tlikewater.（↗）貓都不喜歡水。貓并不都喜歡水。Asubtledifferencecanbeconveyedbyintonationandstressworkingtogether.Ididn'tleavehome（↗）,becauseIwasafraidofmyfather.（↙）Ididn'tleavehomebecauseIwasafraidofmyfather.（V）You'saidhewouldcome.（↙）'Yousaidhewouldcome.（↙）You'said（V）hewouldcome.Passivevs.ActivePasssivevoiceissuchapopularwayinEnglishexpressingthatithasalmostbecomeabusive.AsS.Bakerjustfingeredout:“Ourmassed,scientificandbureaucraticsocietyissoaddictedtothepassivevoicethatyoumustconstantlyalertyourselfagainstitsdrowsy,impersonalpomp.“(1985:121)ReasonforthepassivehabitNONEEDorCANNOTshowtheAGENTThemurdererwascaughtyesterday,anditissaidthathewillbehanged.兇手已于昨天被捕，據(jù)說他將會被絞死。(Theagentisunknown.)Shetoldmethathermasterhaddismissedher.Noreasonhadbeenassigned;noobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealtohermistress.她告訴我，她的男主人已經(jīng)解雇了她。男主人沒有講明任何理由，對她的行為沒有任何異議，也不許她向女主人申訴。(Theagentisself-evident.)Heronlysonwasrunoverbyacar.Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.Canyoufigureoutthereasonofusingpassivevoiceinthesentencesabove?Attheteapartytheyservedonlyteaandcakes.Attheteapartyonlyteaandcakeswereserved.她的獨子被汽車軋了。今晚有人講了些不該講的話。茶會上只提供茶飲和糕餅。DemandofSyntax1)forthesakeofcoherence;(typicalinEST)Somekindsofplasticscanbeforcedthroughmachineswhichseparatethemintolong,thinstrings,called“fibres”,andthesefibres

canbemadeintocloth.有幾種塑料可以壓入機器并分離成細長的纖維，這種纖維可以用來織布。2)tokeepend-weightandright-branchingofsentencestructure;Iwasastoundedthathewaspreparedtogivemeajob.他準備給我一份工作，這使我大吃一驚。Needsfromrhetorics(addvarietytowriting)TherearemanywaystovarythebasicEnglishsentencepatternofS-V-O.ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternofS-V-Ocanbevariedinmanyways.NeedsfromwritingstyleThereisanotabledifferenceinthefrequencywithwhichtheactiveandpassivevoicesareused.Theactiveisgenerallymorecommon,butthereisconsiderablevariationamongindividualtexts.Thepassivehasbeenfoundtobeasmuchastentimesmorefrequentinonetextthananother.ThemajorstylisticfactordeterminingitsfrequencyseemstoberelatedtothedistinctionbetweeninformativeandimaginativeproseratherthantoadifferenceofsubjectmatterorofspokenandwrittenEnglish.Thepassiveisgenerallymorecommonlyusedininformativethaninimaginativewriting,notablyintheobjective,non-personalstyleofscientificarticlesandnewsitems.科技文體和新聞文體要求客觀敘述事理和活動，因此大量使用被動語態(tài)。Thepassivevoiceallowsonetoexpressideaswithoutattributingthemtoaspecificindividualsource.Thatiswhyitissowidelyusedingovernmentcommunications,inwhichdecisionsandopinionsarepresumedtobethoseofthebureauoragencyasawholeandnotofindividualofficials.Butlegitimateusecaneasilyturnintoabuse.Whiletheconventionbywhichgovernmentaledictscomefromanimpersonalentitycanbedefended,theindiscriminateuseofthepassiveasagrammaticalcamouflagecanalsobeasignofmoralweakness.Anyonefindsan“out”bywriting“itisdirectedthat”insteadof“Idirectthat”,or“itistheopinionofthefirm”insteadof“Ithink”.Theweakpassiveisusedinnewspaperwritingforthesamereasonforwhichitisusedingovernmentalcorrespondence:toachievetheimpersonalnote,andthus,inmanyinstances,todisclaimdirectresponsibilityforstatementsthatarebasedonhearsay.Whatkindsofwritingsfrequentlyusethepassivevoice?RulesforGoodWritingPreferthefamiliarwordtothefar-fetched.Prefertheconcretewordtoabstract.Preferthesinglewordtothecircumlocution.Prefertheshortwordtothelong.PrefertheSaxonwordtotheRomance.Neverusethepassivewhereyoucanusetheactive.SyntacticPassive&NotionalPassive（結(jié)構(gòu)被動和意義被動）InEnglish,syntacticpassivevoiceisfarmorewidelyusedthanthenotionalpassivevoice(passivemeaningcarriedinactivevoice).passivevoiceoftransitiveverbs;passivevoicecarriedbyindefiniteverbs;impersonalpassive;doublepassive;ThelimiteduseofpassivevoiceinChineseLimitsinmeaningLimitsinformFuneralBlues(SongIX/fromTwoSongsforHedliAnderson)Stopalltheclocks,cutoffthetelephone.Preventthedogfrombarkingwithajuicybone,SilencethepianosandwithmuffleddrumBringoutthecoffin,letthemournerscome.LetaeroplanescirclemoaningoverheadScribblingintheskythemessageHeisDead,Putcrêpebowsroundthewhitenecksofthepublicdoves,Letthetrafficpolicemenwearblackcottongloves.HewasmyNorth,mySouth,myEastandWest,MyworkingweekandmySundayrestMynoon,mymidnight,mytalk,mysong;Ithoughtthatlovewouldlastforever,Iwaswrong.Thestarsarenotwantednow;putouteveryone,Packupthemoonanddismantlethesun.Pourawaytheoceanandsweepupthewood;Fornothingnowcanevercometoanygood.停掉所有時鐘，切斷電話給狗一塊多汁的骨頭，讓他別叫別彈琴，隨著低沉的鼓抬出靈慪，讓送葬者上前

讓飛機在頭頂狂亂悲旋在天空寫上他逝去的消息

把黑紗系在信鴿的白頸讓交通員戴上黑色棉手套他曾經(jīng)是我的東，我的西，我的南，我的北我的工作日，我的禮拜天

我的正午，我的夜半，我的話語，我的歌吟我以為愛可以不朽：我錯了不再需要星星，把每一顆都摘掉把月亮包起，拆除太陽傾瀉大海，掃除森林因為什么也不會，再有意味Impersonalvs.PersonalSubject&VerbsThereisapersonalinclinationinChinesewhiletheimpersonalinEnglish.Thisdistinctionbetweenthesetwolanguagesmainlycanbeseenintheuseofsubjecandverbinacertainsentence.Theimpersonalsubjectisfocusingon“sth.happenstosb”andthepersonalsubjectmakesthesentencefocuson“sb.doessth.”Words

failme!(Ifailtosayaword!)Whathashappenetoyou?

你出什么事了？sth.happenstosbsb.doessth我（嚇得/驚得）無語了！Anideasuddenlystruckme.我突然想到了一個主意。PracticeAstrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.Notasoundreachedourears.Agreatelationovercamethem.Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.The

thickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.她獨處時便感到一種特殊的安寧。我們沒有聽到任何聲音。他們欣喜若狂。他開始變得驚恐萬狀。我興奮得什么話也說不出來。我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點腳步聲也沒有。inanimatesubject+animateverbC-E:Personal-Impersonal1、一看到那棵大樹，我便想起了童年的情景。Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.complicatedsentencesimplesentence2、調(diào)查結(jié)果證明，他就是那嬰兒的親生父親。Investigation

fatheredthebabyon

him.complicatedsentencesimplesentence3、發(fā)怒之后，我既不難過，也不后悔。Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.4、小梅心地善良，性情溫和，對她朋友這種沒有心肝的行為，實在看不順眼。Xiaomei’skindandgentlenaturecouldnotbutrevoltatherfriend’scallousbehaviour.complicatedsentencesimplesentence多年后的一個黃昏，像現(xiàn)在，你一人獨坐的時候，你會想起眼前的情景。PracticeThisscenewillcomebacktoyouyearslaterwhenyousitaloneatthesunsetlikethis.憑良心講，你帶我禮貌有加，我卻受之有愧。MyconsciencetoldmethatIdeservednoextraordinarypoliteness.SimplebutcomplicatedE-C:Impersonal-Personal;Simple-ComplicatedAverylittleencouragementwouldsetthatworldlywomantotalkvolubly,andpouroutallwithinher.(VanityFair)這老于世故的女人，只要人家稍微助助她的興，她便馬上滔滔不絕地把一肚子的話一股腦兒倒出來。從這條山路往南走，就是公路。Thismountainpathleadssouthtothehighway.他說不出話來。Wordsfailedhim.有了書，我就不再寂寞。Bookscandivertmefromloneliness.我覺得有三分悵惘，三分無奈。Atouchoffrustrationandhelplessnesscomesoverme.叢林中死一般寂寞，他還是毫無睡意。Sleepdidnotvisithimalthoughthesilenceofadeadworldwasonthejungle.Thesightofatailor-shopgavemeasharplongingtoshedmyrags,andtoclothemyselfdecentlyoncemore.我一看到服裝店，心里就起了一陣強烈的愿望，很想扔掉這身襤褸的衣服，重新穿得像個樣子。Herdoubtsandterrorsreachedtheirparoxysm.(VanityFair)她突然又懷疑有恐懼，一時不能自持。Themasteryofalanguagerequirespainstakingeffort.要掌握一門語言，必須下苦功夫。Thebestshortcutwouldstilltakeusfivehourstogetthere.即使抄最近的路，也要花5小時才能到達那里。Duskfound