2一般術(shù)語水力機(jī)械hydraulicmachinery水輪機(jī)hydraulicturbine蓄能泵storagepump水泵水輪機(jī)reversibleturbine,pump-turbine旋轉(zhuǎn)方向directionofrotation機(jī)組unit立式、臥式和傾斜式機(jī)組vertical,horizontalandinclinedunit可調(diào)式水力機(jī)械regulatedhydraulicmachinery不可調(diào)式水力機(jī)械non-regulatedhydraulicmachinery主閥mainvalve3.1水輪機(jī)反擊式水輪機(jī)reactionturbine混流式水輪機(jī)Francisturbine，mixed-flowturbine3.1.3軸流式水輪機(jī)axialturbine軸流轉(zhuǎn)槳式水輪機(jī)Kaplanturbine，axial-flowadjustablebladpropellerturbine3.1.5軸流調(diào)槳式水輪機(jī)Thomaturbine3.1.6軸流定槳式水輪機(jī)Propellerturbine3.1.7貫流式水輪機(jī)tubularturbine，throughflowturbine3.1.8 燈泡式水輪機(jī)bulbturbine3.1.9豎井貫流式水輪機(jī)pitturbine全貫流式水輪機(jī)straightflowturbine,rim-generatorunit軸伸貫流式水輪機(jī)（S形水輪機(jī)）tubularturbine（S—typeturbine）斜流式水輪機(jī)diagonalturbine3.1.13斜流轉(zhuǎn)槳式水輪機(jī)Deriazturbine斜流定槳式水輪機(jī)fixedbladeofDeriazturbine沖擊式水輪機(jī)impulsturbine,actionturbine水斗式水輪機(jī)Peltonturbine,scoopturbine斜擊式水輪機(jī)inclinedjetturbine雙擊式水輪機(jī)cross-flowturbine3.2蓄能泵混流式（離心式）蓄能泵centrifugalstoragepump,mixed-flowstoragepump軸流式蓄能泵propellerstoragepump,axialstoragepump斜流式蓄能泵diagonalstoragepump多級(jí)式蓄能泵multi-stagestoragepump3.3水泵水輪機(jī)（又稱可逆式水輪機(jī)）單級(jí)水泵水輪機(jī)singalstagepump-turbine多級(jí)水泵水輪機(jī)multi-stagepump-turbine3.4主閥與閥門蝴蝶閥butterflyvalve平板蝶閥biplanebutterflyvalve,throughflowbutterflyvalve圓筒閥cylindricalvalve,ringgate球閥rotaryvalve,sphericalvalve盤形閥mushroomvalve,hollow-conevalve,howell-Bungervalve針形閥needlevalve旁通閥by-passvalve3.4.8直空破壞閥vacuumbreakvalve4結(jié)構(gòu)部件4.1混流式水輪機(jī)埋入部件embeddedcomponent引水室 （turbine）flume蝸殼spiralcase座環(huán)stayring固定導(dǎo)葉stayvane蝸殼鼻端spiralcasenose基礎(chǔ)環(huán)foundationring,dischargering尾水管drafttube錐形尾水管conicaldrafttube肘形尾水管elbowdrafttube尾水管錐管drafttubecone尾水管肘管drafttubeelbow尾水管擴(kuò)散段drafttubeoutletpart尾水管支墩drafttubepier尾水管里襯drafttubeliner機(jī)坑里襯pitliner導(dǎo)水機(jī)構(gòu)distributor頂蓋headcover,topcover底環(huán)bottomring,bottomcover導(dǎo)葉guidevane，wicketgate控制環(huán)regulatingring，operatingring導(dǎo)葉臂guidevanelever，wicketgatelever分半鍵splitkey導(dǎo)葉連桿guidevanelink，wicketgatelink導(dǎo)葉過載保護(hù)裝置guidevaneoverloadprotectiondevice剪斷銷shearpin摩擦裝置frictiondevice導(dǎo)葉軸承g(shù)uidevanebearing導(dǎo)葉止推軸承g(shù)uidevanethrustbearing導(dǎo)葉軸密封guidevanestemseal導(dǎo)葉端面密封guidevaneendseal導(dǎo)葉立面密封guidevaneseal抗磨板facingplates,wearplates導(dǎo)葉限位塊guidevanestopblock導(dǎo)葉接力器guidevaneservomotor單導(dǎo)葉接力器individualguidevaneservomotor推拉桿pushandpullrod，connectingrod調(diào)速軸regulatingshaft均壓管balancepipe轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件rotatingcomponent轉(zhuǎn)輪runner葉片blade上冠crown下環(huán)band泄水錐runnercone4.1.46轉(zhuǎn)輪密封裝置runnerseal4.1.47轉(zhuǎn)輪止漏環(huán)runnerwearingring固定止漏環(huán)stationarywearingring轉(zhuǎn)輪減壓板decompressionplate主軸mainshaft導(dǎo)軸承g(shù)uidebearing軸領(lǐng)guidebearingcollar軸瓦guidebearingshoe軸承體guidebearinghousing主軸密封裝置mainshaftseal檢修密封standstillseal聯(lián)軸螺栓couplingbolt4.2軸流式水輪機(jī)和斜流式水輪機(jī)。4.2.1轉(zhuǎn)輪室runnerchamber4.2.2內(nèi)頂蓋（支持蓋）innerheadcover，innertopcover4.2.3轉(zhuǎn)輪體runnerhub轉(zhuǎn)葉機(jī)構(gòu)mechanismofrunnerblade4.2.5葉片樞軸runnerbladetrunnion轉(zhuǎn)臂（導(dǎo)葉臂）rockerarm操作架crosshead4.2.9轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片接力器runnerbladeservomotor協(xié)聯(lián)裝置combinationdevice受油器oilhead4.5蓄能泵吸水管suctiontube葉輪impeller輪葉impellerblade，impellervane葉輪后蓋impellerbackshroud葉輪前蓋impellerfrontshroud蝸室spiralhousing擴(kuò)散管diffuser5性能參數(shù)5.1比能比能specificenergy單位質(zhì)量流體所具有的機(jī)械能，是位置比能、壓力比能和速度比能的總和。位置比能potentialenergy壓力比能pressureenergy速度比能velocityenergy位置水頭potentialhead壓力水頭pressurehead速度水頭velocityhead5.2.4總水頭head毛水頭grosshead凈水頭nethead額定水頭ratedhead設(shè)計(jì)水頭designhead最大（最?。┧^maximum（minimum）head加權(quán)平均水頭weightedaveragehead蓄能泵揚(yáng)程storagepumphead蓄能泵零流量揚(yáng)程no-dischargeheadofstoragepump蓄能泵最大（最?。P(yáng)程maximum（minimum）headofstoragepump5.3流量水輪機(jī)流量turbinedischarge，turbineflowrate蓄能泵流量storagepumpdischarge，storagepumpflowrate額定流量rateddischarge水輪機(jī)空載流量no-loaddischargeofturbine蓄能泵最大（最?。┝髁縨aximum（minmum）storagepumpdischarge5.4轉(zhuǎn)速額定轉(zhuǎn)速ratedspeed水輪機(jī)飛逸轉(zhuǎn)速runawayspeedofsurbine5.4.3蓄能泵［水泵水輪機(jī)的泵工況］反向飛逸轉(zhuǎn)速reverserunawayspeedofstoragepump5.5壓力5.5.1表計(jì)壓力（簡稱為壓力）gaugepressure環(huán)境壓力（或大氣壓）atmpsphericpressure絕對(duì)壓力absolutepressure汽化壓力vapourpressure5.6功率水輪機(jī)輸入功率turbineinputpower水輪機(jī)輸出功率turbineoutputpower水輪機(jī)額定輸出功率ratedoutputpowerofturbine蓄能泵的輸出功率storagepumpoutputpower蓄能泵的輸入功率storagepumpinputpower蓄能泵最大輸入功率ratedinputpowerofstoragepump蓄能泵零流量功率no-dischargeinputpowerofstoragepump5.6.8蓄能泵最小輸入功率minimuminputpowerofstoragepump轉(zhuǎn)輪輸出功率outputpowerofrunner葉輪輸入功率inputpowerofimpeller轉(zhuǎn)輪輸入功率inputpowerofrunner葉輪輸出功率outputpowerofimpeller5.7效率效率efficiency水輪機(jī)機(jī)械效率mechanicalefficiencyofturbine蓄能泵機(jī)械效率mechanicalefficiencyofstoragepump水輪機(jī)水力效率hydraulicefficiencyofturbine蓄能泵水力效率hydraulicefficiencyofstoragepump相對(duì)效率relativeefficiency加權(quán)(算術(shù))平均效率weighted(arithmetic)averageefficiency積分平均效率planimetricaverageefficiency5.8空化和空蝕空化cavitation空蝕cavitationerosion水輪機(jī)空化系數(shù)cavitationfactorofturbine，cavitationcoefficientofturbine蓄能泵空化系數(shù)cavitationfactorofstoragepump，cavitationcoefficientofstoragepump臨界空化系數(shù)criticalcavitationfactor初生空化系數(shù)incipientcavitationfactor,cavitationinceptionfactor,initialcavitationfactor電站空化系數(shù)plantcavitationfactor吸出高度staticsuctionofturbine吸入高度staticsuctionofstoragepump蓄能泵吸入揚(yáng)程損失suctionheadlossofstoragepump蓄能泵空化余量（NPSH）（蓄能泵凈吸上揚(yáng)程）netpositivesuctionheadofstoragepump安裝高程settingelevation空化裕量cavitationmargin5.9暫態(tài)過程過渡過程transient調(diào)節(jié)保證regulatingguarantee水錘waterhammer初始?jí)毫nitialpressure5.9.5水輪機(jī)最大瞬態(tài)壓力maximummomentarypressureofturbine瞬態(tài)壓力變化率momentarypressurevariationratio初始轉(zhuǎn)速initialspeed水輪機(jī)最大瞬態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)速maximummomentaryoverspeedofturbine5.9.9蓄能泵[水泵水輪機(jī)的泵工況]的最大瞬態(tài)反向轉(zhuǎn)速momentarycounterrotationspeedofstoragepump[pump-conditionofpump-turbine]5.9.10瞬態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)速變化率momentaryspeedvariationratio6滲道參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)輪(葉輪)公稱直徑runner(impeller)diameter葉片開口bladeopening葉片正(背)面pressure(suction)sideofblade葉片進(jìn)(出)水邊leading(trailing)edge葉片轉(zhuǎn)角bladerotatingangle葉片傾角bladetiltangle6.7葉片安放角bladeangle6.8蝸殼包角noseangle6.9導(dǎo)葉高度guidevaneheight肘形尾水管深度depthofelbowdrafttube節(jié)圓直徑pitchdiameter射流直徑j(luò)etdiameter6.16射流直徑比jetratio6.17射流入射角jetinclinedangle6.18射流橢圓ellipsedofinclinedjet(whenreachingthewheelvane)7.1試驗(yàn)類型原型（機(jī)）prototype模型（機(jī)）model驗(yàn)收試驗(yàn)acceptancetest裝配試驗(yàn)assemblytest模型試驗(yàn)modeltest性能試驗(yàn)performancetest特性試驗(yàn)characteristictest飛逸試驗(yàn)runawayspeedtest力特性試驗(yàn)forcecharacteristictest負(fù)載試驗(yàn)loadtest甩負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)loadrejectiontest耐壓試驗(yàn)pressuretest效率試驗(yàn)efficiencytest空化試驗(yàn)cavitationtest壓力脈動(dòng)試驗(yàn)pressurefluctuationtest7.1.16補(bǔ)氣試驗(yàn)airadmissiontest7.1.17水輪機(jī)功率試驗(yàn)turbineoutputtest7.2運(yùn)行工況（運(yùn)行）工況operatingcondition最優(yōu)工況optimumoperatingcondition飛逸工況runawayspeedoper