M4U3Grammarandusage（被動語態）—?被動語態概念語態（Voice）,作為一個語法范疇，是表示主語和動詞之間的主動或被動關系的動詞行式。英語動詞有兩種語態：主動語態（ActiveVoice）和被動語態（PassiveVoice）。當主語為動作執行者即施動者時，動詞用主動態；如果主語是動作的承受者即受動者時，動詞便用被動態。例如：JohnhelpedPeter.住動）JohnhelpedPeter.住動）二.被動語態構成被動語態由助動詞be的時態之一和及物動詞的過去分詞構成。被動語態可用于各種時態，其時態變化通過助動詞be的不同形式來體現。—般現在時：am/is/are+過去分詞—般過去時：was/were4■過去分詞—般將來時：will（shall）+be+過去分詞 begoingto+be+去分詞過去將來時：should（would）be+過去分詞現在進行時：am/is/are+beingh■過去分詞過去進行時：was/werebeing+過去分詞將來完成時：willhavebeen+ii去分詞現在完成時：has/have+been■?■過去分詞過去完成時：hadbeen+ii去分詞過去將來完成時：wouldhavebeen+ii去分詞注：過去將來完成時表示從過去某一時間看，將來某時將會已經完成的動作。三.含情態動詞的被動語態情態動詞被動語態的結構為：—般式：情態動詞（can,could,may,might,must,should,need等）+be+過去分詞.完成式：情態動詞（can,could,may,might,must,should,need等）+have+been+過去分詞。例女口：1）Youneedn'tmentionhisplaninyourspeech.（主動）Hisplanneedn 'tbementionedinyourspee被動）2）Youmighthavecompletedyourtaskaheadoftime.（主動）Yourtaskmighthavebeencompletedaheadoftime?（被動）四.被動語態特殊用法（―）句式It+be+said/reported/expected/proved/supposed等+that從句。例女口: 1）ItisreportedthattheyaresailinginthePacific.=TheyarereportedtobesailinginthePacific.2）ItissaidthatMr.Bellinventedthefirsttelephone.=Mr.Bellissaidtohaveinventedthefirsttelephone.當不定式to后的動作早于不定式to前的動作發生，不定式to后的動作應用現在完成時，表示動作的完成。例如：Theoldbridgeissaidtohavebeenbuiltintheearly1930s.（二） ?含有動詞短語的主動句變為被動句時，不要漏掉其后的介詞或副詞。例如:Wemusttakegoodcareofthechildren.（主動）Thechildrenmustbetakengoodcareof.（被動）（三） ?被動語態常在不知道動作的執行者或者是要強調動作的承受者時才用。助動詞 be有時可被系動詞get替換，即“get過去分詞”也可表示被動概念。例女口:Youarewantedonthephone.（四） ?固定結構begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter的被動形式。主動begoingtousedtohaveto主動begoingtousedtohavetobegoingtobedoneusedtobedonehavetobedonehadbetterhadbetterbedone例女口:Thelittleboyusedtosendnewspapershere.（主動）Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittleboy.（被動）（五） ?“賓語+補語”又叫復合賓語，變被動語態時，只將賓語變為被動句的主語，補語位置保持不動，但是其變為主語補足語了。例女口:Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigaretteinthetoilet.（主動）Theboywascaughtsmokingacigaretteinthetoilet.（被動）（六）?在使役動詞have,make,get以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面用動詞不定式作賓語補足語時，主動結構中不定式符號to要省略，但變為被動結構時，要加to.例女口:Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.（主動）Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.（被動）（七） ?主動語態表示被動意義的詞1?感官動詞和系動詞如:look,smell,feel,prove,wear,sound,taste等。Theclothfeelsverysoft,Ilikeitverymuch.某些表主語由內在品質或性能的動詞也用主動形式表被動意義，常見的有： wash,write,sell,read,open,shut,keep,read,clean,sell,cook,close,lock等。例女口： （1）.Thatkindofdresswasheswell.（2） ?Thistypeofcomputersellswellamongteenagers.want,need,require,take,beworth等詞的后面可以用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。例如：（1）.Sheboughtmeabook,whichisworthreading.（2）.Allthewindowsinthemeetingroomneedwashing.在“be形容詞+todo句型中。常用于此句型形容詞有 easy,hard,difficult,heavy,light,comfortable等。例如：（1）.Englishwordsaredifficulttoremember.英語單詞很難記。（2）.Shetoldmethatthefishwasnotfittoeat.五.不可用被動語態的情況。不及物動詞或短語不能用于被動語態。 例如：appear,rise,happen,lie,arrive,exist,belongto,takeplace,setsailfor,consistof等。例女口: 1.Sixmembersconsistofthecommittee.2Youshouldn'ttakewhatdoesnbelong'ttoyou.表示狀態的動詞不能用于被動語態。英語中有些動詞表示某種狀態或情況，這類動詞不能用于被動語態。常見的有:fit,mean,have,hold,cost,contain,become,last,fail等。例如:1?TheflatcosthimaroundonemillionRMB.2.Thisbookcontainsallthephrasesyouhavelearnt.語法專項練習1? anewlibrary inourschoollastyear?A.Is;builtB.Was;builtC.Does;buildD.Did;buildAnaccident onthisroadlastweek.A.hasbeenhappenedB.washappenedC.ishappenedD.happened—Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou thisjob? Well,I1mthinkingaboutthesalary …A.offerB.willofferC.areofferedD.willbeofferedSofar,themoon bymanalready.A.isvisitedB.willbevisited C?hasbeenvisitedD.wasvisitedAtalkonChinesehistory intheschoolhallnextweek?A.isgivenB.hasbeengivenC.willbegivenD.givesAlotofthings_bypeopletosavethelittlegirlnow.

A.aredoingB.arebeingdoneC.hasbeendoneD.willbedoneThedoctor foryet.A.isn'tsentB.hasn'tbeensentC.won'tbesentD.wasn'tsentWhen thiskindofcomputers ?Lastyear.A.did;useB.was;used C.is;used d.are;usedMary showmehernewdictionary.A.hasaskedtoB.wasaskedtoC.isasked d.askstoAstory byGrannyyesterday.A.wastoldusB.wastoldtousC.istoldusoffthetree.D.toldus11?ThemonkeywasseenC.jumpedD.tojumpA.jumpB.jumpsC.jumpedD.tojumpD.lookedafterD.servedD.hadsRepublicofChinain1949.D.lookedafterD.servedD.hadsRepublicofChinain1949.A.looksafterB.mustbelookedafterC.mustlookafter13.Insomepartoftheworld,tea withmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isserved C.serves_Itwasreportedthatthemurdererarrested.A.hasbeen B.hadbeen C.hasDoyouthinkthatthebridge inayear?A.wouldbecompletedB.willbecompletedC.hadbeencompleted D.isbeingcompletedGreatchanges inChinasincethePeopleA.havetakenplace;wasfounded B.hastakenplace;wasfoundedC.havebeentakenplace;founded D.tookplace;founded—WhydoesLingLinglooksounhappy?—Shehas byherclassmates.A.laughedB.laughedatC.beenlaughedD.beenlaughedatDoctors ineverypartoftheworld.A.needB?areneedingC?areneededD.willneedIpromisethatmatterwill .A.betakencare B.betakencareofC.takecare D.takecareofNopermissionhas foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD?begiven21?Cansuchathing happeningagain?A.preventfromB.preventedfromC.bepreventedfromD.topreventfromIt whethershewillgetherworkinthehospital.A.hasn1tbeendecidedB.isn1tdecidingC.doesn1tdecideD.hasn'tdecidedThepen me.Itishers.A.isn1tbneglotoB.wasn1tbelongtoC.doesn'tbelongtoD.didn1tbelongtoIcan1tusemybikebecauseit .A.isrepairing B.isbeingrepairedC.willrepair D.wasrepairingThechairmantoldthespeakerthatshe tospeakalittleloudersoastomakeherself A.wasexpected;heardB.hadexpected;hearC.hadhoped;hearD.washoped;heardBytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasium inBeijing.A.wouldbecompletedB.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompleted D.hadbeencompleted —Howlongatthisjob?—Sinee1990. （NMET2003北京春季,27）A.wereyouemployed B.haveyoubeenemployedC.hadyoubeenemployedD.willyoubeemployedRainforests andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.（2002上海春季，30）A.cut B.arecutC.arebeingcut D.hadbeencutSelectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytas