高中歷史必修一課件——夏商周政制演變DiscoverthepoliticalinstitutionsthatshapedancientChinaandlearnabouttheirimpactonmoderngovernance.TheXiaDynasty1PoliticalorganizationandgovernanceThefirstdynastyinChinesehistory,theXiawasruledbyahereditarymonarchywithahighlycentralizedsystemofgovernment.2OraclebonesanddivinationTheuseoforaclebonesanddivinationallowedforreligiousceremoniestocoexistwithadministrationandlegalproceedings.3InventionofChinesecharactersChinesecharacterswerefirstcreatedduringtheXiaDynasty,layingthefoundationforwrittencommunicationanddocumentationinChina.TheShangDynastyPowerstructureandsocialhierarchyKingatthetopofthehierarchyAristocracycontrolledlandandwealthPeasantsandslavesatthebottomArtandcraftsmanshipDevelopedbronzecastingtechniquesCreatedintricatejadecarvingsandpotteryDecoratedtombswithelaboratemuralsReligiousbeliefsandrituals"MandateofHeaven"theorylegitimizedtheShangDynastyandinfluencedsubsequentChineseregimes.TheZhouDynastyRisetopowerandfeudalsystemTheZhouoverthrewtheShangandestablishedafeudalsystem,grantinglandtonobleswhointurnprovidedmilitarysupport.BronzebellsandmusicZhouaristocratscherishedbronzebells,usingthemformusicandrituals,evokingtheharmonioussocialorderidealizedbyConfucianism.GreatWallconstructionTheZhoubeganconstructionoftheGreatWalltoprotectagainstnortherninvaders,anengineeringfeatthatwouldbecontinuedbylaterdynasties.EarlyZhouDynasty1WesternandEasternZhouPeriodsTheWesternZhouwasmarkedbypoliticalstability,whiletheEasternZhouwasrifewithwarfareandpoliticalfragmentation,knownastheWarringStatesPeriod.2TheHundredSchoolsofThoughtPhilosophicalschoolsofthoughtflourishedintheEasternZhou:Confucianism,Taoism,Legalism,andmanyothers.3ClassicalChineseliteratureTheearliestChineseclassicssuchasTheBookofChanges,TheBookofPoetry,andTheAnalectsofConfuciuswerecompiledduringtheEasternZhou.TheQinDynastyCentralizedandauthoritarianruleTheFirstEmperorofQin,QinShiHuang,introducedacentralizedandauthoritariansystemandstandardizedtheChinesewritingsystem,weightsandmeasures,andcurrency.TerracottaArmyandburialcomplexThefamousTerracottaArmywasconstructedaspartofQinShiHuang'smassiveburialcomplex,reflectinghisobsessionwithimmortalityandpower.BurningofthebooksandpersecutionofscholarsQinShiHuangorderedtheburningofbooksandthepersecutionofscholars,suppressingdissentandensuringhisabsolutistrule.TheHanDynasty1ConsolidationandexpansionoftheempireTheHanDynastyreunitedChinaandexpandeditsterritorythroughtheSilkRoad,anetworkoftraderoutesconnectingAsiawiththeMediterranean.2ImperialExaminationSystemMerit-basedselectionofgovernmentofficialsthroughtheImperialExaminationSystemledtoamorestableandprofessionalbureaucracy.3WuxingTheoryandTraditionalChineseMedicineWuxingTheory,whichviewstheworldasconsistingoffivebasicelements(wood,fire,earth,metal,water),laidthefoundationsforTraditionalChineseMedicine.TaoismandConfucianismYinandyangandTaoismTaoismemphasizedtheimportanceofnaturalharmonyandtheinterdependenceofopposites,representedbytheyin-yangsymbol.FiveClassicsandConfucianismTheFiveClassicsandAnalectsofConfuciusweredesignatedastheofficialideologyinHanDynasty,influencingChinesesocietyforcenturiestocome.CulturalpracticesandtraditionsCulturalpracticessuchasancestorworship,fengshui,andtheuseofchopsticksreflecttheinfluenceofTaoismandConfucianismondailylife.ImpactonModernGovernanceContinuityandchangeThepoliticalinstitutionsofXia-Shang-ZhouperiodhavehadalastingimpactonChinesegovernance,asseeninthetraditionalChinesepoliticalcultureandcurrentpolicies.MandateofHeavenandpoliticallegitimacyTheconceptoftheMandateofHeavencontinuestoinfluenceChinesepoliticallegitimacy,whichhasevolvedfromhereditarymonarchyto