考點一：TheCanterburyTales參考A:1~3:springrain4:springflower5:springwind6~7:springgrass8~9:springsun10~~18:thecelebrationofspring(10~13:birds’singing;14~18:people’spilgrimages)參考B:Structurebeauty:The18linesformacoherentwholewhichisasentencethatcomposesoftwoadverbialclausesoftime(line1~11)andamainclause(12~18),expressingtheessentialideaofthewholework.考點二：Whyisspringcomparedtoaking?(4’)1.Asthefirstseasonofayear,springisaspowerfulasthekingbecauseitgiveslifetoeverything.2.Theuseofthe“king”canrimewith“spring”and“sing”.考點三：What’stheeffectofrepeating“comelivewithmeandbemylove”?1.Forthespeaker’spart,hecanstrengthenhispassiontohislove,hesoundsmoreconfidentthaneverandthepleabecomesmorepersuasivewitheachrepetition.2.Forthelistener’spart,wecanunderstandspeaker’intentionmuchmoreclearly.Thelistenerwillfeelthatshepherd’sloveisstrongandsincerely.3.Itmakestheendingmatchupwiththebeginningsoastomakethepoemacompletewhole.考點四：What’stheeffectofrepeatingthecallsofthebirdsineachstanza?1.Agoodpoemisusuallylikeabeautifulsong,thecallsofthebirdsarepleasingtotheear.Therepeatedsongscangivepeoplepleasureandmakethispoemhaveabeautifulrhyme.2.Therepetitionofthislinemakethreestanzasfromaunitedwhole.3.Thesweatsongsofthebirdsdescribetheirhappinessinspringandexpresstheirloveofspring.Theirsongscanalsocreateahappyandpeacefulatmosphereforpeopletoenjoyspring.4.Toemphasizethecomingofspring.考點五：Comparethesetwopoem:1.Ononehand,theysharethesamestructure,meter,rhymepatternandsubjectmatters.Theywerewritteniniambicpentameterwithsixquatrains,eachrhymingaabb.Bothpoemsareaboutloveandnature.2.Ontheotherhand,theyhaveobviousdifferences.Marlowewasyoung,heidealizednatureandlove.Sohispoemwasromanticandimaginative.ButRaleighwasold,andhisattitudewasjaded.HeshowstherealityoflifeandpresentsandoppositeandnegativeviewtowardsloveandnaturedescribedinMarlowe’spoem.

考點六：（可能會考選擇題）Script(劇本):thewrittenworkfromwhichadramaisproduced;containsstagedirectionsanddialogue.Stagedirections（舞臺說明）:notesprovidedbytheplaywrighttodescribehowsomethingshouldbeperformedonstage.Stagedirectionsoftendescribeelementsofthespectacle:lighting,music,soundeffects,costumes,properties,andsetdesigns.Soliloquy（獨白）:alongspeechgivenbyacharacterwhilealoneonstagetorevealhisorherprivatethoughtsorintentions.Aside（旁白）:astatementintendedtobeheardbytheaudienceorbyasingleothercharacterbutnotbyalltheothercharactersonstage.Act(幕):amajordivisionofadrama.Scene(場景)：adivisionofanact;itbeginswiththeentranceofoneormorecharactersandendswiththeexitofoneormorecharacters.考點七：WhyJulietisasunnotabeautifulflower?1.ThereisonlyonesunintheworldandJulietistheonlywomanRomeoloves.2.Julietismorebeautifulandwarmthanthemoonandthestars,soJulietisthesun.考點八：WhatwecanlearnfromRomeoandJuliet?1.Weshouldbelievetruelove.2.bebravetopursuertrueloveandhappiness.3.befirmtoyourlove.4.themoreIgivetoyou,themoreIhave.考點九：ProblemstroublingHamlet:Hamlet’sendurancehasreachedthebreakingpoint.1.Hisfatherhasbeenmurderedbyhisuncle.2.Hismother,whohelovesdearly,ismarriedtohisunclerightafterhisfather’sdeath.3.ThenhisformerfriendsRosencrantzandGuildensternaredispatchedbyclaudiustospyonhim.4.Moreover,hissweetheart,Ophelia,issentasatooltofindoutwhetherornotheisreallymad.Thisissomethinghecannolongerendure.5.Oneincidentafteranotherseemstorevealtohimthatthetimeis“outofjoint”,andmanisnotsogoodashehadimagined.6.Now,he’sallalone.Theworldthatheknewisshattered.Hisblackmoodofdespairisdeepenedbyhisinabilitytoact---todosomethingtochangethesituation.Nowheponderswhethertocontinuelivingortotakehisownlife.考點十：對tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion的理解。Tolive,ortodie,thatisaquestion.或者Totakeactionortodonothingbutsuffering.考點十一：與哈姆雷特有關的Importance:ItrevealsHamlet’sinnercontradictionaboutlifeanddeathaswellasthepoet’scommentsonthesocialrealityofhistime.考點十二：WhyisitagreatplayofShakespeare?(威尼斯商人)1.Theplotisingeniouslydeveloped.Shakespearebuilthisplayonadoubleplot.2.Theplaywaswritteninbeautifulpoeticlanguage.3.Shakespearecreatedmanyvividcharactersinthisplay.考點十三：ThewinningofaBridebychoosingtherightcasket.(選寶箱)Thegoldone:whochoosemeshouldgainwhatmanymendesire.Thesilverone:whochoosemeshouldgetasmuchashedeservers.Theleadone:whochoosememustgiveandhazardallhehas.考點十四：“asstifftwincompassesaretwo”中的“compasses”:husbandandwifeareasfirmasthelegsofcompasses.考點十五：劃押韻的韻腳。（有可能考韻法，如：abbaabbaacdecde/cdccdc（TheItaliansonnet）,ababcdcdefefgg(TheItaliansonnet),abba,aaabcccddddba等）考點十六：分析詩歌的三個標準（一首好詩）讀之可以愉目whenyoulookatit,itispleasingtotheeye形美吟之可以愉耳whenyoureadit,itispleasingtotheear音美味之可以愉心whenyoureadit,itispleasingtotheheart意美PartITheMiddleAgeChapter1theAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)1.Beowulf（貝奧武甫）:England’snationalepic.（第一部民族史詩）2.artisticfeature:①usingalliteration②usingmetaphorandunderstatementChapter3GeoffreyChaucer(ca1343-1400)1.GeoffreyChauceristhefatherofEnglishpoetryandoneofthemostgreatestnarrative（敘事）poetsofEngland.2.首創雙韻體.tonico-syllabicverse.運用Londondialect.3.writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.4.代表作：TheCanterburyTales-----Inthisbook,Chaucercreatedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.InthispoemChaucer’srealism,trenchantironyandfreedomofviewsreachedsuchahighlevelofpowerthatithadnoequalinalltheEnglishliteratureuptothe16thcentury.ButChaucerwasnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.[喬叟為他那個時代和國家勾勒出一幅生機勃勃而又充滿詩情畫意的社會百態圖。在他的這部現實主義詩歌中，他將自己的諷刺藝術和寬廣視野展現的淋漓盡致，使該作品在16世紀前的英國獨樹一幟。但是沒能脫離中世紀的偏見。PartIITheRenaissance（文藝復興）1.時期：duringthe16thcentury（1550---1642）2.國家：GreekandRoman.AlsoEnglandindrama.3.定義：ThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscienceafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.4.類型：dramaandcanto（詩章）.5.keywork:①humanism---admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement.②ThomasMore---Utopiain1516.③FrancisBacon---thegreatEnglishscientistandphilosopher.④ChristopherMarlowe---thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama⑤EdmundSpenser(埃德蒙·斯賓塞)----TheFaerieQueene（仙后）Chapter5WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)1.HeisthegreatestofEnglishauthors,theworld’spre-eminentdramatist.2.Oneofthefirstfoundersofrealism.3.Amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.4.四大悲劇:①Hamlet②Othello③KingLear④TheTragedyofMacbeth.5.創作階段:①comedy:1590-1600②tragedy:1601-1608③tragicomedies:1609-161222年寫了37plays,2narrativepoems,154sonnets.6.Hamlet:ItistheprofoundestexpressionofShakespeare’shumanismandcriticismofcontemporaryworld.ThecharacterofHamlet.1.Ahumanist,freefromprejudicesandsuperstitions.Lovingtheworldinsteadoftheheaven.2.Treatpeoplewithlove.Disgustedwithuncle’sdrunkenness.Shockedbymother’sshallowness.3.Intellectualgenius.Closeobserver.“Denmarkisaprison”.4.ThemelancholyofHamlet—thekeynoteofHamlet’scharacter.Heistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger.ContrastisanimportantstructuralprincipleinHamlet.Shakespeare’splaysaregenerallywell-organized,withharmonyandorderdisbalancedatthebeginning,socialconflictssharpenedinthemiddleandharmonyandorderrestoredattheend.Themes:Hypocrisy,treacheryoftheroyalcourtandofthesocietyasawhole.Revengetheme(Justicebyviolence)Lackoffaithv.loveThedoomofambitionThetragedyofHamlet:Anindividualv.mightyevilforceofthewholesociety7.ThemerchantofVeniceisnottragedy.8.sonnet18ShallIcomparethee(你)toasummer’sday?①1-4起，5-8承，9-12轉，13-14合.②simile,rhetoricquestion,alliteration,personification,couplet(對偶).③Themessageisthatinthisworldnobeauty(inNature)canstayexceptpoetryorart;andyourbeautycanonlylastifIwriteitdowninmypoetry.Alsonoticetheloveplay.Apparentlythepoetisaddressingamanofhisheart,thewooingsoundsmorelikeagameplaythananythingrealandsincere.Thelovehereistooconditionaltobegenuine.④Structure:Proposal(line1-2)Argument(line3-12)Conclusion(line13-14)Chapter6FrancisBacon---essayist1.Bacon’sworksmaybedividedintothreeclasses.ThemostimportantaretheEssays.①thephilosophical---theadvancementoflearning②theliterary---essays③theprofessionalworks---maximsofthelawandreadingonthestatuteofuses.2.TheessaysofBaconaresohighlyesteemed.3.”GreatPlace”istheBacon’sworldly—wisephilosophy.4.OfStudies’mainidea:①thetextisthatof1;.652editions.②usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.5.writingstyle:brevity,compactness,powerfulness,well-arranged.PartIIITheperiodofRevolutionandRestoration（資產階級革命與王政復辟）1.The17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuous(動蕩)periodsinEngland.2.文學特點：①ThePuritanAgewasoneofconfusion,duetobreakingupofoldideas.②Intheabsenceofanyfixedstandardofliterarycriticismtherewasnothingtopreventtheexaggerationofthe“metaphysical”poets(玄學派)。Poetrytooknewandstartlingform.Afterthatprosebecamesomber(憂郁).JohnMilton---theindomitablePuritanspiritfounditsnoblestexpression.(約翰·彌爾頓充分體現了清教徒不屈不撓的精神)③Restoration(王政復辟)createdaliteratureofitsown,whichwasoftenwitty(機敏)andclever,butonthewholeimmoral(頹廢)andcynical(憤世嫉俗).Themostpopularworkwascomedywhosechiefaimwastoentertainthelicentiousaristocrats(貴族).JohnDryden,critic,poetandplaywrightwasthemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureofthattime.Chapter8JohnMilton1.ParadiseLostpresentstheauthor’sviewinanallegoricreligiousform(宗教諷喻的形式)，andreaderswilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea---theexposure(揭露)ofreactionary(反革命)forcesofhistimeandthepassionateappealforfreedom.2.Itconsiststwelvebooks.Itismarkedforitsintricate(結構復雜)andcontradictorycomposition.PartIVTheAgeofEnlightenment(啟蒙運動)---prose（散文時代）背景：1.TheRevolutionof1688,markedtheendofthelongstruggleforpoliticalfreedominEngland.Theyhavetwoparties:theliberalWigs(自由派輝格黨)andtheconservativeTories(保守派托利黨).2.TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisie(資產階級)againstfeudalism(封建主義).Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality(階級不平等)，stagnation(停滯)，prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.3.Theenlightenersrepudiate(顛覆)thefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousness(邪惡)ofhumannature,andprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved(腐敗),itisonlyduetotheinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment.流派：thereignofso–calledClassicism(古典主義)、therevivalofromanticpoetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌)、thebeginningsofthemodernnovel(剛啟萌的現代派小說).主要人物：①AlexanderPope,hiscontributiontothetheoryandpracticeofprosody:elaboratedcertainregulationsforthestyleofpoeticalworks(精心設計詩歌格式)andmadepopulartheheroiccouplets(英雄雙韻體詩歌)---fivefootiambicsrhymedincouplets(五步抑揚格對偶句)②DanielDefoe----RobinsonCrusoe(1719),itwasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.③HenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmollet-----therealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovel.④SamuelRichardson--Pamela--Themethodofpsychologicalanalysis(心理分析的方法)⑤JonathanSwift-----themostoutstandingpersonalityoftheepochofEnlightenmentinEngland.Heruthlesslyexposedthedirtymercenaryessenceofbourgeoisrelationships.⑥Themiddleofthe18thcenturyinEnglandcameanewliterarycurrent--sentimentalism⑦Thelatterhalfofthe18thcenturywastheso-calledpre-romanticism(前浪漫主義).IthadareactionagainsttheEnlightenment,mostlyin“Gothicnovel”(哥特式小說)⑧ThemysteriouselementplaysanenormousroleintheGothicnovel,itissorepletewithbloodcurdlingscenesandunnaturalfeelingsthatitisjustlycalled“anovelofhorrors”.Chapter10DanielDefoe1.Heisoftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel.(開創了現代派小說的先河)2.RobinsonCrusoe---headthelistofmodernfiction---anadventurestory.3.60歲因魯濱遜漂流記走紅。4.works:①CaptainSingleton,DuncanCampbell,MemoirsofaCavalier---1720②ColonelJack,MollFlanders,AJournalofthePlagueYear(amazingrealistic)---1722③ThePoliticalHistoryoftheDevil---1726Chapter11JonathanSwift1.thetaleofatub(木桶的故事)andGulliver’sTravels(格列弗游記)----thegreatestsatiresintheEnglishlanguage.2.thetaleofatub---asatireonthevariouschurchesoftheday.1704publishedwithTheBattleoftheBooks(書戰)。3.Gulliver’sTravels---comprisetheextraordinaryadventuresofDoctorGulliver.Alsohasfantasticlandsvisitedbyhim,theirsocialsystems,waysandcustomsoftheirinhabitants.4.Thefeaturesofthisbook:novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculourgetsthebetterofhim.(怒不動顏,罵不揚聲,語調冷酷,鋒芒暗藏,諷刺辛辣,僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時才偶露揶揄之態.)5.AModestProposal---ismadetoEnglishgovernmenttorelievethepovertyofIrishpeople.Thebitterironyofthepamphletexpressesswift’sgreatsympathyfortheoppressedandhungrypeasantsofIrelandandhisangeratEnglishlandlord(地主)(強烈譴責了英國對愛爾蘭人民的剝削和壓迫.)書p189Chapter13HenryFielding1.Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文體史詩),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.2.JonathanWild(1743)---thestoryofaroguewhichsuggestedDefoe’snarrativeTheHistoryofTomJonesaFounding(1749)---hisbestworkAmelia(1751)---astoryofagoodwifeincontrastwithanunworthyhusband.PartVTheRomanticPeriodWiththepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’sLyricalBallads（《抒情歌謠集》）(1798)incollaborationwithSamuelTaylorColeridge（S·T·柯勒律治）.RomanticismbegantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.ItwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolution（工業革命）andtheFrenchRevolution（法國大革命）ItwasamidthesesocialconflictsthatRomanticismaroseasamainliterarytrend,whichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItbeganwiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsandendedwithWalterScott’sdeath(1832).（浪漫主義作為一股新的主流文學潮流興起，并在1798-1832年間進入興盛時期。1798年華茲華斯的《抒情歌謠集》的出版標志著浪漫主義文學的開始，1832年沃爾特·司各特的去世則標志著浪漫主義文學的中介）Chapter19WilliamWordsworthWilliamWordsworth(1770—1850)威廉·華茲華斯1.hislife：Hislovefornatureisboundless.Tohimnaturemeansmorethanrivers,trees,rocks,mountainsandlakes.Naturehasamoralvalueandhasitsphilosophicalsignificance.Natureisforhimtheembodiment（體現）oftheDivine（神圣的）Spirit.HebelievestheGodanduniverseareidentical.2,hiswork:Mostworksareaboutnatureandcountrylife.LinesComposedaFewMilesaboveTinternAbbey《延騰寺》Itisameditation思考onhismentalgrownup.SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWay《她住在人際罕見的路邊》：悼亡露西ITravelledamongUnknownMen《我在陌生人中孤獨旅行》IWonderedLonelyasaCloud《我好似一朵孤獨的流云》：it’saboutthebeautyofnature.Thereisvividpictureofthedaffodilshere,mixedwiththepoet’sphilosophicalandsomewhatmysticalthoughts.Sonnet:ComposeduponWestminsterBridge,September3,1802《在西敏寺橋上》Sonnet:London1802《倫敦，一八〇二年》TheSolitaryReaper《孤獨的割麥女》：在抒情中表達了華茲華斯的自然觀，具有林秀之氣和音韻之美。Chapter20GeorgeGordon,LordByronGeorgeGordonByron喬治·戈登·拜倫爵士（1788-1824）Hisworks：WhenWeTwoParted《想從前我們倆分手》SheWalksinBeauty《她走在美的光彩中》SonnetonChillon《詠錫雍》ChildeHarold’spilgrimage《恰爾德·哈羅德游記》DonJuan《唐·璜》Chapter21PercyByssheShelleyPercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)珀西·比希·雪萊Hewasrebellious（反抗的）fromaveryyoungage.Hewasapersonofextremepersonality.Hewroteabouttheuniverse,lark（宇宙）sky.Hisworks:Ozymandias《奧西曼迪亞斯》ASong