NormsofWritingaResearchPaperComponentsofResearchPaperAuthors’NameReferencesBody

KeyWordsAbstractAuthors’AffiliationTitleBroughttoyoubythePurdueUniversityOnlineWritingLab

AStep-by-StepProcedureThePreliminaries(前期準備)___1.Chooseatopic___2.Beginpreliminaryreading___3.Restrictthesubject___4.DevelopapreliminarythesisstatementGatheringData(材料收集)___1.Compiletheworkingbibliography___2.Preparethebibliographyoncardsincorrectform(3"x5"cards)___3.Beginextensiveworkinthelibraryreferenceroom;besuretocheck:___a.generalbibliographies___b.tradebibliographies___c.indexes(booksandcollections,literatureinperiodicals,newspaperindexes,pamphletindexes)___d.libraryelectroniccatalogueTakingNotes(做好記錄)___1.Developapreliminaryoutline___2.Evaluateyoursourcematerial;whichisprimarymaterialandwhichissecondarymaterial?___3.Beginnote-takingoncards(4"x6"cards)___4.Avoidplagiarism(剽竊)WritingthePaper(寫作開始)___1.Developthefinaloutline;testyouroutline___2.Preparetowrite:___a.putyournotecardsintheorderthatyouroutlineisin___b.consideryour(realandimagined)readersandhowtheirexpectationsmayaffectyourtoneandstyle___3.Writetheroughdraft___4.Checkyourdocumentationcarefully___5.Reviseandrewrite___6.Checktheformatofthetext,citations,notes,andbibliography___7.Proofread翻譯論文的英文標題應注意以下四點：(1）不能按漢語的語序逐字對照翻譯，應按英語的表達方式用名詞短語表達，一般不用完整的句子。

1)ThePaperTitle(2)標題應力求簡練，實詞10個左右，省略沒有實際意義的詞，如：thestudyof研究,theinvestigationof成果調查,theobservationof觀察,theresearchof研究,theanalysisof分析,thecomparisonof比較,等。如果標題過長，可以分出一部分作為副標題。(3)

盡量避免用縮寫詞，因為英文縮寫詞太多，容易使讀者費解。國外核心學術期刊中，對縮寫詞的使用非常謹慎，第一次出現必須先寫全名，縮寫附后加括號。國外學術期刊論文標題使用縮寫的情況不占1%，而我國學術期刊中論文標題用縮寫詞的卻達10%以上，這也是不能與國際接軌的一個方面。

(4）標題中常用的介詞有of（表示動賓關系，所屬關系，或同位關系）,on（表示對…的作用或影響）,in（在某范圍或人群中）,with（患有某種疾病）,for（其目的或以便…）等。(5)利用檢索工具統計分析醫學論文英文標題利用Wordsmith及Range32等對所收集的2000個論文標題進行統計分析，得到具體數據如下：總形符19475個，標題平均長度為9.72個詞，平均詞長為5.59個字母。其中AmericanJournalofMedicine中出現重復標題4個，AnnalsofInternalMedicine重復標題有41個，ArchivesofInternalMedicine沒有重復標題，BritishMedicalJournal上有10個重復的標題。下表

醫學論文英文標題中頻率最高的前10個詞RankWordlistFreqencypercentage1of10385.33%2and7363.77%3in7243.72%4the6082.55%5for4452.88%6A3881.99%7to2761.41%8with2611.34%9patients1830.93%10disease1610.82of(表示動賓關系，所屬關系，或性質特征等)in/among(在某范圍中或人群中)for(作為…，對于)with(患有某種疾病，用某種研究方法,搭配需要等)on(表示對?的作用、影響，關于)等To(詞語搭配需要,如relatedto,)由于論文標題一般由名詞詞組組成，所以比較多地使用介詞。論文標題中使用最多的介詞有1duringcardiacsurgery.4:5:6:Managementof

venousthrombo-.2foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areviewof

theevidencefo3foranAmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollege

of

Physicians4foracuteandchroniclowbackpain:areview

of

theevidenceforan5AmericanPainSociety/AmericanCollegeof

Physiciansclinical6guideline.13:Diagnosisandtreatmentof

lowbackpain:ajoint7practiceguidelinefromtheAmericanCollege

of

Physiciansand8geriatricmedicine.15:Cost-effectiveness

of

screeningand9growthfactorindeterminingthecauseof

obstructivecholestasis.10ofobstructivecholestasis.17:Validity

of

modelsforpredicting檢索19475個詞,

of

共出現1038次，分析以下各行中of

的使用第1、2、4、6行均為動賓關系，其共同特征為前邊有一個由動詞變化而來的名詞。第3、5、7、8、9、10均為所屬關系。介詞in

的使用頻率僅次于介詞of，共出現724次，后面跟人群，患者，疾病的范圍或者指某一方面或部位。學術論文的標題一般有短語構成，如名詞短語、動名詞短語、介詞短語等。少數也有完整的句子，以陳述句居多，間或有疑問句。英漢論文標題對比*Blindnessaftertreatmentofmalignanthypertension惡性高血壓治療后的視覺缺失（研究）*Self-accessEnglishLearninginwebenvironment網絡環境下的自主英語學習*Secondarypreventionofprimarylivercancer:Randomizedcontrolledprospectivestudy原發性肝癌二級預防的隨機分組前瞻性研究*Essentialfattyacidsinfullterminfantsfedbreastmilkorformula足月嬰兒母乳喂養和配方喂養必需脂肪酸對比研究a.名詞短語（N+Preposition）*Recentlytrainedgeneralpediatricians:perspectivesonresidencytrainingandscopeofpractice.*

EvaluationandmanagementoftheinfantexposedtoHIV-1intheUnitedStates.*

Utilityoflumbarpunctureforfirstsimplefebrileseizureamongchildren6to18monthsofage.*

Effectsoftheaccreditationcouncilforgraduatemedicaleducationduty-hourlimitsonsleep,workhours,andsafety.*UnderstandingtheDevelopmentandPreventionofType2DiabetesinYouth

青春期II型糖尿病的發生和預防措施研究

Preventingstrokeinpatientswithatrialfibrillation房顫患者中風預防*

Screeningforenvironmentaltobaccosmokeexposureamonginner-citychildrenwithasthma.b.動名詞短語*MalignantHypertensionandCigarettesmoking惡性高血壓與抽煙

相關性研究Gastroesophagealrefluxandcow’smilkallergyininfants:Aprospectivestudy

嬰兒胃食管返流與牛奶過敏有關的前瞻性研究c.名詞并列結構*Abnormalpainintheemergencyroom:176consecutivecases腹痛急診連續176例研究*Qualityofinpatientcareforasthma:challengesandopportunities.哮喘住院病人護理質量調查:面臨的挑戰和機遇*DiabetesMellitus:NewDiagnosticCriteria

糖尿病新的診斷標準d.副標題的應用e．其它句式*OnControllingRectalCancer

關于控制直腸癌的探討*BiologistsofChinaarealsoconsideringstrengtheningtheresearchonbiodiversity(次類動詞接動名詞/名詞，還有：admit,avoid,appreciate,deny,escape,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recollect,understand,suggest,etc.)

*HomeorHospitalBirth?*Isthetreatmentofborderlinehypertensiongoodorbad?１）流行病學回顧性研究與藥物濫用２）（前瞻性縱向評估）嬰兒臥勢的變化３）高中生運動員腦外傷研究4）兒科癌癥幸存者的長期隨訪鑒護研究

試翻譯下列論文標題：nextRetrospectiveStudyofEpidemiologyandDrugAbuse2)Traumaticbraininjuryinhighschoolathletes3)Changesinsleeppositionduringinfancy:Aprospectivelongitudinalassessment4)Long-termfollow-upcareforpediatriccancersurvivors.標題參考譯文:1.大量名詞詞組的連接都是由介詞和并列連接詞來完成。2.英文中為副標題，而漢語不一定是副標題；3.注意信息的等價性,而不是字數相等;標題翻譯提示

用漢語拼音署名已被國際上認可，因此,不必把姓和名倒置，為了區別姓和名，現在慣用的方法是：姓在前，全部大寫漢語拼音，名在后，只大寫第一個字母。中國人復名較多，連節一起即可。如：WANGFang（王方）;LINGuoyou

（林國友）;ZHANGHui-fang。署名三人為易，三人以上的作者省去，加etal

(等)。如：BakerS.P./BraverE.R./ChenL.H.etal.2)英文署名(Author’sName)作者單位在作者之后，按從小到大順序排列，實詞大寫第一個字母，如：DepartmentofNephrology,ShanghaiChildren’sHospital,Shanghai200040,P.R.China上海市兒童醫院腎病科（附所在城市，郵編，中國）。3.作者單位(Author’sAffiliation)關鍵詞:

體育鍛煉;減肥;肌肉總量;智力發展Keywords:physicaltraining;weightloss;mentaldevelopment;musclemass4)關鍵詞

寫好英文摘要的正文有助于稿件的采用，目前美國兒科核心期刊文摘（CoreJournalsinPediatrics）英文摘要有５０％以上是結構式摘要，摘要的長度在200至400詞左右。摘要正文的寫作按照論文IMRAD(Introduction,Methods,ResultsandDiscussion)的格式對重點進行加工整理，以引導詞（Objective,Methods,ResultsandConclusion）所提示的內容描述。5)摘要(Abstract)

而英國一些期刊的結構式摘要力求祥實，大都有七部分組成：Objectives;Design;Setting;Subjects;Mainoutcomemeasurements;Results;Conclusion.摘要的長度在400詞左右。有的作者對寫摘要不夠重視，三言兩語，不能體現文中的主要內容，這樣不易采用。英文摘要的寫作既有格式和內容的要求，又有科技英語語言特點的要求，舉例說明如下：英文摘要的類別與組成要素傳統式

Summary:oneparagraph結構式Objective(s):Method(s):Result(s):Conclusion(s)Backgroundandpurpose:DataSource:StudySelectionDataExtraction:DataSynthesisConclusionsBackground/Purposes:CaseReport:ConclusionScreeningforHIV:AReviewoftheEvidencefortheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceAbstract:BackgroundandPurpose:HIVinfectionaffects850,000to950,000personsintheU.S.ThemanagementandoutcomesofHIVinfectionhavechangedsubstantiallysincetheU.S.PreventiveServicesTaskForceissuedrecommendationsin1996.ThestudyistosynthesizetheevidenceonrisksandbenefitsofscreeningforHIVinfection.DataSources:MEDLINE,theCochranceLibrary,referencelists,andexperts.StudySelection:Studiesexampleofscreening,riskfactorassessment,accuracyoftesting,follow-uptesting,andefficacyofinterventions.DataExtractions:Dataonsettings,patients,interventions,andoutcomeswereabstractedforincludedstudies;qualitywasgradedaccordingtocriteriadevelopedbytheTaskForce.DataSynthesis:NotrialsdirectlylinkscreeningforHIVwithclinicaloutcomes.ManyHIV-infectedpersonsintheUnitedStatescurrentlyreceivediagnosisatadvancedstagesofdisease,andalmostallwithprogresstoAIDSifuntreated.Screeningbasedonriskfactorscouldidentifypersonsatsubstantiallyhigherriskbutwouldmissasubstantialproportionofthoseinfected.ScreeningtestsforHIVareextremelyaccurate(>99%).Acceptanceratesforscreeninganduseofrecommendedinterventionvarywidely.Highlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy(HAART)substantiallyreducestheriskforclinicalprogressionordeathinpatientswithimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.Alongwithotheradverseevents,HAARTisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforcardiovascularcomplications,althoughabsoluteratesarelowafter3to4years.Limitations:Dataareinsufficienttoestimatetheeffectsofscreeningandinterventionsontransmissionratesorinpatientswithlessimmunologicallyadvanceddisease.LongtermdataonadverseeventsassociatedwithHAARTarenotyetavailable.Conclusions:BenefitsofHIVscreening

appeartooutweighharms.Theyieldfromscreeninghigher-prevalencepopulationswouldbesubstantiallyhigherthanthatfromscreeningthegeneralpopulation.finishedObjectives

的語言特點是以動詞不定式開頭，言簡意賅。如：1)Toidentifytheefficacyandsafetyof…2)Todescribecomplicationof….3)Toassesstheeffectivenessof…..4)Todeterminewhether/if…..5)Toexaminetherelationbetween….6)Toevaluatethes