Unit1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTSLearningObjectivesLearnaboutJohnSnowandcholera.Buildupvocabularyinthecontext.ReadthePara1andfindthecomplexsentencesandusefulphrases.Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.過去常常做某事在19世紀早期死于

最終；及時逐漸成為

照顧；照料最終的；徹底的生育allatonce

突然；同時atonce 立刻，馬上onceandagain 一而再，再三severe/s??v??(r)/

adj.十分嚴重的；嚴厲的__________________對某人嚴厲__________________adv.嚴厲地；嚴重地小題集訓1.Thecompanyhasbeen___________(severe)hitbythedropinconsumerconfidenceandthesharepriceinfalling.2.Hismotheristoosevere______him.be/feelsevereon/withseverelyon/withseverelyfrustrated/fr??stre?t?d/

adj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的frustrated___________vt.使懊惱，挫敗，阻止______________n.沮喪；挫敗______________adj.令人沮喪的小題集訓1.Shewere__________atthe__________newsthatshefailedtheexam.(frustrate)2.Theyweredefeatedinthefootballmatch,which___________(frustrate)me.frustratefrustrationfrustrating_______________________對...感到沮喪/懊惱befrustratedwith/atfrustratedfrustratingfrustratedintime遲早；最終；及時1.Keeponworking,andyou’llsucceedintime.2.Youwillsucceedintimeaslongasyoudon’tgiveup.與time有關的短語forthefirsttimeallthetimeaheadoftimeatthesametimeinnotimeatonetimeattimesfromtimetotimeontimeforthetimebeingatatime首次一直；始終提前同時立刻；馬上曾經；一度有時，偶爾偶爾；間或準時暫時；眼下每次；逐一；依次小題集訓1.Thechild’sparentswerefrantic(發狂的)whenshedidnotreturnhome_________.2.Ifyougiveupthischance,you’llregretit_______.3.Don’ttrytodoeverythingatonce;takeitabit_____.ontimeintimeatatimeIngeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.ReadthePara2andfindthecomplexsentencesandusefulphrases.一般來說如此…以致于決定弄清楚同意，贊成Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheories.

contradictory

adj.

互相矛盾的；互相對立的

becontradictoryto…與……矛盾、相反

e.g.Hisremarkwascontradictorytothetruth.

他的敘述與事實矛盾。【拓展】____________v.反駁;與……相矛盾____________n.抵觸;矛盾;矛盾的說法【即學即用】

單句語法填空1.Thereseemstobea______________(contradict)betweenherwordsandactions.2.Thewitnessgavetwocompletely____________(contradict)descriptions.完成句子3.這兩種說法相互矛盾。Thetwostories______________________.contradictcontradictioncontradictioncontraditorycontradicteachother_________adj.帶細菌的；感染病菌的infection/?n?fek?(?)n/n.感染；傳染；傳染病

infectvt.傳染；使感染；影響beinfected____感染上...with+ion:__________n.傳染，感染；傳染病+ious:_________adj.傳染性的；有感染力infectioninfectious-ious為常見的形容詞后綴，意為“具有...性質的”，“充滿...的”infected[即學即練]1.Fluisusuallyhighly____________(infect).2.Thereisavirusthat________(infect)word-processingdocumentsrecently.3.Theopenwoundsoonbecame_________(infect).4.Choleraisabacterial__________(infect).完成句子5.這種病毒在幾天之內感染了數千臺計算機。Thisvirus_____________________________wihindays.6.她那快樂的情緒感染了全班。Hercheerfulspirits______________________.infectiousinfectsinfectedinfectioninfectedthousandsofcomputersinfectthewholeclassSnowsubscribedto

thesecondtheory.subscribe

v.

認購(股份)；定期訂購；定期繳納(會費)

;定期捐款贊助【拓展】subscribe_____

同意,贊成

subscribe_____

認購（股份）

___________訂閱者；訂戶

___________定期捐款；訂閱（費）Eachemployeemaysubscribeforupto￡2,000worthofshares.Youcansubscribetothemagazineforaslittleas$32ayear.

Shesubscribestoanenvironmentalactiongroup.toforsubscribersubscription[即學即練]單句語法填空1.Whichjournalsdoesthelibrarysubscribe___？2.Howmanysharesdidyousubscribe____inthenewcompany?3.Ifyouarenot___________(subscribe),youcansubscribetoday.完成句子4.我們已經訂閱了一份晚報。Wehave____________aneveningnewspaper.5.每個雇員可以認購價值不超過2000美元的股票。Eachemployeemay______________upto$2000worthofshares.6.他定期向幾個中意的慈善機構捐款。He____________afewfavouritecharities.tosubscribersubscribedtosubscribeforsubscribestoforSnowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.ReadthePara3andfindthecomplexsentencesandusefulphrases.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.1.where引導定語從句，先行詞為palce在從句中做地點狀語。e.gWearefacingaserioussituation

wherepeoplearedyingfromdiseasesrelatedtothewater.2.who引導定語從句，先行詞為those

那些人

Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.suspect

v.懷疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對象【搭配】suspectthat...

suspectsbof(doing)sth

suspectsbtobe...

【其他相似結構】

懷疑...remindsbofsth使某人想起某事懷疑某人

（做）某事懷疑某人是...convincesbofsth使某人確信某事accusesbofsth控告/職責某人某事informsbofsth=keepsbinformedofsth通知某人某事warnsbofsth警告某人某事blame

vt.把...歸咎于；

責怪；職責n.責備；職責【搭配】betoblame(for...)

blamesbfor(doing)sthbeblamedfor

blamesthonsb/sthaccept/bear/taketheblameforsthplace/lay/putblameon

(為某事)受責備，應該（為某事）負責主動形式表示被動含義因為某事責備某人、責備某人做了某事因...而受到譴責、責備把某事歸咎于某人對某事承擔責任歸咎于[即學即練]單句語法填空1.Theteacherdidn’tknowwho____________(blame)forthebrokenwindow.2.Manychildren_____________(blame)formakingmistakesintheexam.3.IthinkTom,ratherthanyouis__________(blame)forthematter.4.Ihavenoreason___________(suspect)herhonesty.5.I__________(suspect)thattherewassomethingwrongwiththeengine.wastoblameareblamedtoblametosuspectsuspected同義句轉換6.Iftheplanfails,whoistotaketheblame?Iftheplanfails,whois_________________?完成句子7.我們準備對所發生的事承擔責任。Wewerereadyto_________________forwhathadhappened.8.從他不正常的行為來評判，我懷疑他是個小偷。Judgingfromhisabnormalbehaviour,I____________________athief.toblameaccept/bear/taketheblamesuspectedhimtobeWhatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ReadthePara3andfindthecomplexsentencesandusefulphrases.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.1.so...that...如此...以至于

so+形容詞/副詞+that...

so...that...引導結果狀語從句的常見句型so+形容詞+a/an+可數名詞單數+that...

so+many/few+可數名詞復數+that...

so+much/little+不可數名詞+that...

e.g:1.Heransoquicklythatweallcouldn’tcatchupwithhim.2.Thisissointerestingabookthatweallenjoyreadingitinoursparetime.3.Shehassomuchtalentthathermotherfeelsproudofher.4.HehaspublishedsomanynovelsthatIcan’tfinishreadingtheminashorttime.溫馨提示：such...that常用于以下三種句型：1.such+a/an+形容詞+可數名詞單數+that...2.such+形容詞+可數名詞復數+that...3.such+形容詞+不可數名詞+thatItseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.1.have+賓語+賓語補足語

結構

have+賓語+過去分詞

（done）

讓別人為自己做某事；使某事完成have+賓語+現在分詞

表示動作進行或持續；容許或允許e.g:1.Wehavethemchinemendedjustnow.

e.g:2.Ican’thaveyouspeakingtoyourmotherinarudemanner.Ihavethedriverwaiting.

小題集訓1.Ican’thaveyou____________(lie)toyourparents.2.Whendidyouhaveyourhouse_________(paint)?lyingpaintedThroughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.intervention

n.

介入；出面；干涉【派生】intervene【搭配】

intervenein

介入、干預或參與某個事件、沖突或進程

vi.介入；打斷；干涉，干預[即學即練]單句語法填空1.You’dbetternotintervene____theirquarrel.完成句子2.對于物價的調控，政府干預起重要作用。_________________________playsavitalroleinregulatingprices.3.警察干預后，局勢平靜了下來。Thesituationcalmeddownwhen_______________.翻譯句子4.Thepresidentintervenedpersonallyinthecrisis.___________________________________________.inGovernmentinterventonpoliceintervened總統親自出面處理這場危機ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThames

thatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswater

weremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthose

whodrankpureorboiledwater.ReadthePara4andfindthecomplexsentencesandusefulphrases.【

】【】【】【

】Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.link

v.把...連接起來；相關聯

n.連接；聯系；環，紐帶【搭配】link...to/with

belinkedto...alinkbetweenAandB

【其他表示“連接；聯系”的結構】

將...和...連接、聯系起來與...有關A和B之間的聯系join...to把...與...連接起來connect...and/to/with把...與...連接起來combine...with...將...與...結合起來小題集訓1.TheTVnetworkandthetelephonenetworkcan_________(link)totheInternetnow.2.Scientistshavefoundthereis____linkbetweensmokingandlungcancer.3.Iamdeterminedtofindsomescientificevidencethatthematerialiscloselylinked______skincancer.belinkedatoThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.ReadthePara5andfindthecomplexsentencesandusefulphrases.

【

】ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.1.substantial

adj.大量的；價值巨大的；重大的【派生】_____________adv.大體上；非常；大大地2.decreasen.減少；降低；減少量vt.&vi.（使大小，數量等）減少；減小；降低【常見搭配】

decreaseby...

decrease(from...)to...decreasein...

onthedecrease

【反義詞】

減少/下降了...在...方面減少increase

在減少substantially(從