專八聽力講義Stuart聽力考綱：I?聽力理解(PartI：ListeningComprehension)測試要求：能聽懂交際場合中各種英語會話和講話。能聽懂VOA或BBC、CNN等國外傳媒的節(jié)目中有關(guān)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化教育、科技等方面的專題報道。能聽懂有關(guān)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史、文化教育、語言文學(xué)、科普方面的一般講座及講座后的答問。時間25分鐘。題型：聽力理解部分采用填空題和多項選擇題，包括三個項目：SectionA，SectionB，SectionC,共20題。SectionA：Mini-lecture由900個單詞的講座和一項填空人物組成，要求邊聽邊做筆記，然后完成填空人物。答題時間10分鐘。本部分共10題。SectionB：Conversation&Interview約800個單詞的會話組成，之后，有5道多選題。SectionC：NewsBroadcast若干新聞報道后，會有5道多選題。注意：SectionB&C的每一道題目后面有10秒的間隙，選一最佳答案。錄音速度為每分鐘約為150個單詞。念一遍！！！聽力基礎(chǔ)：容易混淆的音常見發(fā)音技巧：(Pronunciationskills)①不完全爆破：②連讀.LinkingconsonantstoconsonantsLinkingconsonantstovowels.作業(yè)：在普特英語網(wǎng)上下載兩篇VOA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)速度英語，聽寫文章，夯實基礎(chǔ)。真題第一部分:PARTONE：Mini-LectureNotetakingskillsAndExercises.Introduction:Notetakingisnotonlyallowedbutencouraged.Youwillbegivenpapertousefortakingnotes.Itcertainlymakessensetoallownotetakingduringthetest,becausetheabilitytotakegoodnotesisanimportantacademicskill.Withoutnotes,theMini-Lectureissimplyatestofmemory,andfewpeoplehavethememoryskillstorememberallthefactsandideascontainedinaMini-Lecturelastingfromseventoeightminutes.Researchhasshownthatafter20minuteshaspassed,peoplerememberonlyabout50%ofwhattheyhear,andthatabout20%ofwhattheyhearisrememberedincorrectly.Notetakingisacomplicatedskill,especiallynotetakinginanotherlanguage.However,notetakingskillscandefinitelybeimprovedbypractice.Themoreyoutakenotes,thefasterandmoreaccurateyouwillbecome.DuringtheMini-Lecture,youshouldtakenotesandusethosenotestofillintheblanks.Mini-Lecturesaremuchdenserthanauthenticlectures.Mini-Lectureshavemorefactsandinformationthatcanbeaskedabout.Asaresult,yournotetakingmustbemoredetailedandintensiveforTEM8thanthenotesyouwouldtakeinalectureclass.Thelastbutnottheleast,sinceyouwilluseyournotesimmediatelyaftertheMini-Lecture(andthenneveragain),youcanusemoreabbreviationsandomitmorewordswhenyoutakenotesonMini-Lectures.HINTSONNOTETAKING1.TakenotesthroughouttheMini-Lecture.Trytowritedownasmuchinformationasyoupossiblycan.2.Alwayswritedownanytermsthatarenewtoyou,definition,specificfacts,listsofitems,andstatistics.Paydueattentiontotheuseofsignalwordsorphrasesinthelecture,especiallyonesthatindicatethestructureofthelectureorachangeoftopic.COMMONSIGNALWORDSWordsandPhraseIndicatingtheStructureoftheLectureTherearefourkindsof...Firstofall,ThesecondpointIwouldliketomakeis.Thirdly,Myfourthpoint,Toconcludemylecturewecansaythat.First,let'slookat.Next,let'sconsider,Now,let'smovetothesecondapproach.Finally,WordsandPhraseIndicatingaChangeofDirectionOntheotherhand,However,ButWordsandPhraseIndicatingEmphasisorImportanceMostimportantly,Oneimportantpoint/issue/problem/conceptis.Especially.Significantly.WordsandPhraseUsedtoGiveExamplesForexample,.Let'sconsiderthecaseof???Specifically…?Organizeyourlecturenotesaccordingtoorderofimportance.Themostimportantideasshouldbeontheleftsideofthepage.Indenttorighttoshowthatanideaissubordinatetoorsupportthemoreimportantidea.Inotherwords,ideasontheleftsideofthepagearegeneraldivisionsofthelecture.Asyoumovetotheright,ideasbecomemorespecific.Writingnotesinthiswayhelpsyouanalyzethematerialthatyouarelisteningtoandorganizeyournotesinalogicalway.Youcanindicateideasthatyouthinkareespeciallyimportantwithabox,acircle,anunderline,oranexclamationpoint(!).Leaveplentyofwhitespacearoundyournotessothat,ifthespeakerreturnstopointlater,youcanaddnewnotes.Theaveragelecturerspeaksabout125to150wordsperminute.Theaveragenotetakercanwriteonlyabout20to25wordsperminute.Therefore,youneedtouseabbreviationsandothershortcutstohelpyougetdownasmuchinformationaspossible.Don'twriteyournotesincompletesentences.Writeinphrases.Omitunimportantwordsandwordsthatdonotcarryinformation.Supposethelecturersaysthis.Thetaigaisthelargestofalltheworld'sbiomes.Yournotemightread:Commonwordsthatyoucangenerallyeliminate:Beverbs(is,are,was,were),articles(a,an,the),pronouns(they,his,them).determiners(this,that,these)/prepositions(of,with,from)Usestandardsymbolsandabbreviations:+or&and=is,equals,isthesameas*isn't.doesn'tequal,isnotthesameas±m(xù)oreorless,about,approximately^increasesgoesdown/decrease,goesdown/per%percent#NumberXtimes>Morethan,biggerthan,greaterthan<Lessthan,smallerthan,fewerthan—causes,leadsto,produes$Money,man,malewoman,female@atW/withW/owithoutp.pagepp.pagesreregarding,about,concerningetc.andsoon,andotherthingse.gforexampleeinotherwordsThereforeForexample,ifthespeakersaysthis:“Theearthisaboutfourtimesbiggerthanthemoon.”Youmaytakethisnote:Earth±4xbiggerMoonAnotherusefulsymbolisthedittomark(”),Thisrepeatsthewordsthatyouwroteonapreviousline.Supposeaprofessorinabiologyclasssaysthis:“Therearemanytypesofcrustaceans,andtheyliveinmanydifferenthabitats.Mostofthemaremarineanimals—theyliveinthesea.Somearefreshwateranimals,andafewtypesofcrustaceansliveontheland.”Youmighttakethesenotes:Manytypesofcrustaceans“environs.Mostcrustac.liveinseaSome““”freshwaterAfew“““onlandbesidesstandardabbreviationsandsymbols,youoftenneedtocreateyourownabbreviations.Therearetwocommonwaystoabbreviatewords.Youcanusethefirstfewlettersofaword.InformationinfoPresentationpresDefinitiondefRecommendationrecAntherwaystoabbreviatewordsistoleaveoutlettersfromthemiddleofwords.Internationalinternat'lInternationalinternat'lmktmgrMarketmktmgrMangerRememberthatyouwillbeusingyournotesasthelectureisover.Youcanprobablyrememberwhatyourabbreviationsmeanforafewminutes,Ifyoumissapoint,don'tworry.justkeeptakingnotes.Don'tworryaboutspelling,punctuation,orcorrectgrammar.don'tworryifyournotesaremessy.Rememberthatthereareno“perfect”notes.everyonehashisorherownstyleoftakingnotes.thereareonlythreeimportantissuesintakingnotesforthe“TEM”test.Aretheyaccurate?Dotheyhelpyouanswerthequestions?Canyouunderstandthem?Note—TAKINGEXERCISE1Nowstarttheprogram.Directions:listentoalistofwordsandphrases.Writedownyourownabbreviationsofthesewordsinthespacesbelow.(Thisvocabularycomesfromalectureonbusinessorganizationsthatyouwillbelisteningtoinordertoimproveyournote-takingskills.)Whenyouhavefinished,compareyournoteswiththoseofaclassmate.Checkforsimilaritiesanddifferencesinwhatyouwrote.YoucanalsocompareyournoteswiththoseintheAnswerKey.SampleabbreviationsappearintheAnswerKey: NOTE—TAKINGEXERCISE2DIRECTIONS:Workingbyyourselforwithapartner,usethelistofabbreviationsthatyouwroteinExercise1to“reconstruct”thefullformsofthewordsandphrasesthatyouheard.Thendiscussthemeaningoftheseterms. 11. 12. NOTE—TAKINGEXERCISE3NowstarttheAudioProgram.DIRECTIONS:Listentothefollowingsentences.Takenotesonthesesentencesusingabbreviationsandsymbolsandomittingunimportantwords.(Thesesentencescomefromalectureonbusinessorganizationsthatyouwillbelisteningtoinordertoimproveyournote-takingskills.)Whenyouhavefinishedtakingnotes,compareyournoteswiththoseofaclassmate.Checkforsimilaritiesanddifferencesinwhatyouwrote.YoucanalsocompareyournoteswiththesamplenotesintheAnswerKeys.1. Section11.Didyounotethattherewereoncethreemaintypesofbusinessorganizationsbutthatnowtherearefour?Yes No 2.Didyounotethenamesofthefourmaintypesofbusinessorganizations?(soleproprietorship,partnership,corporation,andlimitedliabilitycorporation)?Yes No Didyouabbreviatethenamesofthefourtypes?Yes No Section2Didyounotethatonepersonisincompletecontrolofsoleproprietorship?Yes No Didyounotethatasoleproprietorshipbeginswhentheownermakesthedecisiontostartabusiness?Yes No DidyouwritedownPaulSamuelson'sexampleofwhenasoleproprietorshipbegins?Yes No Didyouwritedownthemainadvantageofasoleproprietorship(thatthereisnoseparatetaxonit)?Yes No Didyouwritedownthemaindisadvantageofssoleproprietorship(thattheownerislegallyliableforallthecompany'sdebts)?Yes No Section3Didyounotethatapartnershipissimilartoasoleproprietorshipexceptthatapartnershiphasmorethanoneowner?Yes No Didyounotethatapartnershiphasthesametaxadvantageasasoleproprietorship?Yes No Didyounotetheexampletheauthorgaveoftheproblemthetwopartnerhadbecausetheywerebothsoleagents?Yes No Didyounotethatsomepartnershipshavesilentpartnerswhocontributemoneybutdonottakepartinmanagementdecisions?Yes No Section4Didyouwritedownthatthecorporationisthemostcomplexandthemostexpensivebusinessorganization?Yes No Didyounotethatthemostimportantfeatureofacorporationislimitedliabilityandthatcorporationsaredistinctlegalentities?Yes No Didyounoteinsomeway(byunderlining,circling,etc)thattheprofessionalemphasizedthepointthatcorporationsaredistinctlegalentities?Didyounotethatdoubletaxationisadisadvantagetocorporationsanddidyoudefinedoubletaxation?Yes No Didyouwritedownthattherearethreeimportantelementsinthestructureofthecorporation(stockholders,theboardofdirectors,andexecutiveofficers)?Yes No Didyounotethatshareholdershaveultimatecontrolbutusuallygivetheirvotestothecorporateofficers(votingbyproxy)?Yes No Didyouwritedownthattheboardofdirectorsmakesmajordecisionsandsetscompanypolicy?Yes No Didyounotethatday-to-dayoperationsofcorporationsareperformedbytheexecutiveofficersandthecorporatebureaucracy?Yes No DidyounotethattheCEOisoftenthechairmanoftheboard?Yes No Section5Didyounotethatthelimitedliabilitycompany(LLC)isbecomingmorepopularwithsmallerbusinesses?Yes No DidyoumotethatLLCisahybridorganizationwithfeaturesofbothapartnershipandacorporation?Yes No DidyounotethattheLLCeliminatesdoubletaxations?Yes No NOTE-TAKINGEXERCISE6Directions:Listenagaintothelectureonbusinessorganizationsandtakenotes.Afteryouhavelistenedtothelecture,useyournotestoanswertheTrue/Falsequestionsandthefill-in-the-blankquestionsattheendofthelecture.T/F1.Thelecturesaysthathehasnowaddedanewformofbusinessorganizationtohislecture.2. isarelativelynew