仁愛版初中英語語法大全一．名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團體.機構名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，普通在單數(shù)形式背面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構成辦法與讀音規(guī)則列表以下：規(guī)則例詞1普通狀況在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞普通加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納以下：規(guī)則例詞1變化名詞中的元音字母或其它形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復數(shù)相似sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有復數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4某些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff5部分集體名詞既能夠作單數(shù)（整體）也能夠作復數(shù)（組員）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6復數(shù)形式表達特別含義customs(海關),forces(軍隊),times(時代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文獻報紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)7表達“某國人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.名詞的全部格：名詞在句中表達全部關系的語法形式叫做名詞全部格。全部格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表達有生命的東西，后者多表達無生命的東西。1.’s全部格的構成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,復數(shù)名詞普通在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s結尾的人名全部格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表達各自的全部關系時,各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表達共有的全部關系時在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表達＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，全部格后名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s全部格的使用方法：１表達時間today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表達自然現(xiàn)象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表達國家都市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表達工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表達度量衡及價值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定詞組abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of全部格的使用方法：用于無生命的東西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的東西，特別是有較長定語時：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名詞化的詞：thestruggleoftheoppressed二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的使用方法：1指一類人或事，相稱于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表達“每一”相稱于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表達“相似”相稱于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表達不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定詞組中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠詞的使用方法：1表達某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表達說話雙方都理解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表達一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表達“一家人”或“夫婦”theGreens,theWangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表達發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀的某個年代inthe1990’s11用于表達單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表達時間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠詞的使用方法：1專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./?Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表達職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表達交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表達泛指的復數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.三．代詞：I.代詞能夠分為下列七大類：1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4批示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6關系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代詞使用方法注意點：1.one,some與any:1)one能夠泛指任何人，也可特指，復數(shù)為ones。some多用于必定句，any多用于疑問句和否認句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑問句中，表達盼望得到必定的回復，或者表達建議，請求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas???Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表達某個，any表達任何一種。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.???Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和數(shù)詞連用表達“大概”，any可與比較級連用表達程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.???Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each強調個別，代表的數(shù)能夠是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調節(jié)體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定語。none作主語或賓語，替代不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，替代可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆能夠。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:?1)other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其它詞連用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的另外一種，復數(shù)為theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.?2)another指“又一種，另一種”無所指，復數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).?Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和either?all表達不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否認詞表達部分否認，全部否認用neither和none.?AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.?Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四．形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1)形容詞作定語普通前置，但在下列狀況后置：1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構成的復合不定代詞時nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可后來置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時間、單位連用時abridge50meterslong5成對的形容詞可后來置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語普通后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多個形容詞修飾同一種名詞的次序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞批示代詞不定代詞代詞全部格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)復合形容詞的構成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類：1時間副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8關系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構成普通是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和某些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。1.同級比較時常慣用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.能夠修飾比較級的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表達一方隨另一方變化時用“themore…themore…”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比較級來體現(xiàn)最高級的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表達倍數(shù)的比較級有以下幾個句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表達“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。???五．介詞I.介詞分類：1簡樸介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4雙重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分詞轉化成的介詞considering(就而論),including6形容詞轉化成的介詞like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.慣用介詞區(qū)別：1表達時間的in,on,atat表達半晌的時間，in表達一段的時間，on總是與日子有關2表達時間的since,fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完畢時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始3表達時間的in,afterin指在一段時間之后，after表達某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中4表達地理位置的in,on,toin表達在某范疇內，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范疇之外5表達“在…上”的on,inon只表達在某物的表面上，in表達占去某物一部分6表達“穿過”的through,acrossthrough表達從內部通過，與in有關，across表達在表面上通過，與on有關7表達“有關”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指專門敘述8between與among的區(qū)別between表達在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了…尚有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表達“用”的in,withwith表達具體的工具，in表達材料，方式，辦法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…同樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in普通表達位置（靜態(tài)），into表達動向，不表達目的地或位置六．動詞I.動詞的時態(tài)：1.動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其多種時態(tài)的構成形式列表以下：現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時普通ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask進行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完畢have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完畢進行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.現(xiàn)在完畢時與普通過去時的區(qū)別：1)現(xiàn)在完畢時表達過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強調的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或成果，它不能同表達過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，運用過去，闡明現(xiàn)在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已經(jīng)看過，且理解這本書的內容)2)普通過去時只表達過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關，它可和表達過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關現(xiàn)在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只闡明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在與否記住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只闡明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關）3.現(xiàn)在完畢時與現(xiàn)在完畢進行時的區(qū)別：兩者都能夠表達“從過去開始始終持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表達動作的成果時，多用現(xiàn)在完畢時，如著重表達動作始終在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完畢進行時。普通不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完畢進行時。Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過那本書了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上始終在讀那本書。4.普通將來時的體現(xiàn)方式：將來時使用方法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表達將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+動詞原形含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表達很有可能要發(fā)生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing進行時表達將來go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進行時表達按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+動詞原形表達安排或計劃中的立即就要發(fā)生的動作，背面普通不跟時間狀語Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+動詞原形表達按計劃進行或征求對方意見We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6普通現(xiàn)在時表達將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用普通現(xiàn)在時表達將來Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.動詞的被動語態(tài)：慣用被動語態(tài)構成慣用被動語態(tài)構成1普通現(xiàn)在時am/is/areasked6過去進行時was/werebeingasked2普通過去時was/wereasked7現(xiàn)在完畢時have/hasbeenasked3普通將來時shall/willbeasked8過去完畢時hadbeenasked4過去將來時should/wouldbeasked9將來完畢時will/wouldhavebeenasked5現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/arebeingasked10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/maybeasked注意事項被動語態(tài)的否認式是在第一種助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可遺漏其中介副詞。固定構造begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中普通可用被動構造表達。如：Itisbelievedthat…???????????Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…??????????Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…????????Itmustbepointedoutthat…?????????????Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…???????????Itmustbeadmittedthat…???????????????Itishopedthat…下面主動形式常表達被動意義：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.?????????Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.???????????Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七．情態(tài)動詞I.情態(tài)動詞基本使用方法：情態(tài)動詞使用方法否認式疑問式與簡答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中慣用）可能性（表猜想，用于否認句或疑問句中）cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay能夠（問句中表達請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必須，應當（表主觀規(guī)定）必定，想必（必定句中表推測）mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只得，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態(tài)人稱變化）don’thavetodoDo…h(huán)avetodo…?Yes,…do.?No,…don’t.oughtto應當（表達義務責任，口語中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall將要，會用于一三人稱征求對方意見用于二三人稱表達許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall.?No,…shan’t.should應當，應當（表義務責任）本該（含有責怪意味）shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿，決心請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will.?No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢（慣用于否認句和疑問句中）darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必須（慣用于否認句和疑問句中）neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto過去經(jīng)常（現(xiàn)在已不再）usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.?No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.?No,…didn’t.II.情態(tài)動詞must,may,might,could,can表達推測：以must為例。must+do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的普通狀態(tài)進行；must+bedoing推測可能正在進行的事情；must+havedone是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。1.must“必定，一定”語調強，只用于必定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“可能”，后者語調弱，更沒有把握。可用于必定句和否認句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”，could表達可疑的可能性，不及can’t語調強，用于必定、否認、疑問句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推測某事原來可能發(fā)生，但事實上沒有發(fā)生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(語調很強，慣用于疑問句和否認句中)III.情態(tài)動詞注意點：1.can和beableto:都能夠表達能力。但beableto能夠體現(xiàn)“某事終于成功”，而can無法體現(xiàn)此意。Beableto有更多的時態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2.usedto和would:?usedto表達過去經(jīng)常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習慣，而would只表達過去的習慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3.need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動詞時慣用于否認句和疑問句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做實義動詞時可用于必定句，否認句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非謂語動詞I.非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成：非謂語形式構成特性和作用時態(tài)和語態(tài)否認式復合構造不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非謂語前加notforsb.todosth.含有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone含有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done動名詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing含有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語II.做賓語的非謂語動詞比較：狀況慣用動詞只接不定式做賓語的動詞hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto兩者都能夠意義基本相似begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指普通或習慣行為）need,want,require（接動名詞主動形式表達被動意義，若接不定式則應用被動形式）意義相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regrettodo（指動作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）goontodo（接著做另外一件事）goondoing（接著做同一件事）trytodo（設法，努力去做，竭力）trydoing（試試去做，看有何成果）meantodo（打算做，企圖做）meandoing（意識是，意味著）can’thelptodo（不能幫忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別：常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關系及時間概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主謂關系。強調動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完畢Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make現(xiàn)在分詞notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主謂關系。強調動作正在進行，尚未完畢Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.過去分詞動賓關系。動作已經(jīng)完畢，多強調狀態(tài)Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動賓關系，普通式表達將來，進行式表達與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，完畢式表達在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.動名詞普通指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關系，表達動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動關系，表達動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完畢V.非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式多表達一種特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時能夠借助于it把不定式移到句子背面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置，并且意義不變，并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主語時慣用)動名詞與不定式的功效區(qū)別不大，然而它更靠近于名詞，表達的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習慣性的動作，有時也能夠用it做形式主語，做表語時能夠和主語交換位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分詞無名詞的性質，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質，能夠做表語，多表明主語的特性性質或者狀態(tài)等，可被very,quite,rather等副詞修飾。現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，闡明主,語的性質特性，多表達主動，主語多為物。過去分詞普通表達被動或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常見分詞有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九．定語從句I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一種名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一種成分，并與先行詞保持數(shù)的一致。關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系代詞who人主語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做賓語時，常能夠省略，但介詞提前時背面關系代詞不能省略，也不能夠用thatwhom人賓語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主語，賓語Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，賓語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語，賓語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語普通不省略關系副詞when時間時間狀語Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地點地點狀語ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy因素因素狀語Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that與which,who,whom的使用方法區(qū)別：狀況使用方法闡明例句只用that的狀況1．??先行詞為all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代詞時。2．??先行詞被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修飾時3．??先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時4．??先行詞既指人又指物時5．??先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時6．??句中已有who或which時，為了避免重復時1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的狀況1．??在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．??在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3．??先行詞本身是that時，關系詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和thesame修飾時，關系代詞用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定語從句中as和which都能夠指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并能夠放在主句前，也能夠放在背面，那么用as；而which引導的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特性例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關系十分親密，寫時不用逗號分開。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的闡明，與主句的關系不十分親密，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相稱于一種插入語，不能用that引導，關系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十．名詞性從句種類作用慣用關聯(lián)詞例句主語從句在復合句中做主語，相稱于名詞，普通置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表語從句在復合句中做表語，相稱于名詞，位于系動詞之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.賓語從句在復合句中做賓語，相稱于名詞Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位語從句放在名詞之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具體內容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.十一。狀語從句種類連接詞注意點時間狀語when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表達將來意義時，從句須用普通現(xiàn)在時；while引導的從句中動詞普通是延續(xù)性的；until用在必定句中主句動詞是延續(xù)性的，而否認句中主句動詞為短暫性的。地點狀語where,wherever因素狀語because,as,since,nowthatbecause語調最強，since較弱，表達大家都明了的因素，as又次之。條件狀語if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat從句中動詞時態(tài)不可用將來時，慣用普通時替代目的狀語sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情態(tài)動詞成果狀語so…that,such…that比較狀語than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore方式狀語asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引導的從句普通用虛擬語調。讓步狀語though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在讓步狀語從句中慣用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but連用十二。倒裝句種類倒裝條件例句完全倒裝here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表達強調Outrushedthechildren.表達地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.強調表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒裝never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表達否認意義的副詞放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修飾的狀語放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引導的讓步狀語Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表達前句內容也合用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表達祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虛擬條件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虛擬語調類別使用方法例句If引導的條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句動詞：過去式（be用were）主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.與過去事實相反從句動詞：had+過去分詞主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.與將來事實相反從句動詞：過去式/should+動詞原形/were+不定式主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它狀語從句asif引導的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完畢式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引導的狀語從句中動詞用can/could/may/might/would等+動詞原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.賓語從句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完畢式和should/would+動詞原形表達與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來狀況相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主語從句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等從句中，謂語動詞用should+動詞原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完畢式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中動詞慣用過去式或者過去完畢式，表達強烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.?Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.?Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.?Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.?IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.?Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.?OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.?“Heworksparticularlyhard.”?“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.??十五。動詞搭配1.addto增加，增進?add…to把…加進…?addup相加?addupto總計，全部這一切闡明?1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything.?2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.?3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.?4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.?(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脫離，擺脫，改掉?breakdown出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開?breakoff暫停，中斷?breakin強行進入，插話?breakinto闖進breakintopieces成為碎片?breakout暴發(fā)?breakup搗碎，驅散，崩潰，學期結束，拆散?breakthrough突破?1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______?______thepoliceandranintothewoods.?2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.?3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.?4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee??5)Whendoesschoolbreak________??6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.?(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup撫養(yǎng)，嘔吐，提出?bringabout造成?bringout拿出，出版?bringin引入，引進，掙錢?bringback使回想起?bringdown使下降，使倒下?1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.?2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.?3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.?4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding??5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.?6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.?7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.?8)Nextmonththeywill?bring________aneweditionof?thebook.??(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon號召，拜訪（某人）?callat拜訪、參觀（某地）?callfor去叫某人,規(guī)定,需要?callup使回想起,征召入伍??callin召集，請某人來?callout大喊，高叫?calloff取消，不舉辦?1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.?2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.?3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.?4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer.?5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.?(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)?comedown下跌，落，降，傳下來?comein進來?comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)?comeon來臨/快點?comeout出版，成果是?comealong一道來，趕快?cometo達成(anend/anagreement/asto