第1講定語從句在復合句中，修飾某一名詞、代詞或整個主句的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。Arealfriendissomeonewho①walksinwhentherestoftheworldwalkrealfriendissomeonewhose②supportwecancountrealfriendissomeonewho①seesourtrueself，notjustthefacewho/whom/that③weshowtothethesedays，themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningofmaybeabletomakemanyfriendsonline，butthesefriendshipscanbequitemedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswho/whom/that③weandmessagingcannottaketheplaceofface-to-facechatting.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhich/that④mattermosttous.“Liking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhich/that④wemakefriendsarealpartofourlives，weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.[規則感悟]①關系詞指人作主語，可以用who，that引導。若先行詞為someone，anyone，one等時，關系詞只能用who。②關系詞作定語，用whose引導，既可以指人也可以指物。③關系詞指人作賓語，可以用who，whom，that引導。④關系詞指物作主語或賓語，可以用which，that引導。1．who，whom和whose引導的定語從句。(1)who和whom都指人。who在定語從句中作主語、賓語；whom在定語從句中作賓語，在限制性定語從句中可省略。在口語中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人的或物的，在定語從句中作定語，指物時可用ofwhich代替，指人時可用ofwhom代替。Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.有些成功的語言學習者，在其他領域常常會失敗。Ihavemanyfriends(who/whom)I’mgoingtosendpostcardsto.我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片給他們。Myeldestson，whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld，isinNewYorkatthemoment.我的大兒子目前在紐約，他的工作使他在全世界到處跑。2．that和which引導的定語從句that代替的先行詞可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行詞只能是物。使用這兩個關系詞要注意以下兩點：(1)6種只用that引導定語從句的情況。①先行詞是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，theone等不定代詞時。②先行詞被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修飾時。③先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾或先行詞本身是序數詞或形容詞最高級時。④先行詞被theonly，thevery(正是，恰是),thelast修飾時。⑤先行詞既有人又有物時。⑥當主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。(2)4種只用which引導定語從句的情況。①引導非限制性定語從句時。②先行詞為物，關系代詞充當介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關系代詞之前時。③先行詞本身是that時。④關系代詞后有插入語時。3．as引導的定語從句as引導限制性定語從句主要用于thesame...as...，such...as...和so...as...結構中。as既可以指人也可以指物，在從句中可作主語、賓語和表語。Wehavefoundthesamematerialsasareusedintheirfactory.我們已經找到了和他們工廠里使用的一樣的材料。Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.這些房子以人們期望的低價出售了。4．引導非限制性定語從句時as與which的區別關系詞位置不同表意不同as既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有時還可插入主句中意為“正如……”，后面的謂語動詞多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等which通常放在主句之后意為“這一點”或“這件事”等Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每個人所看到的一樣，這頭大象像一條蛇。Thenumberofsmokers，asisreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如報道的那樣，吸煙者的數量僅在一年內就已經減少了百分之十七。Shemarriedagain，whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，這是始料未及的。5．定語從句中的主謂一致(1)關系代詞作從句的主語時，從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數要與先行詞保持一致；先行詞是句子時，從句的謂語動詞用單數。Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishomemade.給我的那臺錄音機是國產的。(2)“oneof＋復數名詞”位于關系代詞前作先行詞，且關系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞常用復數，但當one前有the、theonly、thevery等修飾時，從句的謂語動詞要用單數。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.他是取得很大進步的學生之一。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasmadegreatprogress.他是這些學生中唯一一個取得很大進步的學生。對點練習1．BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtoolwhich/thatgivesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.(2021·浙江1月)2．DrRowan，whosesecretaryresignedtwoweeksago，hashadtodoallhisowntyping.3．Theladywhois(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.4．Asiswidelyaccepted，intheMiddleEastArabsgreeteachotherbytouchingnoses，butthisisnotapolitewayofgreetinginothercultures.5．Whentheymetagain，thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.6．ThenMrGreenreadsomereviewsoftheplay，whichsaiditwasaterribleone.Arecentsurveyhasfoundthatmanypeoplesufferfromsleepareunabletofallasleep，somewakeupinthemiddleofthenight，andotherssimplydonotgetenoughofthereasonswhy①peoplefailtogetagoodnight’ssleepispressurefromschoolorpollutionandlightpollutioninbigcitiesmayalsocontributetosleeptheshortterm，peoplewithsleepproblemsoftenfeeltiredandhavetroublethelongterm，theymaybeatincreasedriskofhavingapoormemory，beingoverweightandsufferingaheartproblemsareespeciallydangerousforarestillgrowing，andnightisthetimewhen②theirbodiesgrowwhodonotsleepwellmayexperiencesituationswhere③bodydevelopmentslowsdown，andtheirhealthsuffers.So，ifyouhavetroublegettingagoodnight’ssleep，itmightbetimetomakesomechangesinyourlifestyle.[規則感悟]①先行詞表示原因，關系詞在從句中作狀語，用關系副詞why。②先行詞表示時間，關系詞在從句中作狀語，用關系副詞when。③先行詞表示情況，關系詞在從句中作狀語，用關系副詞where。1．關系副詞指代的先行詞及其作用。先行詞關系副詞在從句中的作用與“介詞＋關系代詞”的關系表示時間的名詞：time，day，year等when作時間狀語＝at/in/on/duringwhich表示場所的名詞：park，place，country，house等where作地點狀語＝in/at/to/onwhich表示原因的名詞：reasonwhy作原因狀語＝forwhichWeliveinanagewhen(inwhich)moreinformationisavailablewithgreateasethaneverbefore.我們生活在一個比以前任何時候都容易獲得更多信息的時代。Theschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.我只在那里上了兩年學的那所學校離這里有3000米遠。Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidn’tpassthedrivingtestwasthathelackedpractice.他沒有通過駕照考試的原因是他缺乏練習。2．有時先行詞是表示抽象地點的名詞，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，當從句中缺少狀語時，用關系副詞where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatefromeachother.他們已經到了必須分手的地步。3．先行詞occasion意為“時機”時，用關系副詞when；意為“場合”時，用關系副詞where。Icanrememberveryfewoccasionswhenhehadtocancelameetingbecauseofillhealth.我記得他很少有因為健康不佳而不得不取消會議的情況。Takingherwithmeonofficialoccasionswheremanyimportantfiguresarepresenthasbeenachallenge.在很多大人物到場的正式場合帶上她對我而言是一種挑戰。4．當先行詞way意為“方法、方式”，且在從句中作狀語時，關系詞可用that，inwhich或省略關系詞。It’snotwhatyousay；it’stheway(that/inwhich)yousayit.問題不在于你說什么，而在于你怎么說。5．關系副詞與關系代詞的選擇。選用關系代詞與關系副詞時，首先應明確關系副詞不可作主語或賓語。若定語從句中缺少主語或賓語，則定語從句需用關系代詞引導；從句的謂語是及物動詞，而其后無賓語，就必須用關系代詞替代先行詞充當其賓語；若為不及物動詞，則從句中不需要賓語，需要用關系副詞。如：eq\x(典例1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.eq\x(分析)work與factory不能直接構成動賓關系，只有后面加上介詞in才能構成正確的表達形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work為不及物動詞。因此此處應使用關系副詞where作地點狀語。eq\x(典例2)Thefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwell.eq\x(分析)該題從句謂語動詞可以和先行詞構成動賓結構setupthefactory，所以setup是及物動詞短語。其后缺賓語，因此此處用關系代詞that或which。對點練習1．Inthespring，aseasonwhenwearelearningnewrhythmsoflife，manyofusfindcomfortinthenaturalworld.(2021·天津6月)2．Theyarenowinasituationwheretheyneedtomakeapracticalplan.3．Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.4．Oneday，mentallyexhausted，Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Asisuniversallyknown，highschoollifeisanimportantturningpointandhighschoolcampusisanimportantplaceinwhich①studentsstudyandtherearemanykindteacherstowhom②wecanturnforhelpwhenweareinclassmatesandIdecidedtodosomethingforthecominghadaheateddiscussion，weagreedonmakingavideowithwhich③wecouldrecordourexperiencesatschool.Materialcollectingtookusawholeweek，duringwhich④weinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofschoolcompromiseswereunavoidable，butthevideoturnedoutdayonwhich⑤thevideowasplayed，itwaswellstudentsandteacherssharedagreattime，whichsurelygaveusagreatsenseofachievement.[規則感悟]“介詞＋關系詞”可以引導定語從句，如果先行詞是物，關系詞用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行詞是人，關系詞用whom，如：②。介詞可以根據與先行詞的關系進行選擇，如：①③④⑤，也可以根據與從句中謂語動詞的搭配進行選擇，如：②。1．若介詞放在關系代詞之前，關系代詞指人時常用whom，指物時常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結構。Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是你可以信賴的人。Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷從房間里偷走包的那個人。LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore，threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.上周日我從書店買了一些書，其中三本是英文小說。2．“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定：(1)依據定語從句中動詞的習慣搭配來確定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIhadsaved.我買了很多書，花光了所有的積蓄。(2)依據先行詞的某種習慣搭配來確定I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永遠不會忘記在鄉下度過的童年時光。(3)根據所表達的意思來確定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.沒有它我們就不能生存的無色氣體叫氧氣。3．whose引導的非限制性定語從句修飾物時，“whose＋名詞”可以換為“the＋名詞＋ofwhich”；修飾人時，可以換為“the＋名詞＋ofwhom”。Thenewlybuiltcafe，thewallsofwhich(＝whosewalls)arepaintedlightgreen，isreallyapeacefulplaceforus，especiallyafterhardwork.這家新建成的咖啡館，它的墻壁被刷成了淺綠色，對我們來說，這真是一個安靜的地方，特別是在辛苦工作后。特別提醒定語從句與其他七種易混句型的區別(一)定語從句與并列句的區別兩個句子之間若有and，but，so等并列連詞或分號則為并列句，此時不需要再填引導詞。1．Shehaswrittenmanynovels，someofareinteresting.分析which[which引導定語從句，修飾先行詞novels，“someofwhich”在從句中作主語。]2．Shehaswrittenmanynovels，andsomeofareinteresting.分析them[此句為and連接的并列句。](二)定語從句與獨立主格結構的區別定語從句有謂語動詞，所以需要引導詞，而獨立主格結構不是句子，沒有謂語動詞，所以不需要再填引導詞。1．Shehascollectedmanyoldstamps，mostofareworththousandsofdollars.分析which[which引導定語從句，修飾先行詞stamps，“mostofwhich”在從句中作主語，后邊有謂語動詞are。]2．Shehascollectedmanyoldstamps，mostofworththousandsofdollars.分析them[逗號后面沒有謂語動詞，是獨立主格結構，不需要引導詞，故填them。](三)定語從句與地點狀語從句的區別定語從句有表示地點的先行詞，而地點狀語從句則沒有；定語從句修飾的是先行詞，而地點狀語從句修飾的是謂語動詞。1．Weyoungpeopleshouldgototheplaceisinneedofhelp.分析which/that[關系代詞which/that引導定語從句，修飾先行詞“theplace”，且在從句中作主語。]2．Weyoungpeopleshouldgowe’remostneeded.分析where[where引導地點狀語從句，修飾主句謂語動詞go。](四)定語從句與時間狀語從句的區別定語從句有表示時間的先行詞，而時間狀語從句則沒有；定語從句修飾先行詞，而時間狀語從句修飾謂語動詞。1．IwillalwaysrememberthedaysIlivedwithmygrandparentsinthecountryside.分析when[when引導定語從句，修飾先行詞“thedays”，且在從句中作狀語。]2．IalwaysrememberthedaysinthecountrysideIseethephotoofmygrandparents.分析when[when引導時間狀語從句，修飾謂語動詞remember。](五)定語從句與結果狀語從句的區別在thesame...as...與such...as...結構中，as引導定語從句并在從句中充當一定的成分；such/so...that...引導的結果狀語從句中，that在從句中不作成分。1．Thisissuchaninterestingworkofartallofuslike.分析as[as引導定語從句，as在從句中作like的賓語。]2．Thisissuchaninterestingworkofartallofuslikeit.分析that[such...that...引導結果狀語從句。](六)定語從句與主語從句的區別定語從句是形容詞性從句，其作用相當于一個形容詞，在整個句子中作定語，用來修飾前面的名詞或代詞；而主語從句是名詞性從句，其作用相當于一個名詞，在整個句子中作主語。1．isknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析As[as引導非限制性定語從句，修飾后面整句話的內容。]2．isknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析It[it作形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的從句。]3．isknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析What[what在此引導主語從句，在從句中充當主語，而后面的that引導的則是表語從句。](七)定語從句與強調句型的區別強調句的結構為“Itis/was＋被強調部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，Itis/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起連接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定語從句的關系詞既起連接作用還在從句中充當成分，去掉以后結構就不完整了。1．ItwasonthemorningofMay1stImetLiangWeiattheairport.分析that[將句子改為：ImetLiangWeionthemorningofMay1stattheairport.顯然，這句話是完整的，故為強調句。]2．ItisthefactoryMrWangworks.分析where[此句是定語從句，用上述方法轉換便知thefactory前少介詞in，故填where。]對點練習1．WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwhichwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.(2021·天津3月)2．HuaMulan，thestoryofwhomhasbeentoldbygenerationsinChina，isafighterfromtheNorthernWeiDynasty(386－534)．3．ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies，allofthemover600yearsold.4．Ihaveanewbook，thecoverofwhichisverynice.1．IdecidedthatifIlearnedofacompanywhich/thatusedalotofplastic，I’dsenditanemailurgingittocutback.(2021·新高考全國Ⅱ)2．AttheChineseartfestival，therearedifferentstandswhereartistsdemonstratetheirskillsandteachthevisitors.(2021·天津3月)3．Manywesternerswho/thatcometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江6月)4．ButSarah，whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全國Ⅲ)層級一基礎達標練單句語法填空1．Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，whichmadehiseldersondiscouraged.2．IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagewhereIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.3．Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry，whohadalsovolunteeredtohelp.4．Therearemanygoodwebsiteswhereyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.5．HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewho/thatwantedtoworkinSiliconValley.6．Hisintereststartedafewyearsago，whenhewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience.7．Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters，JoanandBernice，whosewayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.8．Asthesayinggoes，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.”9．ThereasonwhyTomlooksangryisthathehasquarreledwithhissister.10．YesterdayIcameacrossthemanaboutwhomyoutalkedlasttime.層級二高考真題練單句語法填空1．KimCobb，aprofessorattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyinAtlanta，isoneofasmallbutgrowingminorityofacademicswho/thatarecuttingbackontheirairtravelbecauseofclimatechange.(2022·浙江1月)2．Onthe1,100-kilometerjourney，themanCaoShengkang，wholosthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident，crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.(2022·全國甲)3．TheGPNPisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespeciesthatlivewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.(2022·新高考全國Ⅰ)4．Whenyousleep，yourbrainsortsthrougheverythingthathappenedduringtheday，tryingtolinknewexperiencestooldmemories.(2021·北京)5．Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe，ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotwhereitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020·全國Ⅰ)6．InancientChinalivedanartistwhosepaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020·全國Ⅲ)7．The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumwhich/thatopenedin1759.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)8．Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasterswho/thathadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019·全國Ⅲ)9．Thestudentsbenefitingmostfromcollegearethosewhoaretotallyengaged(參與)inacademiclife，takingfulladvantageofthecollege’schancesandresources(資源)．(2019·北京)10．Theirchildisatthestagewhereshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019·天津6月)層級三語篇提能練語法填空Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighIfirstcametotheclub,3._____Imetmanystrangers，ImissedmyparentsveryIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogo，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefaceto，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoodpartner，andwegotalongwellwitheachIadaptedtothelifedayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.weshouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.IputmyentiredayIreadmywordsandpassagesclassIjoininEnglishIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.10.________ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”eq\x(語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章敘述了作者參加英語俱樂部的難忘經歷。)1．答案when解析先行詞是time，指時間，定語從句中不缺主語或賓語，故填關系副詞when。2．答案why解析先行詞是reason，指原因，定語從句中不缺主語或賓語，故填關系副詞why。3．答案where解析先行詞是club，指地點，定語從句不缺主語或賓語，故填關系副詞where。4．答案whose解析先行詞是guide，空格后面的teacher與其構成所屬關系，故填whose。5．答案whom解析此處為非限制性定語從句，結合句意及空格前的介詞from可知填whom。6．答案that/which解析此處為限制性定語從句，關系詞指代先行詞activities，并在定語從句中作賓語，故用that/which。7．答案who解析此處為非限制性定語從句，關系詞指代先行詞myfatherandtheguide，指人，并在定語從句中作主語，故填who。8．答案which解析此處為非限制性定語從句，關系詞指物，并在定語從句中作賓語，故填which。9．答案which解析此處為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面的句子“Irecallthepassages”，故填which。10．答案As解析此處為非限制性定語從句，關系詞指代后面的句子“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”并位于句首，意為“正如”，故填As。1．關系代詞引導的定語從句運用于寫作eq\x(典例1)(2022·浙江1月)最重要的是，我希望他不要把我分配給那個好勝心強、極其嚴肅的家伙，他總是穿著深色衣服，顯然他的個性與之相配。Aboveall，Ihopedhewouldn’tassignmetoworkwithth