RepetitionDoesn’tWork:BetterWaystoTrainYourMemory比重復更有效的記憶方法Ateamofscientistsrecentlydiscoveredthatrepetitionisaterriblewaytomemorizeinformation—andtheirfindingshighlightmuchbetterstrategies.一組科學家最近發現重復記憶信息的方式是一種很糟的記憶方式，新的記憶方式強調從策略上找出更好的記憶方式。AnewstudypublishedinLearningandMemoryfoundthatsimplerepetitioninterfereswiththeabilitytolearnnewinformation,especiallywhenitissimilartoasetoffamiliarfacts.Thismaymeanthatmemorizingfactsaboutanissuethroughrepetitioncouldinterferewiththeabilitytorememberamorenuancedversionofthesameissuelateron.一項新的研究發現發表在《學習和記憶》雜志上，簡單的重復性記憶方式干擾學習新信息的能力，尤其是記憶一組類似熟悉的事實。通過反復重復的方式記住的東西可能會干擾對同一問題的更加具體版本的記憶能力。Instudy,subjectssaidalistofobjectseitheroneorthreetimes.Lateron,intherecallphase,anothersetofsimilarobjects("lures")wassnuckin.Thosewhohadseenobjectsmultipletimesbetterrecalledtheoriginalobjectsbuthadahardertimedistinguishingthelures.Inotherwords,theirmemorieswerestrongerbutlessprecise.Overthelongrun,repetitioncanbeafalsetemptress,makingusthinkwe'velearningsomethingwhenwereallyhaven't.表里添加了一個相似的單詞（“魚餌”）住東西，只是給我們造成的假象而已。Hereareafewtipsforbettermemory:這里有幾個記憶小竅門：Paceyourstudying給學習分段Notallrepetitionisbad.It'smoreaccuratetosaythatcrammingisineffective.“Thebetterideaistospacerepetition.Practicealittlebitoneday,thenputyourflashcardsaway,thentakethemoutthenextday,thentwodayslater,"explainMcDanielandRoediger.并不是所有的重復性記憶都不可取，死記硬背沒有用。“更好的辦法是把重復性記憶兩天后，再把卡片拿出來記，”麥克丹尼爾·羅迪格解釋說。Mentallytestingyourselfonmaterialsgenerallyincreasesrecalldayslater,evenifthere'snofeedbackonhowwellyouactuallyrememberthefacts.Inotherwords,justgoingoverthematerialinyourheadatregularintervalshasbenefits.用記憶材料對自己的記憶力進行測試，一般都能記幾天的時間，即使實際上對你記的內容并沒有什么反饋信息，也要在你的腦海中定期對記憶材料回想一遍，這樣對記憶有好處。Withinacademia,there'saragingdebateabouttheoptimalspacingbetweenrecallintervals.Oneoftheoriginalsystems,byforeignlanguagelearningiconPaulPimsleur,advocatedforapacingoffiveseconds,25seconds,twominutes,10minutes,onehour,fivehours,oneday,fivedays,25days,fourmonths,andtwoyearsafterthefactsareinitiallylearned.Sincethen,othershavefoundthataslightdelayof10minutesinthefirstretrievalmadethetaskjustmentallychallengingenoughtobebeneficial.Butitdependsonthegoal;ifit'stomemorizeaspeechinaday,you'llprobablywanttocrammoreintervalsthanifyouwanttoremembersomethingfiveyearslater.在學術界，關于分段回憶最佳間隔期的爭論一直都很激烈。其中最初的一個記憶體系是保羅·羅皮姆斯勒式外語學習，主張分段記憶的時間段為5251025天、4個月、兩年后進入初步學習階段。另10你想要五年后都能記住的東西可能就要采取分段記憶法了，多分出幾個時間間隔段進行分段記憶。I'vebeenexperimentingwithrecallintervalsonehourafterIreadmaterial,thenagainwhenI'matthegym,tryingtorecallfactslearnedduringthepreviousthreedays,oneweek,andonemonthprior.Theoptimalintervalswillultimatelydependonyourschedule.我在讀過材料后間隔一小時的時間回想一下讀過的內容，接著，在健身房的時候再回想一下讀過的內容，試著回想三天前、一周前、一個月前讀過的內容。最佳間隔時間段最終要按閱讀進度進行分段記憶。UseLoci使用位置記憶法/軌跡法TheancientgranddaddyofadvancedmemorytechniquesisthemethodofLoci,whichinvolvesplacingobjectsinsequentialorderinamentallyconstructed(imaginary)world.Themostfamousmemorymanofalltime,SolomonShereshevsky,whocouldrecallsetsofrandomnumbersyearslater,usedtoimaginehimselfplacingobjectsnearbuildings.古代老祖宗使用的高級記憶法就是位置記憶法/軌跡法，其中包括記憶對象的排列順序和虛構的空間想象結構。最著名的記憶高人所羅門·舍雷舍夫斯基能對隨機記憶內容記住數年的時間，把自己想象成是置身于附近建筑物的對象。WorldMemoryChampionDominicO'Briengivespracticaltipsaboutdevelopingone'sownLocimethod.O'BrienadvocatesusingLociplacesoffamiliarity,likethewalkdownafamiliarneighborhoodblockorlocationwithinyourownhome.So,forinstance,ifyouwanttomemorizethewords"Duck,""Car,"and"Boat,"youmightimagineplacingaduckonthelivingroomfloor,acarinthebathroom,andaboatonthepatio.Formorecomplicatedtasks,itmighthelptolinkthemtogether,likeimaginingagiantduckwalkingtoacarinthebathroom.世界記憶冠軍多米尼克·實用技巧。奧布賴恩提倡使用軌跡記憶法從熟悉的地方入手開始記憶，從如同自家小區里那樣熟悉的地方開始進行記憶。所以，例如，如果你想記住“鴨”、“車”、“船”這幾個單詞（"Duck,""Car,"and"Boat”），你就想象把一只鴨子在客廳地板上的場景，一輛汽車在浴室的場景、一艘船在院子里的場景。這樣的記憶法有助于把較為復雜難記的東西聯系在一起進行記憶，像想象一只大鴨子在浴室里走向一輛車的場景。Connectthedots連點記憶法Understandingisthebasisforeasiermemorization.Chessmastershaveamucheasiertimememorizinglocationofchesspiecesthanbeginners,eventhoughthey'rerecallingthesameinformation.理解著記比較容易記住。象棋大師記棋子的走法比新手輕松容易，在回憶同樣的信息時，也能較為容易地回想起來。InastudypublishedintheJournalofCognitiveNeuroscience,researchersfoundthatsecond-yearbiologystudentshadaneasiertimelearningnewinformationifitwasrelatedtoprogramstheywerealreadystudying."Ifyoudon'timmediatelyknowtheanswertoaquestion,youcouldfirsttryrecallingwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthattopic.Thismighthelpyoutocomeupwiththerightanswerafterall,"concludesoneoftheresearchers.在《認知神經科學雜志》上發表的一項研究中，研究人員發現二年級的生物學專業學生在學習和已學知識相關的新信息時較為容易。“如果你不想馬上知道問題的答案，你可以先試著回憶你知道的內容信息。這有助于你想出正確的答案，”其中一位研究人員總結道。Inotherwords,themore