絎?绔犮€€孌栨皯鍦版椂鏈熺殑緹庡浗1.1銆€澶嶄範絎旇鈪?/span>.AmericanPuritanism錛堢編鍥芥竻鏁欎富涔夛級TheBritishbegantoimmigratetoNorthAmericainthefirsthalfofthe17thcentury.ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.In1620,theshipMayflowercarriedaboutonehundredPilgrimsarrivedatPlymouth,Massachusetts.ManyearlyAmericanimmigrantswerePuritans,andtheycametotheUnitedStatesforavarietyofreasons.ThePuritanismtheybelievedinlatertookrootintheNewWorldandhadaprofoundimpactonAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.鑻卞浗鍚戝寳緹庣殑縐繪皯媧誨姩寮€濮嬩簬17涓栫邯涓婂崐鍙躲€傝嫳鍥戒簬1607騫村湪鍖楃編寤虹珛浜嗙涓€涓案涔呮€ф搗澶栨畺姘戝尯錛氬紬鍚夊凹浜氬窞鐨勮┕濮嗘柉鏁︺€?620騫粹€滀簲鏈堣姳鈥濆彿杞借繍100浣欏悕縐繪皯鎶佃揪椹惃璇稿宸炵殑鏅埄鑼呮柉銆傚緢澶氱編鍥芥棭鏈熺殑縐繪皯鏄竻鏁欏緬錛屼粬浠嚭浜庡縐嶅師鍥犳潵鍒扮編鍥姐€備粬浠俊濂夌殑娓呮暀涓諱箟鍚庢潵鍦ㄦ柊澶ч檰鐢熸牴鍙戣娊錛屽茍瀵圭編鍥芥€濇兂鍜岀編鍥芥枃瀛︿駭鐢熶簡鏍規繁钂傚浐鐨勫獎鍝嶃€?/p>1DoctrinesofPuritanism錛堟竻鏁欎富涔夌殑鏁欎箟錛?/p>ThePuritansbelievedinthedoctrinepredestinationputforwardbythetheologianJohnCalvin,includingoriginalsin,completedepravity,andlimitedredemption.娓呮暀寰掍俊濂夌瀛﹀綰︾堪路鍔犲皵鏂囧鎵殑棰勮瀹氳錛屽師緗紝褰誨簳鐨勫爼钀斤紝鏈夐檺鍒剁殑鏁戣祹絳夌瀛︿富寮犮€?/p>2TheinfluenceofPuritanismonAmericanliterature錛堟竻鏁欎富涔夊緹庡浗鏂囧鐨勫獎鍝嶏級(1)TheidealismofPuritanhadexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanwriters.Overall,Americanliterature,atleastwhiteAmericanliterature,isbasedonthemythoftheGardenofEdenintheBible.Toalargeextent,itisaliteraryformofpiousidealismasthelegacyofAmericanPuritanism. ThePuritanslongedtoliveinaperfectorder.Withgreatcourage,theyhopetoestablishanewGardenofEdenintheUnitedStatessothattheycanfinallyliveanideallife.Encouragedbythissenseofmission,theywereveryoptimisticinthefaceofdifficultiesandobstacles.ThesehavebecomeimportantnourishmentfortheproductionanddevelopmentofAmericanliterature.OptimismisembodiedintheworksofmanyAmericanwriters.(1)娓呮暀寰掔殑鐞嗘兂涓諱箟瀵圭編鍥戒綔瀹剁殑鏂囧鍒涗綔浜х敓浜嗘繁榪滅殑褰卞搷銆?/p>浠庢€諱綋鏉ョ湅錛岀編鍥芥枃瀛︹€斺€旇嚦灝戞槸鐧戒漢鐨勭編鍥芥枃瀛︹€斺€旀槸寤虹瓚鍦ㄣ€婂湥緇忋€嬩紛鐢稿洯紲炶瘽鍩虹涓婄殑鏂囧銆傚湪寰堝ぇ紼嬪害涓婏紝瀹冩槸緹庡浗娓呮暀涓諱箟閬椾駭鈥斺€旇檾璇氱悊鎯充富涔夌殑涓€縐嶆枃瀛﹀艦寮忋€傛竻鏁欏緬姊︽兂鐫€鐢熸椿鍦ㄤ竴縐嶅畬鍠勭殑縐╁簭涔嬩笅錛屾€€鐫€鍕囨皵鍜屽笇鏈涘湪緹庡浗寤虹珛鏂扮殑浼婄敻鍥紝浠ヤ嬌寰椾粬浠兘鏈€緇堣繃涓婄悊鎯崇殑鐢熸椿銆傚湪榪欑浣垮懡鎰熺殑榧撹垶涓嬶紝浠栦滑闈㈠鑹伴毦闄╅樆鍗村厖婊′箰瑙備富涔夋儏緇€傝繖浜涢兘鎴愪負緹庡浗鏂囧浜х敓鍙戝睍鐨勯噸瑕佹粙鍏匯€備箰瑙備富涔夊譏婕湪璁稿緹庡浗浣滃鐨勪綔鍝侀噷銆?/p>(2)AmericanPuritans鈥?metaphoricalwayofobservingthingsledtotheemergenceofsymbolism,whichistypicalinAmericanliterature.PuritantheologyandPuritanliterarypracticearethemainreasonsforthedevelopmentofnativesymbolismintheUnitedStates.TothepiousPuritans,therealityoftheworldisjustthesymbolofGod.AllphenomenainlifearepartandconcretemanifestationofGod鈥檚intention.ItiseasytospotthissymbolicprocesswhichoftenoccurredinPuritanthinking.Overtime,thisprocessbecamepartoftheculturaltraditionsonwhichtheAmericanpeopleandwritersgrewup.SymbolismiscommonlyusedbyJonathanEdwards,Emerson,Hawthorne,andMelville.ThisuniquewayofobservingtheworldbythePuritansisabasiccomponentoftheireducation.(2)緹庡浗娓呮暀寰掑艦璞″湴瑙傚療浜嬬墿鐨勬柟寮忓鑷翠簡鍏鋒湁鍏稿瀷緹庡浗鏂囧鐗圭偣鐨勮薄寰佷富涔夌殑浜х敓銆?/p>娓呮暀紲炲鍜屾竻鏁欏緬鐨勬枃瀛﹀疄璺墊槸緹庡浗鏈湡璞″緛涓諱箟鍙戝睍鐨勪富瑕佸師鍥犮€傚湪铏旇瘹鐨勬竻鏁欏緬鐪嬫潵錛岀幇瀹炵殑澶у崈涓栫晫鍙槸涓婂笣鐨勮薄寰佽€屽凡銆傜敓媧諱腑鐨勪竴鍒囩幇璞￠兘鏄笂甯濇剰鍥劇殑緇勬垚閮ㄥ垎鍜屽叿浣撹〃鐜般€傚緢瀹規槗鍙戠幇榪欑鍦ㄦ竻鏁欏緬鎬濈淮涓粡甯稿彂鐢熺殑璞″緛榪囩▼銆傞殢鐫€鏃墮棿鐨勬帹縐伙紝榪欎竴榪囩▼渚挎垚涓虹編鍥戒漢姘戝拰浣滃璧栦互鎴愰暱鐨勬枃鍖栦紶緇熺殑涓€閮ㄥ垎銆備箶綰蟲．路鐖卞痙鍗庡吂錛岀埍榛樼敓錛岄湇妗戯紝楹﹀皵緇村皵鏉ヨ錛岃薄寰佷富涔夊凡鎴愪負涓€縐嶅父鐢ㄧ殑鎶€宸с€傛竻鏁欏緬榪欑鐙壒鐨勮瀵熶笘鐣岀殑鏂瑰紡鏄粬浠墍鍙楁暀鑲茬殑涓€涓熀鏈瀯鎴愰儴鍒嗐€?/p>(3)Intermsofthewritingskills,theconcisenessofPuritanworksalsoprofoundlyaffectedAmericanliterature.TheworksofPuritanwritersshowafreshandconcisestyle.Theyusesimpleandsincererhetoric,withthenobletemperamentunderthedirectinfluenceoftheBible.TheirworkshaveleftalastinginfluenceonAmericanliterature.(3)鍦ㄥ啓浣滄妧宸ф柟闈紝娓呮暀寰掍綔鍝佺殑鏈村疄鏃犲崕涔熸繁鍒誨湴褰卞搷浜嗙編鍥芥枃瀛︺€?/p>娓呮暀寰掍綔瀹剁殑鍐欎綔椋庢牸鏄璦€娓呮柊銆佺畝鍗曘€佺洿鎺ワ紱淇緸綆€鏈淬€佽瘹鎸氾紝甯︽湁鍦ｇ粡鐩存帴褰卞搷涓嬬殑楂樿吹姘旇川銆傝繖浜涢兘緇欑編鍥芥枃瀛︾暀涓嬩簡鎸佷箙鐨勫嵃榪廣€?/p>鈪?/span>.Overviewofthecolonialliterature錛堟畺姘戝湴鏂囧綆€浠嬶級Americanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupiedamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.緹庡浗鏂囧鐢卞緢澶氱矖緋欑殑鏂囦綋鍙戝睍鑰屾潵銆傛棩璁般€佺鍙層€佹湱璁般€佷功淇°€佸蹇樺綍銆佹父璁板強甯冮亾鏂囩絳夊湪鍐呯殑鍚勭褰㈠紡鐨勭浜烘枃瀛楋紝鍦ㄦ棭鏈熸畺姘戞椂鏈熺殑鏂囧涓崰鎹潃涓昏鍦頒綅銆?/p>1Majorwritersofcolonialperiod錛堟畺姘戝湴鏃舵湡涓昏浣滃錛?/p>(1)JohnSmith(1580-1631)CaptainJohnSmithwasoneofthefoundersofthecolonyJamestown,Virginia.HiswritingaboutNorthAmericabecamethesourceofinformationabouttheNewWorldforlatersettlers.InTheGeneralHistoryofVirginiahewroteabouthiscapturebytheIndiansandhisrescuebythefamousIndianPrincess,Pocahontas.AnotherthinghewroteaboutthatbecamehistoricallyimportantwashisdescriptionofthefertileandvastnewcontinentinhisADescriptionofNewEngland.(1)綰︾堪路鏂瘑鏂?/p>綰︾堪路鏂瘑鏂笂鏍℃槸寮楀悏灝間簹宸炶┕濮嗘柉鏁︽畺姘戝湴鐨勫緩绔嬭€呬箣涓€銆備粬鐨勪綔鍝佷腑鏈夊叧鍖楃編鐨勫彊榪版垚涓哄悗鏉ョЩ姘戜簡瑙ｅ寳緹庢柊澶ч檰鐨勪俊鎭潵婧愩€?/p>綰︾堪路鍙插瘑鏂湪銆婂紬鍚夊凹浜氶€氬彶銆嬩腑璁茶堪浜嗕粬琚嵃絎畨浜轟繕铏忓強琚憲鍚嶇殑鍗扮瀹夊叕涓婚儙娉㈠厠鏉壒涓濊惀鏁戠殑鏁呬簨銆?/p>浠栫殑鍙︿竴閮ㄥ叿鏈夐噸澶у巻鍙叉剰涔夌殑浣滃搧鏄€婃柊鑻辨牸鍏版瑙堛€嬶紝鍏朵腑鎻忚堪浜嗚偉娌冧笖騫胯ⅳ鐨勭編媧叉柊澶ч檰銆?/p>(2)WilliamBradford(1590-1657)In1620WilliamBradfordledtheMayflowerendeavorandbecamethefirstgovernorofthePlymouthPlantationwithhisgroupofpilgrimfathers.HismajorworkisOfPlymouthPlantation.(2)濞佸粔濮喡峰竷闆風寰?/p>鍦?620濞佸粔濮喡峰竷闆風寰風巼棰嗘竻鏁欏緬鍓嶈緢縐繪皯涔樷€滀簲鏈堣姳鈥濆彿鍒拌揪緹庢床錛屼粬鍚庢潵鎴愪負鏅埄鑼呮柉鐨勯浠繪€葷潱銆?/p>浠栫殑涓昏浣滃搧鏄€婃櫘鍒╄寘鏂紑鍙戝彶銆嬨€?/p>(3)JohnWinthrop(1588-1649)JohnWinthropwasthefirstgovernoroftheMassachusettsBaycolony.InhisfamousspeechAModelofChristianCharityhestatedthat鈥渨emustconsiderthatweshallbeasacityuponahill,theeyesofallpeopleareuponus.鈥?/p>ThetwomajorpoetsinthecolonialperiodwereAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor.(3)綰︾堪路娓╂€濈綏鏅?/p>綰︾堪路娓╂€濈綏鏅槸椹惃璇稿婀炬畺姘戝湴鐨勯浠繪€葷潱銆?/p>鍦ㄥ叾钁楀悕婕旇銆婂熀鐫ｆ暀鍗氱埍鐨勫吀鑼冦€嬩腑浠栬鍒扳€滄垜浠皢鎴愪負灞卞穮涔嬪煄錛屽叏涓栫晫浜烘皯鐨勭溂鍏夐兘鍦ㄦ敞瑙嗙潃鎴戜滑銆傗€?/p>孌栨皯鏃舵湡鐨勪袱澶ц瘲浜烘槸瀹壜峰竷闆峰吂鐗歸噷鐗瑰拰鐖卞痙鍗幝鋒嘲鍕掋€?/p>(4)AnneBradstreet錛?612-1672錛?/p>AnneBradstreetwasknownasthe鈥淭enthMuse鈥?whoappearedinAmerica.鈶?/span>MajorworksTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmericaContemplations鈥淯pontheBurningofOurHouse鈥?/p>鈥淭oMyDearandLovingHusband鈥?/p>鈥淚nReferencetoHerChildren鈥?/p>鈥淭heFleshandtheSpirit鈥?/p>鈥淎sWearyPilgrim鈥?/p>鈶?/span>Analysisofhermajorworks鈼咰ontemplations錛?錛?/p>Whenthepoetheardthegrasshopperandcricketsing,shethoughtofthisastheirpraisingoftheirCreatorandsearchedherownsoulaccordingly.Itisevidentthatshesawsomethingmetaphysical,inheringinthephysical,amodeofperceptionthatwassingularlyPuritan.鈼嗏€淭heFleshandtheSpirit鈥?/p>Thispoemdepictstwosistersarguingabouttheirvalues.What鈥渇lesh鈥?representsistheseductivepowerofsecularmaterials.The鈥渟pirit鈥?triestopersuadethe鈥渇lesh鈥?tobelieveinthedivinemajestyofGod.ThetwinsistersareevidentlytheintegralpartsofonePuritanmind.(4)瀹壜峰竷闆峰痙鏂壒閲岀壒濂硅縐頒綔鍦ㄧ編鍥藉嚭鐜扮殑鈥滅鍗佷釜緙柉鈥濄€?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧銆婄編媧叉渶榪戝嚭鐜扮殑絎崄浣嶇吉鏂€?/p>銆婃矇鎬濆綍銆?/p>銆婂啓鍦ㄦ垜瀹跺け鐏箣闄呫€?/p>銆婄尞緇欐垜浜茬埍鐨勪笀澶€?/p>銆婂叧浜庡ス鐨勫瀛愪滑銆?/p>銆婄伒涓庤倝銆?/p>銆婄柌鎯殑鏈濆湥鑰呫€?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧鍒嗘瀽鈼嗐€婃矇鎬濆綍銆嬬涔濋褰撹瘲浜哄惉鍒拌潏铦堝拰铔愯洂鍚屾椂楦ｅ彨錛屽ス鎰熷埌榪欐槸瀹冧滑瀵逛笂甯濇仼鎯犵殑璧炴壃銆傚ス鐢辨寮€濮嬪弽鎬濊嚜宸便€傝繖棣栬瘲紿佸嚭鍦拌〃鐜板嚭娓呮暀寰掑艦璞″湴瑙傚療涓栫晫鐨勬柟寮忋€?/p>鈼嗐€婄伒涓庤倝銆?/p>榪欓璇楁弿榪頒簡涓ゅ濡圭殑浜夎銆傗€滆倝鈥濇墍浠ｈ〃鐨勬槸涓栦織鐨勭墿璐ㄧ殑璇辨儜鍔涖€傝€屸€滅伒鈥濆垯璇曞浘璇存湇鈥滆倝鈥濈浉淇′笂甯濈殑紲炲湥浼熷ぇ銆備袱濮愬浠ｈ〃浜嗕竴涓竻鏁欏緬鐨勫畬鏁存€濇兂銆?/p>(5)EdwardTaylor錛?642-1729錛?/p>EdwardTaylorwasaPuritanpoet,concernedabouthowhisimagesspokeforGod.鈶?/span>Analysisofmajorworks鈼嗏€淗uswifery鈥?/p>Thispoemindicatesthatthepoetsawreligioussignificanceinasimpledailyincidentlikeahousewifespinning.Thespinningwheel,thedistaff,theflyers,thespool,thereelandtheyarnhaveallacquiredametaphysicalsignificanceinthesymbolic,Puritaneyesofthepoet.鈼嗏€淯ponaSpiderCatchingaFly鈥?/p>ThepoetseesthespiderasasymbolofHell.Obviously,TaylorbelievesinGodandthinksthatGodcansavepeoplewhohavemademistakes,eventheguilty,fromthedarktrapofhell.(5)鐖卞痙鍗幝鋒嘲鍕?/p>鐖卞痙鍗幝鋒嘲鍕掓槸涓竻鏁欏緬璇椾漢錛屼粬鐨勮瘲姝屽艦璞′富瑕佷負涓婂笣杈╂姢銆?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧鍒嗘瀽鈼嗐€婂鍔°€?/p>榪欓璇椾腑錛岃瘲浜轟粠瀹跺涵涓誨綰虹粐榪欎竴鏅€氱殑鏃ュ父浜嬩歡涓婄湅鍒板己鐑堢殑瀹楁暀鎰忓懗銆傚湪璇椾漢榪欎釜娓呮暀寰掔殑鐪奸噷錛岀漢杞︺€佺嚎鏉嗐€佹瀛愩€佺嚎絳掑強綰垮嵎錛岃繖浜涙剰璞￠兘鍏鋒湁鎶借薄鐨勬剰涔夈€?/p>鈼嗐€婅湗铔涙崟铦囨湁鎰熴€?/p>璇椾漢璁や負铚樿洓鏄湴鐙辯殑璞″緛銆傛樉鐒訛紝娉板嫆淇′話涓婂笣錛岃涓轟笂甯濊兘鎶婄姱閿欎箣浜猴紝鐢氳嚦鏄湁緗箣浜轟粠鍦扮嫳鐨勯偑鎭跺湀濂楅噷鎷晳鍑烘潵銆?/p>(6)ThomasPaine錛?737-1809錛?/p>ThomasPainewasborninEnglandandcametoAmericain1774.Hislifewasoneofcontinual,unswervingfightfortherightsofman.HewasamajorinfluenceintheAmericanRevolution.鈶?/span>MajorworksCommonSenseTheAmericanCrisis鈥淭heTimesthatTryMen鈥檚Souls鈥?/p>TheRightsofManTheAgeofReason鈶?/span>Analysisofhismajorworks鈼咰ommonSenseCommonSensecriticizedtheBritishmonarchyandpromotedthedevelopmentoftheupcomingstruggletooverthrowcolonialrule.Paineassertedthatonlybyfollowingthecallofhumanintuition,commonsense,andconscience,thecrisisfacedbytheNorthAmericancoloniescouldberesolved.Thispamphletwaspopularinthecolonies.Itwasnotonlyamanifestoforthelegalizationoftheindependence,butalsoaspiritualencouragementtopeoplewhowerestrugglingwiththepain.鈼員heAmericanCrisisTheAmericanCrisisismadeupof16pamphletswrittenbetween1776and1783.Thefirstpamphlet鈥淭heTimesthatTryMen鈥檚Souls鈥?cameoutatoneofthedarkestmomentoftherevolution.鈥淭heharderthestruggle,themoregloriousthetriumph,鈥?whenWashingtonhaditreadtothetroops,itprovedahearteningstimulus,aspurringexcitementtofurtheractionwithhopeandconfidence.(6)鎵橀┈鏂鋒綐鎭?/p>鎵橀┈鏂鋒綐鎭╁嚭鐢熶簬鑻卞浗錛屼簬1774騫存潵鍒扮編鍥姐€備粬鐨勪竴鐢熷牚縐頒負浜虹殑鏉冨埄鑰屽潥鎸佷笉鎳堛€佸姫鍔涘鏂楃殑涓€鐢熴€備粬鏄編鍥界嫭绔嬮潻鍛芥椂鏈熸渶鏈夊獎鍝嶅姏鐨勪漢鐗╀箣涓€銆?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧銆婂父璇嗐€?/p>銆婄編鍥藉嵄鏈恒€?/p>銆婅€冮獙浜虹殑鐏甸瓊鐨勬椂浠ｃ€?/p>銆婁漢鐨勬潈鍒┿€?/p>銆婄悊鎬х殑鏃朵唬銆?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧鍒嗘瀽鈼嗐€婂父璇嗐€?/p>銆婂父璇嗐€嬫姩鍑諱簡鑻卞浗鐨勫悰涓誨埗錛屾帹鍔ㄤ簡鍗沖皢鍒版潵鐨勬帹緲繪畺姘戠粺娌葷殑鏂椾簤鐨勫彂灞曘€傛綐鎭╁甯冨彧鏈夐€氳繃鍚粠浜虹殑鐩磋銆佸父璇嗗拰鑹績鐨勫彫鍞わ紝鍖楃編孌栨皯鍦伴潰涓寸殑鍗辨満鎵嶈兘寰椾互瑙ｅ喅銆傝繖涓皬鍐屽瓙鍦ㄦ畺姘戝湴鍙楀埌鐑崸錛屽畠鏃㈡槸鐙珛浜嬩笟鍚堟硶鍖栫殑瀹ｈ█涔︼紝涔熸槸瀵規繁闄風棝鑻︽枟浜変腑鐨勪漢浠殑綺劇榧撳姳銆?/p>鈼嗐€婄編鍥藉嵄鏈恒€?/p>銆婄編鍥藉嵄鏈恒€嬬敱16綃囧啓浜?776騫磋嚦1783騫寸殑灝忓唽瀛愮粍鎴愩€傚叾涓涓€綃囥€婅€冮獙浜虹殑鐏甸瓊鐨勬椂浠ｃ€嬪啓浜庣編鍥界嫭绔嬫垬浜夋渶鐏版殫鐨勬椂鍒匯€傗€滄垬鏂楄秺鑹拌嫤錛岃儨鍒╄秺鍏夎崳錛屸€濆綋鍗庣洓欏挎妸榪欑瘒鏂囩珷蹇電粰澹叺鍚椂錛屽畠瀹涘涓€鍓傚叴濂嬪墏錛岄紦鑸炲啗姘戞弧鎬€淇″績鍜屽笇鏈涘媷寰€鐩村墠銆?/p>(7)PhilipFreneauPhilipFreneau鈥檚greatpositioninthehistoryofAmericanliteratureisreflectedinmanyaspects.Hededicatedhispoetrycreationabilitytothecountry鈥檚struggleforindependence.HispoemspraisedthejusticeofthepeopleandexposedtheatrocitiesoftheBritishcolonists.Inaddition,heisalsooneoftheprominentrepresentativesof