CARBONCAPTURE,UTILIZATION,ANDSTORAGEGAMECHANGERSINASIAANDTHEPACIFIC

2022COMPENDIUMOF

TECHNOLOGIESANDENABLERS

ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK

CARBONCAPTURE,

UTILIZATION,AND

STORAGEGAMECHANGERS

INASIAANDTHEPACIFIC

2022COMPENDIUMOF

TECHNOLOGIESANDENABLERS

ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK

CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)

?2023AsianDevelopmentBank

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ISBN978-92-9270-230-4(print);978-92-9270-231-1(electronic);978-92-9270-232-8(ebook)

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DOI:/10.22617/TCS230251-2

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Notes:

Inthispublication,“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars,unlessotherwisestated.

ADBrecognizes“Korea”astheRepublicofKorea.

CoverdesignbyMikeCortes.

Contents

Tables,Figures,andBoxesiv

Forewordvi

Acknowledgmentsvii

Abbreviationsviii

Overview1

Game-ChangingCarbonDioxideCaptureTechnologies3

CarbonDioxideCaptureThroughHotPotassiumCarbonateAbsorption3

CarbonDioxideCapturethroughCryogenicCooling6

CarbonDioxideCapturethroughElectro-SwingAdsorption10

PartialCaptureofCarbonDioxide13

Game-ChangingCarbonDioxideUtilizationTechnologies19

UtilizationofCarbonDioxideCapturedfromWaste-to-EnergyPlantsin19

SyntheticNaturalGasProduction

CarbonDioxideUtilizationinTextileDyeing25

CarbonDioxideUtilizationinAlgaeProteinandOilProduction29

CarbonDioxideUtilizationinBiogenicConstructionMaterials31

CarbonDioxideStorageinCementitiousMaterials38

Game-ChangingCarbonDioxideStorageTechnology41

TurningCarbonDioxideintoStone41

Game-ChangingCarbonDioxideCapture,Utilization,andStorageTechnologyEnabler47

EnablingCarbonDioxideRemovalsthroughCollectivePurchasingVehicle47

OtherAsianDevelopmentBankReportsonCarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorage50

Tables,Figures,andBoxes

Tables

1Comparisonbetween90%Full-Capturevs.60%Partial-CaptureDesign17

2NextGenCarbonDioxideRemovalProjectPipeline48

Figures

1KarbonTechnologyHotPotassiumCarbonateCarbonCapture4

2SustainableEnergySolutionsCryogenicCarbonCaptureProcessFlowDiagram6

3SchematicDiagramofElectro-SwingAdsorption10

4TimelinefortheDeploymentofPartialCarbonDioxideCapture13

5DesignPathsforPartialCapture14

6Full-Scalevs.Down-ScaledCaptureDesign15

7CarbonDioxideCaptureCostSavingsfromPartialCaptureandFullCapture16

8TheccWOIMACarbonCapturePlantProcess20

9EnergySampoCCULiquidSyntheticNaturalGasProduction21

10EnergySampoCarbonCaptureUtilizationValueChain22

11CarbonTextileDyeingProcess26

12CarbonDioxideDyeinginaNutshell26

13ImpactTechnologyAdoptionfromLocaltoGlobal28

14GlobalAlgae’sKeyInnovationsandEnergyCostReductions30

15LignikCompositeProductionProcess31

16ProductsoftheLignikProcess32

17LignikTechnologyComparisonwithNegativeEmissionTechnologies(TrafficLightRatingSystem)34

18LignikHouseStrengthsandApplications34

19EconomicActivitySpurredbyaLignikFactory36

20CarbonUpcycling’sMechanicallyAssistedChemicalExfoliationProcess38

21CarbfixProcess42

22On-SiteCaptureandStorageDiagram44

23CodaTerminalandStorageSite45

24DirectAirCaptureandStorage45

25NextGenCarbonDioxideRemovalFacilityStructure48

Boxes

1KarbonHotPotassiumCarbonateCarbonCaptureKeyFeatures3

2CryogenicCarbonCaptureKeyFeatures6

3VerdoxElectro-SwingAdsorptionKeyFeatures10

4ChalmersUniversityofTechnologyPartialCarbonCapture13

5ccWOIMACarbonCapturePlantKeyFeatures19

Tables,Figures,andBoxesv

6DyeCooTextileSystemsKeyFeatures25

7GlobalAlgaeInnovations’AdvancedAlgaeFarmingKeyFeatures29

8LignikTechnologyKeyFeatures31

9Carbon-UpcycledCementitiousMaterials38

10CarbfixKeyFeatures41

11NextGenCarbonDioxideRemovalFacilityKeyFeatures47

Foreword

A

stheclimatebankforAsiaandthePacific,theAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)strivestoseeasustainablelow-carbonregioninthenexthalfofthiscentury.Whilethedestinationhasbeendecided,thepathoftechnologiesisstilluncertain.Thewinninglow-carbonsolutionwillemergeastechnologiesdevelop,experienceisgained,andfundingisdetermined.Hence,ADBhaskeptitsnear-termaswellaslong-termtechnologicaloptionsopen.Thisisthereasonwhyhydrogen;carboncapture,utilization,andstorage(CCUS);energyefficiency;renewableenergy;energystorage;andsomanyothersignificanttechnologieshavebeenpursuedsimultaneouslybyADB.

CCUShasaspecialspaceamongthemanyoptionsforlow-carbondevelopmentinAsia.Ithelpsinensuringenergysecurity,decarbonizationofhard-to-abateindustries,andcompliancewithinternationalcommitments.Atthesametime,itguaranteesarelativelylowdisruptionintheexistingarrangements.However,theutilizationofcapturedcarbonisstillinarelativelynascentstage.Hence,thereisaneedtocloselytrackthedevelopmentsincarbondioxidecapture,utilization,andstorage.

ThemaidencompendiumofCCUStechnologiesin

2021explainedthesalientfeaturesofcutting-edge

developments.Thisyear,ADBisbringinganotherset

ofinterestingCCUStechnologies.Aswasthecasein

thefirstpublication,thisyear’scompendiumpresents

asetoftechnologiesthatareatdifferentstagesof

development.Theyrangefromearly-stagelaboratory

ideastofullydevelopedtechnologythatjustneedsto

becommercializedatamassscale.

Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankthe

DepartmentofBusiness,EnergyandIndustrial

Strategy,GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomfortheir

supportinthispublicationthroughtheircontribution

tothecarboncaptureandstoragefundofADB.

Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethetechnicaladvice

providedbytheGlobalCCSInstitute,Australiawhile

preparingthiscompendium.

ADBwillbehappytotaketheseideasforwardinits

developingmembercountriesoncetheircommercial

viabilityisproven.Welookforwardtohearingfrom

theinvestmentcommunitytopracticingindustries.

PriyanthaWijayatunga

SeniorDirector,EnergySectorOffice

SectorsGroup

AsianDevelopmentBank

Acknowledgments

T

hiscompendiumoftechnologybriefswaspreparedbytheconsultantteamfromtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)underregionalTechnicalAssistance9686:IntegratedHighImpactInnovationinSustainableEnergyTechnology(Subproject2)—PrefeasibilityAnalysisforCarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorage.TheteamwassupportedbytheDepartmentofBusiness,EnergyandIndustrialStrategy,GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,throughtheCarbonCaptureandStorageFundundertheCleanEnergyFinancingPartnershipFacility.

ThemaincontributorstothiscompendiumareCarbfixohf.(ólafurEinarJóhannsson);CarbonUpcyclingTechnologiesInc.(KristinSkelton);CEMEXGlobalResearchandDevelopment(DavideZampini);ChalmersUniversityofTechnology(MaximilianBiermann);DyeCoo(ErnstSiewers);CO2Tech—aCO2CRCcompany;GlobalAlgaeInnovations,Inc.(DavidHazlebeckandMarkHazlebeck);KarbonKorea(WonDongChoandJahyeKim);Southpole(PhilipMoss);SustainableEnergySolutions(OwenHart);Verdox(JonteBoysen);andWOIMAFinlandOy(HenriKinnunenandTapioGylling).TheGlobal

CCSInstitute(MatthewLoughreyandNoumanMirza)

providedguidanceandsupportingatheringtechnology

informationconsideredforthiscompendium.

ADB’sClimateChangeandDisasterRiskManagement

Division,ClimateChangeandSustainableDevelopment

Department(CCSD);EastAsiaDepartment;Pacific

Department;Procurement,Portfolio,andFinancial

ManagementDepartment;SouthAsiaDepartment;and

theSoutheastAsiaDepartmentreviewedandprovided

commentsonthedraftofthiscompendium.

Guidanceinthepreparationofthiscompendium

wasprovidedbyPriyanthaWijayatunga,senior

directorandKee-YungNam,principalenergy

economist,energysectoroffice(SG);supportedby

CharityTorregosa,seniorenergyofficer,SG;Maria

DonaAliboso,operationsanalyst,SG;Marinette

Glo,operationsassistant,SG;andADBconsultants

DarshakMehtaandRemifeDeGuzman.Maria

TheresaMercado,consultant(ADB);MikeCortes

coverdesign;EdithCreus,typesetter;LeviRodolfo

Lusterio,proofreader;andLawrenceCasiraya,page

proofcheckersupportedtheeditingandlayoutofthis

publication.

Abbreviations

ADBBEIS

CAPEXCCCCCSCCUSCDR

CO2

CUTDACSDMCESAEUGHGHPCLNGLSNGMACEMEAMENANOxOPEXR&D

sc-CO

2

SCM

AsianDevelopmentBank

DepartmentofBusiness,Energyand

IndustrialStrategy(BEIS),Government

oftheUnitedKingdom

capitalexpenditure

cryogeniccarboncapture

carboncaptureandstorage

carboncapture,utilization,andstoragecarbondioxideremoval

carbondioxide

carbonupcyclingtechnologiestechnologydirectaircaptureandstoragedevelopingmembercountry

electro-swingadsorption

EuropeanUnion

greenhousegas

hotpotassiumcarbonate

liquefiednaturalgas

liquidsyntheticnaturalgas

mechanicallyassistedchemicalexfoliationmonoethanolamine

MiddleEastandNorthAfrica

nitrogenoxide

operatingexpenditure

researchanddevelopment

supercriticalcarbondioxide

supplementarycementitiousmaterials

SESSustainableEnergySolutions

SOxsulfuroxide

USUnitedStates

volvolume

WtEwaste-to-energy

WEIGHTSANDMEASURES

€euro

°CdegreeCelsius

GJgigajoule

GTgigaton

kgkilogram

KWhkilowatt-hour

Lliter

m

2squaremeter

MJmegajoule

MWmegawatt

thmegawattthermal

MW

NM3hnormalmetercubeperhour

ssecond

tton

2

tCOtonofcarbondioxide

Note:“ton”refersto“metricton”equivalent

to1,000kilograms.

Abbreviations1

Overview

T

hiscompendiumofgame-changingcarboncapture,utilization,andstorage(CCUS)conceptsdealswithfourinterestingcarbondioxide(CO2)capturetechnologies,fiveCO2utilizationtechnologies,oneCO2storagetechnology,andoneenablerconcept.Thetechnologiespresentedareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentranging

fromresearchanddevelopmenttocommercialdeployment.TheconceptsincludedinthiscompendiumwerefurnishedbyCCUStechnologyprovidersandenablersthroughtheirresponsestoanemailquestionnairepreparedbytheconsultantteamoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)throughregionalTechnicalAssistance9686:IntegratedHighImpactInnovationinSustainableEnergyTechnology(Subproject2)—PrefeasibilityAnalysisforCarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorage.

Thiscompendiumisnotexhaustive.Otherideasareavailableandmayalsobeaddedinthefuture.Similarly,therearelikelytobemoresuppliersofthesametechnology.ADBlooksforwardtootheropportunitiestoaddtothiscollectionofideasonCCUS,whichcouldhelpADBdevelopingmembercountriesachievelow-carbondevelopment.

ThefirststepintheprocessofCCUSisthecaptureofCO2.Overtheyears,technologieshave

beendeployedandconceptualized.Justasthecompendiumof2021,whichdescribedCO2capturetechnologiesthathaveusedmembraneorhaveusednovelcentrifugetodramaticallyreducethesizeofthecaptureequipment,thisyear’scompendiumhasanothersetofinterestingtechnologiesthatcouldchangethegame.Onetechnologyisanovel

non-amineCO2absorptiontechnology,whichclaims

tobelesstoxicandmaycostaboutathirdofwhat

amine-basedcaptureisexpected.Anotherideais

capturingCO2throughapplicationofcryogenics.This

technologywillnotinvolvechemicalsandcouldbe

efficient.ThethirdCO2capturetechnologyfeatured

inthiscompendiumisbasedonelectrochemical

adsorptionthatrequiresnoconsumablesandless

energythandirectairCO2capturetechnologies.

Inadditiontothese,whenfull-scalecaptureisnot

feasiblebecauseofsiteconditionssuchaslow

availabilityofwasteheat,partialCO2capturecouldbe

anoptiontoconsiderinthenear-term.Thistechnique

islikelytoreducecapitalandoperatingcost.

AsAsiaundergoesrapidurbanization,makingcities

livablebecomesanimportantdevelopmentcriterion

fortheADBdevelopingmembercountries(DMCs).

Propersolidwastemanagementandsustainable

energygenerationaretwonecessitiesthataremet

throughwaste-to-energyplants.Hence,several

suchplantsareexpectedtobesetupinAsiainthe

comingyears.Whileenergygenerationandwaste

eliminationarealreadyaddressedbysuchprojects,

thegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionissuedueto

waste-to-energyprojectscanbemetthroughCO2

capture.Theparadigmshiftinwastecollectionaswell

asprocessingsuggeststhatthewastewillprimarily

compriseofbiomass.Thus,CO2capturefrom

waste-to-energyprojectswillbeessentiallynegative

emissionprojects.ADBhasincludedonesuch

applicationinthiscompendium.Anotherinteresting

featureoftheprojectistheproductionoflow-carbon

fuelfromthecapturedCO2.

Game-ChangingCarbonDioxideCaptureTechnologies3

Game-ChangingCarbonDioxide

CaptureTechnologies

CarbonDioxideCapturethroughHotPotassiumCarbonateAbsorption

Technologyprovider

KarbonCCSLimited(RepublicofKorea;Norway)

Technologydescription

Hotpotassiumcarbonate(HPC)isawell-establishedprocessforextractingcarbondioxide(CO2)frommixedgasessuchastowngas,ammonia,hydrogen,naturalgas,andethyleneoxide.Itisusedinthousandsofindustrialfacilitiesworldwide.However,conventionalHPCprocessesareinefficientwhentheconcentrationofCO2inthemixedgasislow,at5%–30%.Althoughefficiencycanbeincreasedbypressurizingexhaustgasto10–15bar,mechanicalcompressorsaretoobulkyandexpensive.

ThekeyinnovationofKarbonTechnologyeliminatestheneedforbulkyandexpensivemechanicalcompressors.KarbonTechnologypressurizesindustrialexhaustgasbycombustingittogetherwithnaturalgasandairinthecombustionchamberofagasturbine.Theresultingsecondaryexhaustgasexitsthegasturbineat10–15bar,apressureatwhichtheHPCprocessefficientlyextractsCO2.Thekeyabsorbent—potassiumcarbonate—isinert,nontoxic,inexpensive,environmentallybenign,andhasasmallfootprint.Figure1illustratesKarbon’sHPCcarbon

captureprocess.

Box1:KarbonHotPotassiumCarbonateCarbonCaptureKeyFeatures

TechnologyHighlights

?90%–95%ofcarbondioxide(CO2)fromexhaustgas

?Costofcapturecouldbeaslowas$30pertonofCO2captured

?Usesaslowas2gigajoulesofenergypertonofCO2captured

?Usesinert,inexpensiveandenvironmentallybenign

COabsorbent

?Widerangeofapplication

DevelopmentStage

?Pilotdemonstration

SectorsofApplication

?Processindustries

?Powerplants

?Maritime

2

Technologyadvantages

KeytechnologyadvantagesofKarbonHPCcarbon

captureprocessincludesthefollowing:

(i)KarbonHPCprocesshasanenergypenaltyof

2.5~3.5gigajoules(GJ)pertonofCO2captured

dependingontheCO2concentrationinfluegas.2

(ii)CostofCO2capturewithKarboncouldbeas

lowas$30pertonofCO2captured.3

2Amineprocessesuse3–4GJpertonofCO2captured.

3Subjecttocostofenergy.

4CarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorageGameChangersinAsiaandthePacific

HostPlant

Pressurized

Gas

ExhaustGas

DivertedtotheCapturePlant

Treated

Gas

ExhaustGas

CO2

Fossil

Fuel

Figure1:KarbonTechnologyHotPotassiumCarbonateCarbonCapture

CapturePlant

Natural

gas

Turbine

HPCUnit

CO2=carbondioxide,HPC=hotpotassiumcarbonate.

Source:Karbon.

(iii)Karboncandecarbonizefluegasfromboilers,

reciprocatingenginesandgasturbinesrangingfrom2megawatts(MW)andupwardto1,000MWonlandandsea.

(iv)Karboncapturesbetween90%–95%ofCO2

fromexhaustgas.Theactualpercentagecapturedisadesignchoice,whichdependsontherequirementsandeconomicsofthefacilityinquestion.

(v)AllcomponentsofKarbonTechnologyareoff-the-shelfandindustriallymature.Constructioncouldbesimpleandfastwithuseofstandard

components.

(vi)KarbonusespotassiumcarbonateasCO2

absorbent,whichisinert,nontoxic,andrequiresnoreplacementovertime.

(vii)Karbon,operatingunderhigh-pressure

atmosphere,requiresabout1/3rdlesslandcomparedtoothertechnologiesoperatingatlowpressure.Beingretrofittechnology,Karboncanalsobeinstalledadjacenttothehostplantwithoutanyinterruptiontoitsoperation.

(viii)Otherpollutantssuchassulfuroxides(SOx),particulatematter,nitrogenoxides(NOx),carbonmonoxide,andmercurycanberemovedinserieswiththeKarbonprocess.

Relatedcosts

(i)UpfrontinvestmentforKarbonplantscapturing

CO2fromcoal-firedpowerplants:

(a)$350million–Capture1milliontons

ofCO2peryear

(b)$1,000million–Capture95%ofCO2

froma1,000MWpowerplant

(ii)Operatingcosts—Lessthan$3pertonofCO2

captured,excludingthecostofnaturalgas,which

variesbylocationandtransportcostofCO2Inthe

UnitedStates(US),fora1,000MWcoal-fired

powerplant,thecostofnaturalgasiscurrently

about$25pertonofCO2captured.

(iii)Unitcosts—All-incostincludingcap