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第三版新視野大學英語第二冊課文翻譯Unit1AnimpressiveEnglishlessonIfIamtheonlyparentwhostillcorrectshischild'sEnglish,thenperhapsmysonisright.Tohim,Iamatediousoddity:afatherheisobligedtolistentoandamanabsorbedintherulesofgrammar,whichmysonseemsallergicto.IthinkIgotseriousaboutthisonlyrecentlywhenIranintooneofmyformerstudents,freshfromanexcursiontoEurope."Howwasit?"Iasked,fullofearnestanticipation.Shenoddedthreeorfourtimes,searchedtheheavensfortherightwords,andthenexclaimed,"Itwas,like,whoa!"Andthatwasit.ThecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecturewerecapturedinacondensednon-statement.Mystudent's"whoa!"wasexceededonlybymyhead-shakingdistress.TherearemanydifferentstoriesaboutthedownturnintheproperuseofEnglish.Surelystudentsshouldbeabletodistinguishbetweentheir/there/they'reorthedistinctivedifferencebetweencomplimentaryandcomplementary.Theyunfairlybearthebulkofthecriticismfortheseknowledgedeficitsbecausethereisasensethattheyshouldknowbetter.Studentsarenotdumb,buttheyarebeingmisledeverywheretheylookandlisten.Forexample,signsingrocerystorespointthemtothestationary,eventhoughtheactualstationeryitems—pads,albumsandnotebooks—arenotnaileddown.Friendsandlovedonesoftenproclaimthey'vejustatewhen,infact,they'vejusteaten.Therefore,itdoesn'tmakeanysensetocriticizeourstudents.7Blameforthescandalofthislanguagedeficitshouldbethrustuponourschools,whichshouldbesettinghighstandardsofEnglishlanguageproficiency.Instead,theyonlyteachalittlegrammarandevenlessadvancedvocabulary.Moreover,theyoungerteachersthemselvesevidentlyhavelittleknowledgeofthesevitalstructuresoflanguagebecausetheyalsowentwithoutexposuretothem.Schoolsfailtoadequatelyteachtheessentialframeworkoflanguage,accurategrammarandpropervocabulary,whiletheyshouldtaketheresponsibilityofpushingtheyoungontothepathofcompetentcommunication.8Sincegrammarisboringtomostoftheyoungstudents,Ithinkthatitmustbehandleddelicately,stepbystep.ThechancecamewhenonedayIwasdrivingwithmyson.Aswesetoutonourtrip,henoticedabirdinjerkyflightandsaid,"It'sflyingsounsteady."Icarefullyasked,"Myson,howisthebirdflying?""What'swrong?DidIsayanythingincorrectly?"Hegotlost."Great!Yousaidincorrectlyinsteadofincorrect.Weuseadverbstodescribeverbs.Therefore,it'sflyingsounsteadilybutnotsounsteady."9Curiousaboutmycorrection,heaskedmewhatanadverbwas.Slowly,Isaid,"It'sawordthattellsyousomethingaboutaverb."Itledtohisaskingmewhataverbwas.Iexplained,"Verbsareactionwords;forexample,Daddrivesthetruck.Driveistheverbbecauseit'sthethingDadisdoing."10Hebecameattractedtotheideaofactionwords,sowelistedafewmore:fly,swim,dive,run.Then,outofhisowncuriosity,heaskedmeifotherwordshadnamesfortheiruseandfunctions.Thisledtoadiscussionofnouns,adjectives,andarticles.Withinthespanofa10-minutedrive,hehadlearnedfromscratchtothemajorpartsofspeechinasentence.Itwaspainlesslearningandgreatfun!11Perhaps,languageshouldbelookeduponasaroadmapandavaluablepossession:oftenstudytheroadmap(checkgrammar)andtuneupthecarengine(adjustvocabulary).Learninggrammarandagoodvocabularyisjustlikedrivingwitharoadmapinawell-conditionedcar.12Theroadmapprovidestheframeworkandguidanceyouneedforyourtrip,butitwon'ttellyouexactlywhattreesorflowersyouwillsee,whatkindofpeopleyouwillencounter,orwhattypesoffeelingsyouwillbeexperiencingonyourjourney.Here,thevocabularymakesthejourney'struecolorscomealive!Agoodvocabularyenablesyoutoenjoywhateveryouseeasyoudrivealong.Equippedwithgrammarandagoodvocabulary,youhaveflexibilityandexcellentcontrol.Whiletheroadmapguidesyourjourneytoyourdestination,anexcellentvehiclehelpsyoutofullyenjoyallofthesights,soundsandexperiencesalongtheway.13Effective,precise,andbeneficialcommunicationdependsupongrammarandagoodvocabulary,thetwoessentialassetsforstudents,buttheyarenotbeingtaughtinschools.14Justthismorning,mysonandIwereeatingbreakfastwhenIattemptedtoaddmilktomytea."Dad,"hesaid,"IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.It'ssour."15"Ohmy!"Isaid,swellingwithpridetowardmyson,"That'sagrammaticallyperfectsentence.Youusedwereinsteadofwas."16"Iknow,Iknow,"hesaidwithalongagreeablesigh."It'sthesubjunctivemood."17Iwas,like,whoa!Translation一堂難忘的英語課如果我是唯一一個還在糾正小孩英語的家長,那么我兒子也許是對的。對他而言,我是一個乏味的怪物:一個他不得不聽其教誨的父親,一個還沉湎于語法規則的人,對此我兒子似乎頗為反感。我覺得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位學生時,才開始對這個問題認真起來的。這個學生剛從歐洲旅游回來。我滿懷著誠摯期待問她:“歐洲之行如何?”她點了三四下頭,絞盡腦汁,苦苦尋找恰當的詞語,然后驚呼:“真是,哇!”沒了。所有希臘文明和羅馬建筑的輝煌居然囊括于一個濃縮的、不完整的語句之中!我的學生以“哇!”來表示她的驚嘆,我只能以搖頭表達比之更強烈的憂慮。關于正確使用英語能力下降的問題,有許多不同的故事。學生的確本應該能夠區分諸如their/there/they're之間的不同,或區別complimentary跟complementary之間顯而易見的差異。由于這些知識缺陷,他們承受著大部分不該承受的批評和指責,因為輿論認為他們應該學得更好。學生并不笨,他們只是被周圍所看到和聽到的語言誤導了。舉例來說,雜貨店的指示牌會把他們引向stationary(靜止處),雖然便箋本、相冊、和筆記本等真正的stationery(文具用品)并沒有被釘在那兒。朋友和親人常宣稱They'vejustate。實際上,他們應該說They'vejusteaten。因此,批評學生不合乎情理。對這種缺乏語言功底而引起的負面指責應歸咎于我們的學校。學校應對英語熟練程度制定出更高的標準。可相反,學校只教零星的語法,高級詞匯更是少之又少。還有就是,學校的年輕教師顯然缺乏這些重要的語言結構方面的知識,因為他們過去也沒接觸過。學校有責任教會年輕人進行有效的語言溝通,可他們并沒把語言的基本框架——準確的語法和恰當的詞匯——充分地傳授給學生。因為語法對大多數年輕學生而言枯燥且乏味,所以我覺得講授語法得一步一步、注重技巧地進行。有一天機會來了。我跟兒子開車外出。我們出發時,他看到一只小鳥飛得很不穩,就說:“它飛的不穩。”(It'sflyingsounsteady.)我小心翼翼地問:“兒子,鳥怎么飛?”“有問題嗎?我說得不對嗎?(DidIsayanythingincorrectly?)”他一頭霧水。“太好了,你說的是incorrectly而不是incorrect。我們用副詞來描述動詞。所以,要用unsteadily來描述鳥飛,而不是unsteady。”他對我的糾正很好奇,就問我什么是副詞。我慢慢解釋道:“副詞是用來修飾動詞的詞。”這又導致了他詢問我什么是動詞。我解釋說:“動詞是表示行為的詞,例如:爸爸開卡車。‘開’是動詞,因為它是爸爸在做的事。”0他開始對表示行為的詞產生興趣,所以我們又羅列了幾個動詞:“飛行”、“游泳”、“跳水”、“跑步”。然后,他又好奇地問我,其他的詞有沒有說明它們的用法和功能的名稱。這就引發了我們對名詞、形容詞和冠詞的討論。在短短十分鐘的駕駛時間內,他從對語法一無所知到學會了句子中主要詞語的詞性。這是一次毫無痛苦而又非常有趣的學習經歷。也許,語言應該被看成是一張路線圖和一件珍品:我們要常常查看路線圖(核對語法)和調整汽車的引擎(調節詞匯)。學好語法和掌握大量的詞匯就好比拿著路線圖在車況良好的車里駕駛。2路線圖為你的旅行提供所需的基本路線和路途指南,可是它不會告訴你一路上你究竟會看見什么樹或什么花,你會遇見什么樣的人,或會有什么樣的感受。這里,詞匯會使你的旅途變得五彩繽紛、栩栩如生。大量的詞匯讓你享受到開車途中所見的點點滴滴。借助語法和豐富的詞匯,你就有了靈活性,掌控自如。路線圖會把你帶到目的地,而一臺好車卻能讓你完全陶醉于旅途的所有景色、聲音及經歷之中。3對學生來說,有效、準確且富有成效的溝通技能取決于語法和詞匯這兩大有利條件,可是學校并沒有教他們這些。4就在今天早上,我跟兒子吃早飯時,我想把牛奶加入我的茶里。“爸爸,”他說,“如果我是你的話,我不會這樣做。牛奶會變酸。(IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.It'ssour.)”5“哦,上帝!”我滿懷著無比的驕傲說道,“這是一句語法完全正確的句子。你用了were而不是was。16“我知道,我知道,”他愉悅地舒了口氣,“這是虛擬語氣!7這下輪到我“哇!”了。Unit2Thehumanities:Outofdate?Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughtakeaccounting.Whenthejobmarketworsens,manystudentscalculatetheycan'tmajorinEnglishorhistory.Theyhavetostudysomethingthatbooststheirprospectsoflandingajob.Thedatashowthatasstudentshaveincreasinglyshoulderedtheever-risingcostoftuition,theyhavedefectedfromthestudyofthehumanitiesandtowardappliedscienceand"hard"skillsthattheybetwillleadtoemployment.Inotherwords,acollegeeducationismoreandmoreseenasameansforeconomicbettermentratherthanameansforhumanbetterment.Thisisatrendthatislikelytopersistandevenaccelerate.Overthenextfewyears,aslabormarketsstruggle,thehumanitieswillprobablycontinuetheirlongslideinsuccession.Therealreadyhasbeenanearly50percentdeclineintheportionofliberalartsmajorsoverthepastgeneration,anditislogicaltothinkthatthetrendisboundtocontinueorevenaccelerate.Oncethedominantpillarsofuniversitylife,thehumanitiesnowplaylittleroleswhenstudentstaketheircollegetours.Thesedays,labsaremorevividandcompellingthanlibraries.Here,pleaseallowmetostandupforandpromotethetruevaluethatthehumanitiesaddtopeople'slives.Sinceancienttimes,peoplehavespeculatedaboutthemysteryofthoseinnerforcesthatdrivesomepeopletogreatnessandotherstoself-destruction.Thisinnerdrivehasbeencalledmanythingsoverthecenturies.Thefamouspsychologist,SigmundFreud,calleditthe"unconsciousmindor,morefamiliarly,"instinct".Fromthebeginningoftime,thisinneraspectofourbeing,thisdrivethatcanbeconstructiveordestructive,hascapturedourimagination.Thestoriesofthisamazingstrugglehaveformedthebasisofculturestheworldover.Historians,architects,authors,philosophersandartistshavecapturedthewords,imagesandmeaningsofthisinnerstruggleintheformofstory,music,myth,painting,architecture,sculpture,landscapeandtraditions.Thesemenandwomendevelopedartistic"languages"thathelpusunderstandtheseaspirationsandalsoeducategenerations.Thisfertilebodyofworkfromancienttimes,theveryfoundationofcivilization,formsthebasisofstudyofthehumanities.Studyingthehumanitiesimprovesourabilitytoreadandwrite.Nomatterwhatwedoinlife,wewillhaveahugeadvantageifwecanreadcomplexideasandunderstandtheirmeaning.Wewillhaveabrightcareerifwearethepersonintheofficewhocanwriteaclearandelegantanalysisofthoseideas!Studyingthehumanitiesmakesusfamiliarwiththelanguageofemotionandthecreativeprocess.Inaninformationeconomy,manypeoplehavetheabilitytoproduceausefulproductsuchasanewMP3player.Yet,veryfewpeoplehavetheabilitytocreateaspectacularbrand:theiPod.Mostimportantly,studyingthehumanitiesinvestsuswithgreatinsightandself-awareness,therebyreleasingourcreativeenergyandtalentinapositiveandconstructivemanner.Perhapsthebestargumentinfavorofthehumanitiesisthescopeofpossibilitiesthatarewidelyopentous.DidyouknowthatJamesCameron,world-famousdirectorofthemovie,Titanic,graduatedwithadegreeinthehumanities?SodidSallyRide,thefirstwomaninspace.SodidactorsBruceLee,GwynethPaltrow,ReneeZellwegerandMattDamon.Dr.HaroldVarmus,whowonaNobelPrizeforMedicine,studiedthehumanities.EvenMichaelEisner,ChairmanoftheDisneyCompany,majoredinthehumanities.Famouspeoplewhostudiedthehumanitiesmakealonglistindeed.It'seasytoseethatthehumanitiescanprepareusformanydifferentcareersandjobswecanundertake,whethermedicine,business,scienceorentertainment.Ifwestudyonlymathematics,it'slikelywewillbeacandidateonlyforjobsasamathematician.Ifweincludestudyingthehumanities,wecanmakebreakthroughsonmanybarriersandarelimitedonlybyoureffortandimagination.Ofcourse,nowadays,ifwestudythehumanitiesalone,weareliabletomissmanyopportunities.Eachoneofusneedstobecomeastechnicallyandprofessionallyskilledaspossibletohelpmeettheneedsofmodernlife.Infact,increasinglyapairingoftechnicalknowledgeandinnerinsightisseenastheidealintheestablishmentofacareer.IfIweretheDeanofAdmissionsatamedicalschoolandtwopeopleappliedtoourschool,bothhavingtherequiredbasicscientificcourses,oneaphilosophymajorandtheothersolelyapre-medstudent,thephilosophyapplicantwouldbechosen.10Insummary,thehumanitieshelptocreatewell-roundedhumanbeingswithinsightandunderstandingofthepassions,hopesanddreamscommontoallhumanity.Thehumanities,theancienttimelessreservoirofknowledge,teachustoseethingsdifferentlyandbroadenourhorizons.Theyareasusefulandrelevantinourmodernageastheyhavealwaysbeen.Doesn'titmakesensetospendsometimeinthecompanyofthehumanities,ouroutstandingandremarkabletreasureofknowledge?WhoknowshowfamousYOUmightbecome!Translation人文學科:過時了嗎?當形勢變得困難時,強者會去選學會計。當就業市場惡化時,許多學生估算著他們不能再主修英語或歷史。他們得學一些能改善他們就業前景的東西。數據顯示,隨著學生肩負的學費不斷增加,他們已從學習人文學科轉向他們相信有益于將來就業的應用科學和“硬”技能。換言之,大學教育越來越被看成是改善經濟而不是提升人類自身的手段。這種趨勢可能會持續,甚至有加快之勢。在未來幾年內,由于勞動力市場的不景氣,人文學科可能會繼續其長期低迷的態勢。在上一代大學生中,主修文科的學生數跌幅已近50%。這種趨勢會持續、甚至加速的想法是合情合理的。人文學科曾是大學生活的重要支柱,而今在學生們的大學游中卻只是一個小點綴。現在,實驗室要比圖書館更栩栩如生、受人青睞。在這兒,請允許我為人文學科給人們的生活所增添的真實價值進行支持和宣傳。自古以來,人們一直在思索人類自身具有什么神奇的內力使一些人變得崇高偉大,而使另一些人走向自我毀滅。幾個世紀以來,這股內力被稱作很多東西。著名的心理學家西格蒙德?弗洛伊德稱之為“潛意識”,或更為人熟知的“本能”。從一開始,人類這股可以是建設性也可以是毀滅性的內在驅動力,就令我們心馳神往。這些驚人的、充滿內心掙扎的故事形成了世界文化的基礎。歷史學家、建筑師、作家、哲學家和藝術家們以故事、音樂、神話、繪畫、建筑、雕刻、風景畫和傳統的形式,捕捉到了這些撞擊心靈的文字、形象及內涵。這些男男女女創造出了具有藝術性的“語言”,幫助我們了解人類的這些強烈愿望,并用以教育一代又一代人。從古時起開始的這些充滿想象的大量作品,正是文明的底蘊,它奠定了人文研究的基礎。學習人文學科會提高我們的閱讀和寫作能力。無論我們這一生中從事什么職業,如果我們能讀懂復雜的思想并理解它們的內涵,我們都會受益匪淺。如果我們是在辦公室里能對這些思想寫出既明確又簡潔的分析的人,我們會有光明的職業前景。學習人文學科會讓我們熟悉表達情感的語言及進行創造的過程。在信息經濟中,很多人都有能力創造出一個如新的MP3播放器那樣的有用產品。然而,僅有很少的人具有能力創造出一個如iPod那樣的精彩品牌。最重要的是,學習人文學科使我們具有偉大的洞察力和自我意識,從而以積極和建設性的方式來發揮我們的創造力和才藝。也許,支持人文學科的最好論點是,人文學科為我們提供了廣闊的機會。你知道世界聞名的電影《泰坦尼克號》的導演詹姆斯?卡梅隆拿的是人文學科的學位嗎?第一個登上太空的女宇航員薩利,賴德拿的也是人文學科的學位。還有電影演員李小龍、格溫妮絲?帕特洛、蕾妮,齊薇格及馬特?達蒙,也都如此。獲諾貝爾醫學獎的哈羅德,瓦慕斯博士也學過人文學科。甚至迪士尼公司的總裁邁克爾,艾斯納也主修人文學科。學習人文學科的有名人士確實可以列出一長串。顯而易見,人文學能為我們從事許多不同的職業做準備,不管是醫學、商務、科學或娛樂。如果我們僅學習數學,我們很可能只能申請數學家之類的工作。如果我們還學了人文學科,那我們就能突破許多障礙,只要我們愿意付出努力,敢于想象。當然,在當下,如果我們單學人文學科,可能會失去很多機會。我們每個人都需要盡可能變得技能化、職業化,以滿足現代生活的需要。事實上,技術知識和內在洞察力的結合越來越被看成是建立職業生涯的理想搭配。如果我是某個醫學院的招生部主任,有兩個人同時申請我們學校,這兩個人都學過基礎的科學課程,一個主修哲學,另一個僅是醫學院的預科生,我會選擇那位哲學專業的申請者。0總之,人文學科幫助造就全面發展的人,這些人具有洞察力,并理解全人類共有的激情、希望和理想。人文學科,這個古老、永恒的知識儲蓄庫,教我們如何以不同的方式看待事物,同時也拓寬我們的視野。在現代社會中,人文學科一如既往地同生活息息相關,也發揮著重要作用。我們在學習中花一些時間與人文學科——我們杰出、非凡的知識寶藏——相伴,這難道不是明智的嗎?誰知道你將來會變得多有名氣呢!Unit5Spendorsave—Thestudent'sdilemma1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,"ShouldIspendorshouldIsave?"Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromourenvironmentseemtodefycommonsenseandcontradicteachother.Thegovernmenttellsustospendorwe'llnevergetoutoftherecession.Atthesametime,theytellusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryisingravedanger.Banksofferhigherinterestratessoweincreasesavings.Thenthesamebankssenduscreditcardofferssowecanspendmore.2Here'sanotherfamiliarexample:Ifwedon'tpayourcreditcardbillontime,wegetdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysayingsomethinglike:"Yourfailuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou'llbeintrouble!"Then,assoonaswepay,wegetafollow-upemailinacharmingtonetellingushowvaluableacustomerweareandencouragingustoresumespending.Whichdepictioniscorrect:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?Thegapbetweenthesetwomessagesisenormous.3Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswitheachother.Oneisthe"permissive"perspective,"Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!"Theotherwecouldcallan"uprightmessage,whichurgesus,"Workhardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Controlyourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed."Thismessagecomestousfrommanysources:fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferringto"traditionalvalues".Hardwork,familyloyalty,andthecapacitytopostponedesiresarecoreAmericanvaluesthathavemadeourcountrygreat.4Buttheoppositemessage,advertising'spermissivemessage,isinescapable.Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewelook:onTV,inmoviesonprintedmediaandroadsigns,instores,andonbusses,trainsandsubways.Advertisementsinvadeourdailylives.Weareconstantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.Someonerecentlysaid,"Theonlytimeyoucanescapeadvertisingiswhenyou'reinyourbedasleep!"5It'sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwillhaveseen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemillion.Eachadvertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewilluseforourvacation.Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!Now,ofcourse,wedon'trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessageiscementedintoourconsciousness,"It'sgoodtosatisfyyourdesires.Youshouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit—now!"Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,"Iloveme.I'magoodfriendtomyself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsandfeelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI'llbuynewskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI'vealwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow."6Whathappensaswetakeinthesecontradictorybutexplicitmessages?Whatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequencesofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabits?Ononehand,wewantmorethingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderivepleasurefromtreatingourselves.Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinsideusechoesthoseuprightmessages:"Watchout,takestockofyourlife,don'tletyourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don'tfallintodebt.Wait!Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwillmakeyoustronger.7Anyway,manyoftheskillsyouneedasasuccessfulstudentcanbeappliedtoyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwell-beingasakeyingredientofyouruniversityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfulanddistracting.Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocusonyourprimeobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducation.8Howcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumer?Manyschools,communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracyclasses.Considerconsultingwithyourschool'sfinancialaidofficeorseekinputfromyourparentsorotherrespectedadultsinsettingupabudget.Anadditionaloptionisfindingapartnertohelpyoustayontrackandfindpleasureintheadministrationofyourownfinancialaffairs.Mostimportantly,ifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,don'tletyouregogetinyourway;urgentlygethelpwithtacklingyourproblembeforeitspinsoutofcontrolandlandsyouinlegaltroubles.9Allthiswillhelpyoubecomeaneducatedconsumerandsaver.Asyoulearntobalancespendingandsaving,youwillbecomethecaptainofyourownship,steeringyourlifeinasuccessfulandproductivedirectionthroughthechoppywaters.Translation花錢還是存錢,學生進退維谷你是不是跟我一樣對“我應該花錢還是存錢”這個問題感到困惑,且有被操縱的感覺?我覺得我們從生活的環境里所獲得的信息似乎是有違常識、互相矛盾的。政府告訴我們要花錢,否則我們將永遠走不出衰退;與此同時,他們又告訴我們,除非我們節省更多的錢,否則我們的國家會處于嚴重危險之中。銀行提供較高的利率以增加儲蓄。然后,同樣是這些銀行又提供信用卡讓我們可以花更多的錢。這里還有一個大家熟悉的例子:如果我們不按時支付信用卡賬單,我們會收到從信用卡公司發來的類似這樣的令人討厭的催繳賬單的電子郵件:不還款是不可接受的。請立即繳付,否則后果自負!之后,一旦還款,我們就會收到一封跟進的電子郵件,語氣和藹可親,說我們是多么寶貴的客戶,并鼓勵我們繼續花錢。到底哪一個描述是正確的?有麻煩的失敗消費者還是寶貴的客戶?這兩者之間可是天壤之別!自相矛盾的情況還有,我們每天都收到彼此相左的兩種信息。一種從“縱容”的角度,讓我們“買東西,花錢,現在就得到它。你需要這個!”另外一種,我們可稱之為“正直”的信息,它力勸我們:“努力工作,把錢存起來。控制你的欲望,不要買奢侈品,不要垂涎那些你并不真正需要的東西。”這類信息來源甚多,有學校方面的,有家長方面的,甚至還來自提及傳統價值觀的政治人物。艱苦創業,忠于家庭、能推遲欲望是美國價值觀的核心,它使我們的國家變得強大。但相反的信息,即那些縱容人們不斷花錢的廣告,無所不在。雖然此類信息有時經過了喬裝打扮,但仍隨處可見,電視、電影、印刷媒介和路牌、商店,及公共汽車、火車和地鐵上,比比皆是。廣告侵入了我們的日常生活。我們時時被包圍在花錢,花錢,花錢的信息中。最近有人說:“唯一可以逃脫廣告的時候是當在床上睡著時!”據計算,普通的美國人到18歲時,會看過60萬則廣告;到40歲時,看過的廣告總數近百萬。每個廣告都在盡最大努力影響我們形形色色的購買決定——從我們吃的早餐麥片到我們的假期將使用哪條郵輪線路。決不會缺少怎么花錢和買什么東西的廣告!現在,我們當然不能確切地記得廣告上的產品,但重要的信息已凝聚在我們的意識里:“要滿足你的愿望。你應該擁有你想要的。你應該得到最好的。所以,你應該買下它——現在!”一個著名的廣告詮釋得很完美:“我愛自己。我是自己的好朋友。我做讓我感覺舒服的事。我從精美的東西里得到樂趣,并感覺到它們給我的滋養。我過去常想著等一下再買,現在再也不會了。今天,我會購買全新的滑雪裝備,看看新型的小巧靈便的轎車,買下那臺我一直想要的相機。我今天就要實現我的夢想,不會等到明天。”當我們接受這些相互矛盾但很明確的信息時,會有什么事情發生呢?這種控制我們花錢習慣的宣傳活動會造成什么心理和社會上的影響呢?一方面,我們希望買更多的東西,來滿足我們的物質欲望。我們中的大多數通過善待自己來得到樂趣。與此同時,我們身體里面有一個微弱的聲音與那些正直的信息在共鳴:“當心,要掂量掂量自己的生活,不要讓注意力分散。推遲欲望。不要陷入債務。要等待!保留對自己生活的控制權。這會讓你更堅強。”總之,一個成功的學生所需要的很多技能可以應用到你的財務中去。把良好的財務狀況看成是大學教育中的一個關鍵因素,因為對金錢的擔憂會讓人倍感壓力,并讓人分心。它們會讓你感覺很糟糕,并阻止你專注首要目標,即成功完成學業。怎樣才能成為一個聰明、有相關知識的消費者呢?許多學校、社區組織,甚至一些銀行都提供金融掃盲班。可以考慮向學校的財務援助辦公室咨詢, 或向父母或其他值得尊敬的成年人請教如何建立一個預算方案。另外一個選擇是找一個合作伙伴來幫你保持良好的財務狀況,并在管理自己的金融事務中找到樂趣。最重要的是,如果你發現自己正陷入財務困境,不要讓你的自大妨礙你,在情況變得失控并惹上法律麻煩前,趕緊尋求幫助來解決問題。這一切都將幫助你成為一個擁有相關知識的消費者和儲蓄者。學會了如何平衡支出和儲蓄,你就會成為你自己的船長,駕駛著你的生活之船,乘風破浪,駛向成功和富有。Unit6Doorcloser,areyou?Thenexttimeyou'redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:WhatwouldXiangYudo?XiangYuwasaChineseimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotookhistroopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.Tohistroops'astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned.Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictoryovertheiropponents.Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn'treallyappreciatedbymanyofhisloyalsoldiersastheywatchedtheirvesselsgoupinflames.ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu'sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthebattlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhowashighlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.HeisfeaturedinDanAriely'senlighteningnewpublication,PredictablyIrrational,afascinatinginvestigationofseeminglyirrationalhumanbehavior,suchasthetendencyforkeepingmultipleoptionsopen.Mostpeoplecan'tmarshalthewillforpainfulchoices,notevenstudentsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),whereDr.Arielyteachesbehavioraleconomics.Inanexperimentthatinvestigateddecision-making,hundredsofstudentscouldn'tbeartolettheiroptionsvanish,eventhoughitwascleartheywouldprofitfromdoingso.Theexperimentrevolvedaroundagamethateliminatedtheexcusesweusuallyhaveforrefusingtoletgo.Intherealworld,wecanalwayssay,"It'sgoodtopreserveouroptions."Wantagoodexample?Ateenagerisexhaustedfromsoccer,ballet,piano,andChineselessons,butherparentswon'tstopanyoneofthembecausetheymightcomeinhandysomeday!Intheexperimentsessions,studentsplayedacomputergamethatprovidedcashbehindthreedoorsappearingonthescreen.Therulewasthemoremoneyyouearned,thebetterplayeryouwere,givenatotalof100clicks.Everytimethestudentsopenedadoorbyclickingonit,theywoulduseuponeclickbutwouldn'tgetanymoney.However,eachsubsequentclickonthatdoorwouldearnafluctuatingsumofmoney,withonedooralwaysrevealingmoremoneythantheothers.Theimportantpartoftherulewaseachdoorswitch,thoughhavingnocashvalue,wouldalsouseuponeofthe100clicks.Therefore,thewinningstrategywastoquicklycheckallthedoorsandkeepclickingontheonewiththeseeminglyhighestrewards.Whileplayingthegame,studentsnoticedamodifiedvisualelement:Anydoorleftun-clickedforashortwhilewouldshrinkinsizeandvanish.Sincetheyalreadyunderstoodthegame,theyshouldhaveignoredthevanishingdoors.Nevertheless,theyhurriedtoclickonthelesserdoorsbeforetheyvanished,tryingtokeepthemopen.Asaresult,theywastedsomanyclicksrushingbacktothevanishingdoorsthattheylostmoneyintheend.Whywerethestudentssoattachedtothelesserdoors?Theywouldprobablyprotestthattheywereclingingtothedoorstokeepfutureoptionsopen,but,accordingtoDr.Ariely,thatisn'tthetruefactor.Insteadoftheexcusetomaintainfutureoptionsopen,underneathitallthestudents'desirewastoavoidtheimmediate,thoughtemporary,painofwatchingoptionsclose."Closingadooronanoptionisexperiencedasaloss,andpeoplearewillingtopayabigpricetoavoidtheemotionofloss,"Dr.Arielysays.Intheexperiment,thepricewaseasilymeasuredinlostcash.Inlife,thecorrespondingcostsareoftenlessobvioussuchaswastedtimeormissedopportunities."Sometimesthesedoorsareclosingtooslowlyforustoseethemvanishing,"Dr.Arielywrites."Wemayworkmorehoursatourjobswithoutrealizingthatthechildhoodofoursonsanddaughtersisslippingaway."0So,whatcanbedonetorestorebalanceinourlives?Oneanswer,Dr.Arielysays,istoimplementmoreprohibitionsonoverbooking.Wecanworktoreduceoptionsonourown,delegatingtaskstoothersandevengivingawayideasforotherstopursue.Hepointstomarriageasanexample,"Inmarriage,wecreateasituationwherewepromiseourselvesnottokeepoptionsopen.Weclosedoorsandannouncetootherswe'vecloseddoors."Sinceconductingthedoorexperiment,Dr.Arielysayshehasmadeaconsciousefforttolessenhisload.Heurgestherestofustoresignfromcommittees,pruneholidaycardlists,rethinkhobbiesandrememberthelessonsofdoorcloserslikeXiangYu.2Inotherwords,Dr.Arielyisencouragingustodiscardthosethingsthatseemtohaveoutwardmeritinfavorofthosethingsthatactuallyenrichourlives.Wearenaturallyprejudicedtobelievethatmoreisbetter,butDr.Ariely'sresearchprovidesadoseofrealitythatstronglysuggestsotherwise.3Whatpricedowepayfortryingtohavemoreandmoreinlife?Whatpleasureandsatisfactioncanbederivedfromfocusingourenergyandattentioninamoreconcentratedfashion?Surely,wewillhaveourrespectiveanswers.14Considertheseimportantquestions:Willwehavemorebyalwaysincreasingoptionsorwillwehavemorewithfewer,carefullychosenoptions?Whatdoorsshouldwecloseinordertoallowtherightwindowsofopportunityandhappinesstoopen?Translation“關門者”,你是嗎?下次你要在兩個難于取舍的、主要的和次要的選擇之間做決定時,不妨問自己這樣一個問題:項羽會怎么做?項羽是公元前三世紀中國古代王朝的一位將軍。他帶領他的部隊橫渡漳河,突襲進入了敵方的領地。他下令砸鍋燒船,令他的部隊大為震驚。他解釋道,他強加給他們的是戰勝對手的必要舉措。他所說的無疑十分鼓舞士氣,但當他那許多忠誠的士兵眼睜睜地看著他們的船只在火焰中被焚毀時,他們并不贊成他的做法。不過項羽將軍的這種砸鍋焚船的做法所顯示出的天賦,在戰場上和現代社會科學研究中都將得到肯定。項羽將軍是一個罕見的不墨守成規的人,他是一位經驗豐富的領袖,由于他征戰無數并達到了成功的頂峰,他深受尊敬。4丹?阿雷利極富啟迪性的新書《可預見的非理性》對項羽作了專題介紹。這本書對看似非理性的人類行為,譬如人類總想留住多項選擇機會的傾向,進行了引人入勝的調查。大多數人都不能整理自己的思路來做痛苦的選擇,麻省理工學院上阿雷利博士行為經濟學這門課的學生也不例外。在調查作決策的一項實驗中,幾百名學生都不能忍受眼睜睜看著他們的選擇機會消失,即使他們很清楚這樣做對他們有利。實驗是圍繞著一個游戲展開的,這個游戲排除了我們通常不肯放手的借口。在現實世界里,我們總會說:“保留我們的選擇機會是對的。”想要一個好的例子嗎?一個十多歲的女孩被足球、芭蕾舞、鋼琴、中文課給累得筋疲力盡,但她的父母不會讓她停止任何一項活動,理由是它們有一天可能會派上用場!在這個實驗里,學生要玩一個電腦游戲:在電腦屏幕上會顯示三扇門,每扇門后都會提供一些現金。該游戲的規則是每個人都只能點擊100次,你點擊獲取的錢越多,你就玩得越好。學生每點擊一次打開一扇門,他們會用掉一個點擊數,但卻不會得到任何錢。然而,隨后接著在那扇門上的每次點擊都會掙得數額不等的錢,三扇門顯示的錢總有一扇比另外兩扇多。這個游戲規則的重點是雖然每次換門沒有金錢回報,可還是會用掉一次點擊數。所以,制勝戰略是要迅速查看所有的門,然后只點擊那扇似乎是錢最多的門。在玩游戲時,學生們注意到了一個視覺上的變化:如果有片刻沒點擊某扇門,那扇門就會慢慢縮小并消失。由于他們已了解了游戲規則,他們本應對要消失的門不予理睬。然而,在它們消失以前,他們卻迫不及待地去點擊那些變小的門,試圖讓它們開啟著。結果是,他們在匆忙回去點擊那些快消失的門時浪費了很多點擊數以至于最后輸了錢。為什么學生對那些變小的門如此依戀呢?他們可能會爭辯說,他們緊抓住這些門是為將來多留一些機會。但是,據阿雷利博士說,這不是真正的原因。在他們為將來多留一些機會的借口背后反映出的是所有的學生都不堪目睹眼前的選擇機會被剝奪,盡管這種痛苦是臨時的。阿雷利博士說:“每閉上一扇選擇之門就如同經受了一次損失,人們寧愿付出很大的代價,也要避免情感的失落。”在實驗中,損失很容易用丟失的現

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