PAGEPAGE1中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：Micro-machineFromthebeginning,mankindseemsinstinctivelytohavedesiredlargemachinesandsmallmachines.Thatis,large”and“small”incomparisonwithhuman-scale.Machinelargerthanhumanarepowerfulalliesinthebattleagainstthefuryofnature;smallermachinesareloyalpartnersthatdowhatevertheyareroduceIfwecomparethefacilityandtechnologyofmanufacturinglargermachines,commonsensetellsusthatthesmallermachinesareeasiertomake.Nevertheless,throughoutthehistoryoftechnology,largermachineshavealwaysstoodout.Thesizeoftherestoredmodelsofthewater-millinventedbyVitruviusintheRomanEra,thewindmilloftheMiddleAges,andthesteamengineinventedbyWattisoverwhelming.Ontheotherhand,smallermachinesinhistoryoftechnologyaremostlytools.Ifsmallermachinesareeasiertomake,avarietyofsuchmachinesshouldexist,butuntilmoderntimes,nosignificantsmallmachinesexistedexceptforgunsandclocksThisfactmayimplythatsmallermachineswereactuallymoredifficulttomake.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeansimplythatitwasdifficulttomakeasmallmachine;Itmeansthatitwasdifficulttoinventasmallmachinethatwouldbesignificanttohumanbeings.Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,diesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,doesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.Theabsenceofsmallmachinesinhistorymaybeduetotheextremedifficultyinmanufacturingsmallprecisionparts.2.Whymicromachinenow Thedreamoftheultimatesmallmachine,ormicro-machine,wasfirstdepictedindetailabout30yearsagointhe1966movie“FantasticVoyage”.Atthattime,thestudyofmicro-machiningofsemiconductorshadalreadybegun.Therefore,manufacturingminutemechanismsthroughmicro-machiningofsemiconductorswouldhavebeenpossible,eventhattime,.Therewas,however,awaitofover20yearsbeforetheintroduction,about10yearsago,ofelectrostaticmotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachining.Whydidn’tthestudyofmicro-machiningandthedreamofmicro-machinesmeetearlier?Apossiblereasonforthisisasfollows.Inadditiontomicro-machining,thedevelopmentofmicromachinesrequiresanumberoftechnologiesincludingmaterials,instrumentations,control,energy,informationprocessing,anddesign.Beforemicro-machineresearchanddevelopmentcanbestarted,allofthesetechnologiesmustreachacertainlevel.Inotherwords,theoveralltechnologicallevel,asawhole,mustreachacertaincriticalpoint,butithadn’treachedthatpoint30ago.Approximately20yearsafter“FantasticVoyage”.,thetechnologylevelformicromachinesfinallyreachedacriticalpoint.Micromotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachiningwereintroducedataboutthattime,triggeringtheresearchondevelopmentofmicromachines.Thebackgroudofthemicromachineboom,whichstartedabout10yearsago,canbeexplainedbytheabove.3.micromachineasgentlemachinesHowdomicromachinesofthefuturedifferfromconventionalmachines?Howwilltheychangetherelationshipbetweennatureandhumans?Themostuniquefeatureofmicro-machineis,ofcourse,itssmallsize.Utilizingitstinydimensions,amicromachinecanperformtasksinarevolutionarywaythatwouldbeimpossibleforconventionalmachines.Thatis,micro-machinesdonotaffecttheobjectortheenvironmentasmuchasconventionalmachinesdo.Micromachinesperformtheirtasksgently.Thisisafundamentaldifferencebetweenmicromachinesandconventionalmachines.Themedicalfieldholdsthehighestexpectationsforbenefitsfromthisfeatureofmicromachines.Diadnosisandtreatmentwillchangedrasticallyfromconventionalmethods,and“FantasticVoyage”maynolongerbeafantasy.Ifamicromachinecangentlyenterahumanbodytotreatillness,humanswillbefreedfrompainfulsurgeryanduncomfortablegastro-cameratesting.Furtherore,ifmicro-machinescanhaltthetrendofever-increasingsizeinmedicalequipment,itcouldslowtheexcessgrowthandcomplexityofmedicaltechnology,contributingtothesolvingofseriousproblemswithhighmedicalcostsforcitizens.Micro-machinesaregentlealsointermsofmachinemaintenance,sincetheycanbeinspectedandrepairedwithoutdifficultyinreachingandoverhaulingtheengineorplant.Themorecomplexthemachine,themoresusceptibleitistomalfunctionduetooverhaulandassembly.Inaddition,therehavebeenmoreinstancesofhumanerrorsduringoverhaulandassembly.Itisgoodforthemachineifoverhaulisnotnecessary.Itisevenbetterifmaintenancecanbeperformedwithoutstoppingthemachine.Repeatedstop-and-gooperationwillacceleratedamageofthemachineduetoexcessstresscausedbythermalexpansion.Suchgentlenessofamocromachineisanadvantage,aswellasaweaknessinthatamicromachineistoofragiletoresisttheobjectortheenvironment;thisisthedrawbackofthemicro-scaleobjects.Forexample,afishcanswimfreelyagainstthecurrent,butasmallplanktoncannot.Thisisresultofphysicallawsandnothingcanchangeit.Still,theplanktoncanliveandgrowinthenaturalenvironmentbyconformingtotheenvironment.Unlikeconventionalmachineswhichfightandcontrolnatural,micromachineswillprobablyadapttoandutilizenature.Ifamicromachinecannotproceedagainstthecurrent,awaywillbefoundtoproceedwiththeflow,naturallyavoidingcollisionswithobstacles.4.Micro-electronicsandmechatronicsTheconceptofmicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesisstillnotadequatelyunified,asthesearestillatthedevelopmentstage.Themicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesarecurrentlyreferredtobyavarietyofdifferentterms.IntheUnitedStates,theacceptedtermis“microelectromechanicalsystems”(MEMS);inEurope,Theterm“Microsystemstechnology”(MST)iscommon,whiletheterm“micro-engineering”issometimesusedinBritain.MeanwhileinAustralia“micro-machine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”inJapan.However“micro-robot”and“micro-mechanism”arealsoavailablecasebycase.Theappearanceofthesevarioustermsshouldbeitemstakenasreflectingnotmerelydiversityofexpression,butdiversityoftheitemsreferredto.Dependingonwhethertheitemreferredtoisanobjectoratechnology,theterminologymaybesummedupasfollows:Object:micro-robot,micro-mechanismTechnology:micro-engineering,MSTObject&technology:MEMS,micro-machineWithregardtotechnology,ifwesummarizethetermsaccordingto1)wherethetechnologyformicromachinesystemsbranchedfrom,and2)whethertheobjectdealtwithbythetechnologyinquestionisanelementoramachinesystem,thetermscanbeorganizedasfollows.Thatis,MEMSandMSTstemfrommechatronics,andhavedevelopeddealingmainlywithmachinesystems.Inthissense,MEMSandMSTontheonehandmicromachinesandmicroengineeringontheotherhandformtwoseparategroups,butasformerhasstartedtomoveinthedirectionofmachinesystems,whilethelatterhasalreadyincorporatedmicroelectronics,thedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsaregraduallydisappearing.Lookingattheareasinthetwogroups,giventhatthemachinesystemswhicharethemainconcernofmicromachineincludemicroelectronics,itwouldbenaturaltoassumethatmicromachinesinchudeMEMEandMST.5.thedefinitionanddevelopmentaimItisdifficultatpresenttogiveaunifieddefinitionofmicromachines,butifthesearetakentobemachinesystemsasoutputofmicromachinetechnology,thescopeforvariationofthedefinitionnarrowsslightly.ThemicromachinetechnologyprojectbeingprojectbeingpromotedundertheIndustrialScienceandTechnologyFrontierProgramAgencyofIndustrialScienceandTechnologyofMITI,andthemicro-machineCenter,definemicro-machinesasfollows:Micro-machinesaresmallmachinescomposedofsophisticatedfunctionalelementslessthanafewmillimetersinsize,constructedtoperformcomplextasksonasmallscale.Theabovedefinitionofmicro-machinesisinfactinseparablefromthedevelopmentaimsformicro-machines.Atpresent,debateonthedefinitionofmicro-machinesisexactlythesameasdebatingdevelopmentaims,thatis,thediversityofdefinitionsofmicromachinesreflectsthediversityofdevelopmentaims.6.Conclusions.Micromachinesareunconventionalartifactswithrespectstotheirgentlefeaturestopeopleandnature.Thecurrentdiversityofthedefinitionofthemisoriginatedfromdevelopmentobjectivesandtechnologicalstartingpoints.Micromachinetechnologies,inviewoftheirdevelopmentprospect,areexpectedasgenerictechnologiesforthetwenty-firstcenturytosupportindustryandmedicineaswellasdailylife.Micromachinetechnologiesareessentialalsoforimprovingtheconventionalmachinesingeneral.Micro-machinesareartifactsintinysize,buttheywillexertastronginfluenceonourlifestylesandsociety.譯文：微型機器從一開始，人類似乎本能的就有一種想制造“大機器”和“小機器”的愿望，這里的所謂“大”和“小”是相對人類身體本身的尺寸而言。比人體大的機器將成為人類同暴虐無情的自然界做斗爭的得力助手，而些小機器則只能乖乖地聽從人類的命令，讓干什么就干什么。1、介紹如果我們比較那些比較大的機器的設備和生產科技，普通的感覺告訴我們，小機器容易制造，然而，在全歷史期間，大機器已經闡述了這一點。在羅馬時期，威克威斯發明的在水戰中已經修復過的模型尺寸，還有，中世紀的風車和瓦特發明的蒸汽機正在代替。在另一方面，科技歷史上的小機器主要是工具，如果小機器容易制造，像這樣的很多種機器應該存在。但直到現代，除了槍和時鐘之外，沒有標志性的小機器誕生。這個事實可能暗示小機器實際上更難制造。當然，這不簡單地意味著制造一個小機器是困難的。它意味著發明一個對人類有標志性意義的小機器是困難的。一些人可能說人類不想要小機器，然而，這個理論不能解釋近來流行的袖珍型的機械產品。歷史上小機器的缺乏可能因為在生產小的精確部分的困難。2、為什么現在有微型機器最后的小機器的夢想，或者微型機器，大約在三十年前，即1966年由影片“夢幻旅行”里，第一次詳細的描敘了。在那個時候半導體的微型機器的研究已經開始了。甚至在那個時候通過半導體的小機器的微小生產機械化已經可能了，然而，在大約十年以前通過半導體小機械制造的馬達和傳動裝置的產品出現之前等了二十年。為什么小機器的研究和夢想不能早點滿足呢？可能是下面這些原因，除微型機器外，小微型機器的發展要求很多科技，包括材料控制，能量，信息進程和設計，在微型機器可能開始被研究和發展之前，所有的這些科技必須達到某一定的水平。換句話說，總之，全面的科技水平必須達到關鍵的一點，但是在三十年前沒有達到那點。大約在“夢幻旅行”之后二十年，微型機器的科技水平最后達到了關鍵點上，也大約在那個時候通過半導體的微型機械制造的微型馬達和傳動裝置的被介紹，啟發了微型機器發展的研究。大約在十年前開始的微型機械繁榮的背景可能是上述原因。3、微型機器作為好機器怎樣區別將來的微型機器和一般機器？他們將怎樣改變人類和自然的關系？當然，微型機器最獨特的特征是：它是很小的，利用它微小的尺寸，改革后的微型機器將可能像一般機器一樣執行任務，那就是微型機器不影響物體和環境，就像一般機器一樣，能很好的執行任務。這就是一般機器和微型機器之間的基本區別。醫療領域只有最高期望：從微型機器中可以得到益處，診斷和治療將從一般方式徹底改變，“夢幻旅行”不可能是個夢想。如果機器能夠進入人的身體治療疾病，人類將減輕像手術一樣的痛苦和透射那樣的不舒服感，而且，在醫療器械方面如果微型機器能夠停止尺寸增長的趨勢，它可能減少醫療科技方面的增長和復雜，而醫療科技將為人們解決嚴重問題。微型機器在機器維修方