中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：DrillingandMillingMachinesUprightdrillingmachinesordrillpressesareavailableinavarietyofsizesandtypes,andareequippedwithasufficientrangeofapindlespeedsandautomaticfeedstofitthenedsofmostindustries.Speedrangesonatypicalmachinearefrom76to2025rpm.,withdrillfeedfrom0.002to0.020in.perrevolutionofthespindle.Radialdrillingmachinesareusedtodrillworkpiecesthataretoolargeorcumbersometoconvenientlymove.Thespindlewiththespeedandfeedchangingmechanismismountedontheradialarm;bycombiningthemovementoftheradialarmaroundcolumnandthemovementofthespindleassemblyalongthearm,itispossibletoalignthespindleandthedrilltoanypositionwithinreachofthemachine.Forworkthatistoolargetoconvenientlysupportonthebase,thespindleassemblycanbeswungoutoverthefloorandtheworkpiecesetonthebesidethemachine.Plainradialdrillingmachinesprovideonlyforverticalmovementofthespindle;universalmachinesallowthespindletoswivelaboutanaxisnormaltotheradialarmandtheradialarmtorotateaboutahorizontalaxis,thuspermittingdrillingatanyangle.Amultispindledrillingmachinehasoneormoreheadsthatdrivethespindlesthroughuniversaljointsandtelescopingsplinedshafts.Allspindlesareusuallydrivenbythesamemotorandfedsimultaneouslytodrillthedesirednumberofholes.Inmostmachineseachspindleisheldinanadjustableplatesothatitcanbemovedrelativetotheothers.Theareacoveredbyadjacentspindlesoverlapsothatthemachinecanbesettodrillholesatanylocationwithinitsrange.Themillingoperationinvolvesmetalremovalwitharotatingcutter.Itincludesremovalofmetalfromthesurfaceofaworkspiece,enlargingholes,andformcutting,suchasthreadsandgearteeth.Withinankneeandcolumntypeofmillingmachinethecolumnisthemainsupportingmemberfortheothercomponents,andincludesthebasecontainingthedrivemotor,thespindle,andthecutters.Thecutterismountedonanarborheldinthespindle,andsupportedonitsouterextremitybyabearingintheoverarm.Thekneeisheldonthecolumnindovetailslots,thesaddleisfastenedtothekneeindovetailslots,andthetableisattachedtothesaddle.Thus,thebuild-upthekneeandcolumnmachineprovidesthreemotionsrelativetothecutter.Afourmotionmaybeprovidedbyswivelingthetablearoundaverticalaxisprovidedonthesaddle.Fixed-bedmillingmachinesaredesignedtoprovidemorerigiditythanthekneeandcolumntype.Thetableismounteddirectlyonthemachinebase,whichprovidestherigiditynecessaryforabsorbingheavycuttingload,andallowsonlylongitudinalmotiontothetable.Verticalmotionisobtainedbymovingtheentirecuttinghead.Tracermillingischaracterizedbycoordinatedorsynchronizedmovementsofeitherthepathsofthecutterandtracingelements,orthepathsoftheworkpieceandmodel.Inatypicaltracermillthetracingfingerfollowtheshapeofthemasterpattern,andthecutterheadsduplicatethetracermotion.Thefollowingaregeneraldesignconsiderationsformilling:1.Whereverpossible,thepartshouldbedesignedsothatamaximumnumberofsurfacescanbemilledfromonesetting.2.Designfortheuseofmultiplecutterstomillseveralsurfacessimultaneously.3.Thelargestflatsurfacewillbemilledfirst,sothatalldimensionsarebestreferredtosuchsurface.4.Squareinsidecornersarenotpossible,sincethecutterrotates.GrindingMachinesandSpecialMetal-removalProcessRandompoint-cuttingtoolsincludeabrasivesintheshapeofawheel,bondedtoabelt,astick,orsimplysuspendedinliquid.Thegrindingprocessisofextremeimportanceinproductionworkforseveralreasons.1.Itismostcommonmethodforcuttinghardenedtoolsteelorotherheat-treatedsteel.Partsarefirstmachinedintheun-heat-treatedcondition,andthengroundtothedesireddimensionsandsurfacefinish.2.Itcanprovidesurfacefinishto0.5μmwithoutextremecost.3.Thegrindingoperationcanassureaccuratedimensionsinarelativelyshorttime,sincemachinesarebuilttoprovidemotionsinincrementsoften-thousandthsofaninch,insteadofthousandthsasiscommoninothermachines.4.Extremelysmallandthinpartscanbefinishedbythismethod,sincelightpressureisusedandthetendencyfortheparttodeflectawayfromthecutterisminimized.Onacylindricalgrindingmachinethegrindingwheelrotatesbetween5500and6500rpm.,whiletheworkrotatesbetween60and125rpm...Thedepthofcutiscontrolledbymovingthewheelhead,whichincludesboththewheelanditsdrivemotor.Coolantsareprovidedtoreduceheatdistortionandtoremovechipsandabrasivedust.Materialremovalfromductilematerialscanbeaccomplishedbyusingatoolwhichisharderthantheworkpiece.HoweverduringWordWarⅡthewidespreaduseofmaterialswhichwereashardorharderthancuttingtoolscreatedademandfornewmaterial-removalmethods.Sincethenanumberofprocesseshavebeendevelopedwhich,althoughrelativelyslowandcostly,caneffectivelyremoveexcessmaterialinapreciseandrepeatablefashion.Therearetwotypesofprocesses.Thefirsttypeisbasedonelectricalphenomenaandisusedprimarilyforhardmaterials;theseconddependsuponchemicaldissolution.Chemicalmillingiscontrolledetchingprocessusingstrongalkalineoracidetchants.Aluminum,titanium,magnesium,andsteelaretheprincipalmetalsprocessedbythismethod.Theareatoremainuntouchedbytheetchantaremaskedwithaprotectivecoating.Forexample,theentirepartmaybedippedinthemaskingmaterialandthemaskremovedfromthoseareastobeetched,orachemicallyresistantprescribedtime,afterwhichthepartisrinsedincoldwater,themaskingremoved,thepartinspected,andthoroughlycleaned.Therearecertaindisadvantagestoconsider.Metalwillerodeequallyinalldirections,sothatwallsoftheetchedsectionwillhavearadiusequaltothedepthofetch.Aseconddisadvantageisthatabetterfinishisobtainedonsurfacesparalleltothedirectionofrollingofasheetthanonsurfaceperpendiculartothedirectionofrolling.Thiscanbecomparedtothesurfaceobtainedwhenworkingwoodparallelto,oracrossthegrain.Athirddisadvantage,notuniquewiththisprocess,isthewarpagethatwilloccurinthin,previouslystressedsectionsetchedonjustoneside.Chemicalmilling,however,hasmanyadvantagesoverconventionalmetal-removalmethods.Thereisnowarpageofheavysectionssuchasforgingsorextrusionswhentheetchantisappliedsimultaneouslytoallsidesforreductionofsectionthickness.Inconventionalmillingonlyonesidecanbeworkedatatime,andfrequentturningofapartisnecessarytopreventwarpage.Chemicalmillingcanbeappliedtopartsofirregularshapewhereconventionalmillingmaybeverydifficult.Light-weightconstructioncanbeobtainedwithchemicalmillingbytheeliminationofwelding,riveting,andstiffeners;partscanbecontouredtodistributetheloadinthemostsuitablemanner.Asanexampleofthepotentialsavingsofthisprocess,ascomparedtomachinemilling,onecompanyreportsthatthecostofremovingaluminumbychem.-millingis$0.27perpoundascomparedto$1.00perpoundbyconventionalmilling.Therateofmetalremovalforchem.-millingis0.001in.foraluminum.Electric-dischargemachiningisaprocessinwhichanelectricalpotentialisimpressedbetweentheworkpieceandthetool,andthecurrent,emanatingfromapointsourceontheworkpoiece,flowstothetoolintheformofaspark.Theforcesthataccomplishthemetalremovalarewithintheworkpieceproperand,asaresult,itisnotnecessarytoconstructtheunittowithstandtheheavypressuresandloadsprevalentwithconventionalmachiningmethods.Thefrequencyoftheelectricaldischargerangesfrom20,00cps(cyclespersecond)forroughmachining,to50,000cpsforfinishingsuchitemsashardenedtoolsanddies.Thecurrentmayvaryfrom50amp,duringroughmachining,toaslowas0.5amp,duringfinishing.Theprocessiscurrentlyappliedtothemachiningofsingle-pointtools,formtools,millingcutters,broaches,anddiecavities.Itisalsoapplicabletotheremovalofbrokendrills,taps,andstudswithoutdamagingtheworkpieceinwhichthebrokentoolisimbedded.Otherusesarethemachiningofoilholesinahardenedpart,andthemachiningofsmallsafety-wireholesintheheadsofspecialalloybolts,suchastitanium.Theultrasonicmachiningprocessisappliedtobothconductingandnon-conductingmaterial,andreliesentirelyuponabrasiveactionformetalremoval.Theworkpieceissubmergedinslurryoffinelyfividedabrasiveparticlesinavehiclesuchaswater.Thetooliscoupledtoanoscillatorandvibratesatfrequenciesbetween15,000and30,000cps.Thevibratingtoolcavitatestheliquid,andtheforcedrivestheabrasiveintothesurfaceoftheworkpiecetoremovemetalchipswhicharecarriedawaybytheliquid.Theaccelerationgiventheabrasivegrainsisasmuchas100,000timestheaccelerationofgravity,providingasmoothandrapidcuttingforce.IntroductionofMachiningMachiningasashape-producingmethodisthemostuniversallyusedandthemostimportantofallmanufacturingprocesses.Machiningisashape-producingprocessinwhichapower-drivendevicecausesmaterialtoberemovedinchipform.Mostmachiningisdonewithequipmentthatsupportsboththeworkpieceandcuttingtoolalthoughinsomecasesportableequipmentisusedwithunsupportedworkpiece.Lowsetupcostforsmallquantities.Machininghastowapplicationsinmanufacturing.Forcasting,forging,andpressworking,eachspecificshapetobep5roduced,evenonepart,nearlyalwayshasahightoolingcost.Theshapesthatmaybeproduced,evenonepart,nearlyalwayshasahightoolingcost.Theshapesthatmaybeproducedbyweldingdependtoalargedegreeontheshapesofrawmaterialthatareavailable.Bymakinguseofgenerallyhighcostequipmentbutwithoutspecialtooling,itispossible,bumachining,tostartwithnearlyanyformofanymaterial,solongastheexteriordimensionsaregreatenough,andproduceanydesiredshapefromanymaterial.Therefore,machiningisusuallythepreferredmethodforproducingoneorafewparts,evenwhenthedesignofthepartwouldlogicallyleadtocasting,forgingorpressworkingifahighquantityweretobeproduced.Closeaccuracies,goodfinishes.Thesecondapplicationformachiningisbasedonthehighaccuraciesandsurfacefinishespossible.Manyofthepartsmachinedinlowquantitieswouldbeproducedwithlowerbutacceptabletolerancesifproducedinhighquantitiesbysomeotherprocess.Ontheotherhand,manyparsaregivenshapesbysomehighquantitydeformationprocessandmachinedonlyonselectedsurfaceswherehighaccuraciesareneeded.Internalthreads,forexample,areseldomproducedbyanymeansotherthanmachiningandsmallholesinpressworkedpartsmaybemachinedfollowingthepressworkingoperations.

鉆床和銑削直式鉆床或鉆孔式印刷機可用于各種尺寸和種類，它能安裝軸速度的足夠范圍和自動運轉以適應大多工業的要求。一個典型機器的速度范圍是70至2025rmp，以及鉆孔的運轉速度是0.002到0.020英尺。旋轉鉆床用來鉆那些太大或太笨重的而不能夠移動的工件。通過將轉臂繞立柱的轉動和主軸組件沿轉臂的移動組合，可使主軸鉆頭對準機床可達范圍內的任何位置，由于運轉太大而不方便建立在此基礎上，主軸能夠在垂直的地上方搖擺以及工件能固定在機器旁邊的地上。普通的旋臂鉆床只提供軸的垂直運動和徑向轉臂，通過平行軸來運轉。因此允許鉆頭處于任何一個角度。一個多軸通過萬能連接和可伸縮的花鍵軸來驅動的鉆床有一個或多個頭。通常所有的軸都是通過相同的發動機來驅動和同時運轉，目的是鉆出理想中洞的數量。很多鉆床的每個軸容納在一個可調整的盤里，以便與其他相關的部件移動。相鄰的軸重疊部分的覆蓋區域目的促使機器能夠在它的范圍的任何地方開始鉆孔。銑床操作與轉動的切削金屬和移動相關。它包括了一個工件的表面金屬移動，洞的擴大和成型切削，比如線和齒輪。銑銷機床的升降臺式柱是其他部件的主要支持部分。包括了容量驅動機的基礎，心軸切割工具。切割工具固定在容納在主軸的刀桿上能過一個懸臂的軸承支撐在它的外部的末端。升降臺通過燕尾槽滑動支撐立柱和立柱機器，提供一——三種與切割工具相關的意向。另一種意向可能是工作臺由提供的滑板圍繞著軸旋轉而得到的。固定的銑銷機床的設計目的是比升降臺或立柱提供更大的剛度。工作臺直接固定在機窗的根部，它能為強大切割負荷提供強度的需要。而且允許對工作臺徑度的方向。垂直運動是通過移動整個切割工具才能達到。仿型銑床的特點是刀具和跟蹤元件的軌道運動的協調或同步，或者是工件或模型的軌跡運動的協調或同步典型的仿型銑床的仿型號像是遵照模型的形式，而且切割機頭部分與仿行部分相同。下面是銑削的總體的設計目錄：如果可能的話，零件將被設計以便在一個工位上最大的平面能被銑削。對選擇性的切割工具的設計目的是同時銑削幾個平面。應當首先銑最大的平面，這樣所有的尺寸都能很好的參照這個表面。因為切割工具的轉動，仿形里的各個角落是不可能的。刺耳的機器和特殊的金屬移動程序隨機點切削刀具包括構成輪子形狀的，或粘結到帶子或棍子上或直接懸浮在液體中的研磨材料。因為幾個原因研磨進程在工件的生產中很重要。對切削硬化的刀具鋼材料或其他的熱處理鋼材來講它是最普通的方法。零件在沒有熱處理條件下第一次機器切割，然后得到理想的尺度和表面光潔度。它能在沒有極限范疇時提供表面光潔度達0.5微米。研磨操作在相對較短的時間內能確保精確的尺度，因為機器在作為其它機器的一般精度構造時提供的動態是每英尺增加了百分之一的精度，而不是千分之一。尤其是小而細的零件能用這個方法完成，由于輕壓力被使用和零件的柔韌性所折射出的切削值是最小的。研磨輪子在圓柱形的研磨機器上在5500和6500rmp之間轉動，當工件在60和125rmp之間轉動時，切削的深度運動由木頭控制，它包括了輪子和它的驅動發動機。冷卻液用來降低熱扭曲和移動切削以及研磨材料時的灰塵。有韌性的材料的運動通過那些材質硬的刀具來完成，但是在二戰期間材料的廣泛傳播使用，它比新材料運動方法的切削刀具的要求更高。因為大量的過程被改進，盡管相當慢且花費高，它能用精確接受的方式來移動過量的材料，這里有兩種進程模式：第一種類型是建立在電子現象的基礎上，它用于基本的原材料；第二種取決于化學溶解。化學物質的銑削用于控制那些用了很濃的堿性或酸性的腐蝕劑腐蝕進程。鋁、鈦、鎂和鋼是通過這種方式的主要原料進程。化學銑削開始于一個零件的傳統的光潔，包括脫脂、脫酸和烘干，這個領域用以維持不與那些籠罩在制服外面的腐蝕劑接觸。可以將整個零件侵入遮蓋材料，然后將遮蓋層從將要被侵蝕的區域去除；也可以使用抗化學侵蝕的粘接帶遮蓋要保護的區域，