STUDIESANDPERSPECTIVESECLACSUBREGIONALHEADQUARTERSFORTHECARIBBEAN thisECLACpublicationPleaseregisterifyouwouldliketoreceiveinformationonoureditorialproductsandactivities.Whenyouregister,youmayspecifyyourparticularareasofinterestandyouwillgainaccesstoourproductsinotherformats.fThisdocumentwaspreparedbyDaleAlexander,ChiefoftheCaribbeanKnowledgeManagementCentre,LikaD?hlDiouf,AssociateProgrammeManagementOfficerattheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)subregionalheadquartersfortheCaribbean,andKwesiPrescod,consultant.Theviewsexpressedinthisdocument,whichhasbeenreproducedwithoutformalediting,arethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheOrganizationorthecountriesitrepresents.TheboundariesandnamesshownonthemapsincludedinthispublicationdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.ationspublicationSNelectronicversionISSNprintversion)Distribution:LCopyrightUnitedNations2023llrightsreservednitedNationsSantiagoThispublicationshouldbecitedas:D.Alexander,L.D?hlDioufandK.Prescod,“DigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigitaltransformationframeworksandinitiatives:areview”,StudiesandPerspectivesseries-ECLACSubregionalHeadquarterstinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),2023.ApplicationsforauthorizationtoreproducethisworkinwholeorinpartshouldbesenttotheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanECLACDocumentsandPublicationsDivisionpublicaciones.cepal@.MemberStatesandtheirgovernmentalinstitutionsmayreproducethisworkwithoutpriorauthorization,butarerequestedtomentiontheCofsuchreproductionerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigitalAbstract 5Introduction 7I.Conceptclarification:digitaltransformation,digitaldivide(s),digitalinclusion 11A.Digitaltransformation,digitalization,ordigitization? 11BDigitaldivide,ordigitaldivides? 12C.Digitalinclusion 13II.DigitalinclusionintheNDPsandICTplansof11Caribbeancountriesandterritories 15A.Aruba 15BBarbados C.Belize 17D.BritishVirginIslands 17E.Grenada 17F.Guyana 18G.Jamaica 18H.SaintLucia 19I.SaintVincentandtheGrenadines 20J.TrinidadandTobago 20IIIComparativeanalysisofdigitalinclusionin,andimplementationof,Caribbeandigitaltransformationframeworks 23A.Affordableaccesstobroadband 24B.Accesstodevices 261.Accesstodevicesforonlinelearning 262.Accessibledevicesforpeoplewithdisabilities 27C.Accesstodigitalliteracytraining 28ECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital41.Women,girlsandtheelderly 28Indigenouspeoples 293.Youth 29D.Relevantonlinecontent 30IV.ExpertviewsondigitalinclusionintheCaribbean 33A.Digitalstrategiesapplicabletothepublicservice 34B.Accesstotheinternetandinternet-enableddevices 34C.Digitalskills 35D.E-participation:publicconsultations 36E.Dataprivacyandcybersecurity 37V.Conclusionsandrecommendations 39Bibliography 43Annexes 49Annex1 50Annex2 62Annex3 65Annex4 67StudiesandPerspectives-TheCaribbean:issuespublished 77blesTable1Digitaldivides 12TableUnitedNationse-participationindex:rank,score,percentagesforeightCaribbeancountries 31TableAListofexpertsinterviewed 65Figure1Averagefixedbroadbanddownloadspeeds,2019-2022(quarterly) 24Figure2Connectivityprovidersareawareofconnectivitygaps 34FigurePublicsector:internallearningprogrammesondigitalskillsandknowledgesharing 35FigurePublicsector:learninganddevelopmentisholisticallydesigned.Employeesarecomfortableinusingdigitaltoolsandelectronicinformation 36MapA1Aruba 67MapABarbados 68MapA3Belize 69MapA4BritishVirginIslands 70MapA5Grenada 71MapA6Guyana 72MapA7Jamaica 73MapASaintLucia 74MapASaintVincentandtheGrenadines 75MapA10TrinidadandTobago 76ctivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigitalractThisstudyevaluatestheextenttowhichdigitalinclusionisconsideredinCaribbeandigitaltransformationframeworks.Digitalinclusionconsidersthewaysinwhichdigitaldividesarecreatedasthedigitaltransformationofsocietyprogresses,andhowsocietalinequalitiesaffectandareaffectedbydigitaltechnologies.Assuch,digitalinclusionisalensthroughwhichtheeffectsofthedigitaltransformationcanbeassessed.Thestudyassessesthedigitaltransformationpoliciesof11countriesandterritoriesoftheCaribbean.ItcomplementsthisanalysiswithqualitativedatagatheredthroughsurveysandinterviewsfromICTfocalpointsandpolicymakersintheregion.ThestudyfindsthatCaribbeancountriesandterritoriesareinvariousstagesoftheirdigitaltransformationjourneys,andveanICTplaninforce,andmostdonotyetconsiderdigitalinclusionintheirpolicyframeworks.Mostcountriestakeasectoralapproach,andmanyfocusalmostexclusivelyone-government.Asthereisalackofstrategicdirection,digitalinclusioneffortsarefrequentlypiecemealandadhoc.ReportingonimplementednitiativesisfrequentlylackingwhichcallsintoquestiontheeffectivenessoftheinitiativesThelackofup-to-datedatatoguidepolicymakingisalsoidentifiedasachallenge.Thestudyalsosuggeststhatdigitalskillsinthepublicsectormaybelacking,whichmayjeopardizeeffortstodigitallytransformgovernmentandprovideservicesthatmayencourageuptakeamongpeople.However,whilemostofcussdigitalinclusionmostdoexplicitlyvalueandpromoteinclusionouldserveasafoundationforfuturedigitalinclusioneffortssandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigitalThe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentrecognizesthepotentialofthespreadofinformationandcommunicationstechnologies(ICTs)toacceleratehumanprogress,bridgethedigitaldivideanddevelopknowledgesocietiesThisprocessofdigitaltransformationwithinbusinessesandsocietyhasanybenefitsandopportunitiesHowevertherearealsorisksandthreatsassociatedwithitTheseincludeincreasinginequalityandjobloss,harmtothelocaleconomyduetothemovetodigitalplatformsfraud,andcybersecurityhazards,includinghacking.2Assuch,publicpoliciesaimedatguidingthedigitaltransformationarecriticaltoensurethatthespreadofICTswillsupport,andnotvementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsOverthepasttwodecades,theCaribbeanregionhasmadegreatstridestowardsincreasingadbandanddevicesandconnectivityhavebecomemoreaffordable.However,astheCOVID-19pandemicrevealed,progresshasbeenuneven.TheonsetoftheCOVID-19pandemicandthesubsequentmovefromin-persontoonlineinteractionshighlightedhowmanypeoplehadbeenleftoutofthedigitaltransformationsofar.PeoplewithoutaccesstodevicesandconnectivitywerelargelyisolatedanddeprivedofthemanybenefitsICTscanprovide.Forexample,childreninruralareasandunderservedcommunities,especiallychildrenwithdisabilities,weredisproportionatelyaffectedandunabletoaccessonlinelearningleadingtocriticaleducationloss.3Businessesthatcouldnotadoptdigitalpaymentsandtechnologiesstruggledtosurvive,4impactinglivelihoodsandaccesstoservices.dnotpivottoonlineservicedeliverymodalitieswerelargelyclosedARESTransformingourworldtheAgendaforSustainableDevelopment,para.15.nVeldhovenandJanVanthienenDigitaltransformationasaninteractiondrivenperspectivebetweenbusinesssocietyandtechnologyhttpsdoiorgs021-00464-5.3AmeliaBleekerandRyanCrowder(2022),“SelectedonlinelearningexperiencesintheCaribbeanduringCOVID-19”StudiesandlHeadquartersfortheCaribbeanNoLCTSLCCARTSSantiagonforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanECLACAcevedoandothers21),“TheImpactsoftheCOVID-19PandemiconFirmsintheCaribbean”,DevelopmentthroughthePrivaterSeriesAugustInterAmericanDevelopmentBankInvestECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital8whichsignificantlyimpactedthoseservedbythoseinstitutions.EffortstoaddresstheseissuesareunderwayintheCaribbeanregion,asevidencedbythedevelopmentoftheVisionandRoadmapforaSingleICTSpace.5Morebroadly,eLAC2022,thedigitalagendaforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwasdevelopedwiththeintentionofactingasasacatalystforcooperationondigitalmattersinthenregionUnequalaccesstoICTs,oftenreferredtoasthedigitaldivide,reflectsandamplifiesexistingsocial,culturalandeconomicinequalities.7Assuch,thepeopleleftbehindareoftenthemostmarginalized,includingwomen,olderpersons,peoplewithdisabilities,indigenouspeoples,migrants,principlesoftheAgendatoleavenooneisksassociatedwiththeuseofdigitaltechnologies,reducinginequalitiesinaccess,andempoweringmarginalizedgroups.Thispeople-centredlensthroughwhichthedigitaltransformationcanbeassessed,andnberemediedcanbereferredtoasdigitalinclusiontionstoCaribbeanpolicymakersonhowtheycanmovefurthertowardsinclusion.Tothisend,thestudyreviewsthepolicyframeworksfordigitaltransformationin11Caribbeancountriesandterritoriesandconsiderssimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthemwithregardtodigitalinclusion.Itsupplementsthiswithexpert-derivedinformationonanddigitalinclusioninitiativesThisstudyconsidersdigitalinclusioninrelationtothedigitaltransformationin11CaribbeancountriesdterritoriesnamelyiAnguillarubatishVirginIslands(vii)Guyana(viii)Jamaica5CaribbeanTelecommunicationsUnion(2017),“VisionandRoadmapforaCARICOMSingleICTspace”,/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Vision-and-Roadmap-for-a-Single-ICT-Space-Final-Version-UPDATED.pdf.6SeventhMinisterialConferenceontheInformationSocietyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(2020),DigitalAgendaforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,LC/CMSI.7/4https://conferenciaelac./7/sites/elac2020/files/20-00902_cmsi.7_digital_7A/74/821“Roadmapfordigitalcooperation:implementationoftherecommendationsoftheHigh-levelPanelonDigitaleportoftheSecretaryGeneralRoadmapAnguilla,ArubaandtheBritishVirginIslandsarenon-independentterritories.9Intheselectionofthestudycountries,theauthorssoughttoprovideadiverseselectionofCaribbeancountriesandterritories.Factorssuchaslocation,populationsizeandcomposition,officiallanguage,andlevelofdevelopmentwereconsideredintheECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital9uciaxSaintVincentandtheGrenadines(xi)TrinidadandTobagoTheevaluationconsistsofareviewofdigitalinclusioninthepoliciessettingoutthenationaldevelopmentaspirationsofthesecountriesandterritories(hereinafter“nationaldevelopmentplans”,“NDPs”),andthepoliciessettingouttheiraspirationsinrelationtoICTsorthedigitaltransformation(hereinafter“ICTplans”,“digitaltransformationframeworks”).Effortswerealsomadetoreviewthestateofdigitaltransformationwithineachcountryandterritory.However,thelackofdatarelevanttoavailableonaccesstoanduseofICTs,andsuchdataisrarelydisaggregated.Reportsonthe implementationofdigitaltransformationframeworkswerelargelyinexistent,andadministrativereportsondigitalinclusioninitiativestendedtobelackingintermsofdetail.Theeffectivenessof implementedinitiativeswasrarelyconsidered.Asaresult,itwasnecessarytosupplementthereviewofthedigitaltransformationframeworkswithqualitativeinformationgatheredfromICTfocalpointsandpolicymakersfromthe11countriesandterritories(seeAnnex3).Tothatend,thestudysurveyedtheseexpertsonthestateofdigitaltransformationanddimensionsrelatedtodigitalinclusionintheircountryorterritory(Annex1presentstheSurveyInstrument).Furthermore,in-depthfollow-up interviewswereconductedwiththeexpertstogaugetheirsentimentsregardingaspectsofthedigitalheInterviewoutlineGiventhattheexpertsallworkedingovernment,thesequestionsprimarilyfocusedongovernmentdigitalinclusionefforts,e-governmentservicesanddigitalskillsinthepublicservice.Thestudyconsistsoffivesections:iConceptclarificationdigitaltransformationdigitaldividesdigitalinclusion.iiIdentificationofdigitalinclusionintheNDPsandICTplansof11CaribbeancountriesedigitaltransformationframeworksandsionintheCaribbeanendationsECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital...11ptclarificationdigitaltransformationdigitalesdigitalinclusionTheterms“digitalinclusion”,“digitaldivide(s)”and“digitaltransformation”areoftenusedintheliteratureandpolicydocumentswithoutelaboration,yetthereappearstobelittletheoreticalompassandhowtheyrelatetoothertermsusedwhendiscussingtheimpactoftechnologicalprogressonsociety.ThissectionlaysoutthetheoreticalfoundationnecessaryewaytheseconceptsareusedinthisstudyondigitalizationordigitizationRecentliteraturereviewshavedemonstratedthattheterm“digitaltransformation”hasnotbeenusedconsistentlyamongscholarsandpractitioners,andisoftenconflatedwithadjacentterms,suchas“digitization”and“digitalization”.“Digitization”and“digitalization”areoftenusedinterchangeably,and“digitalization”isoftenusedinterchangeablywith“digitaltransformation”.Thisisfurthercomplicatedbythefactthatmuchoftheliteratureonlyconsiderthesetermswithinthecontextofabusiness,whileothersconsiderthemwithinthecontextofasociety.Severalauthorshaveattemptedtodelineatetheboundariesbetweentwoormoreoftheseinterconnectedterms(Bocksheckerandothers2018;10Frenzelandothers2021;11GongandRibiere2021;12MorzeandStrutynska2021;13ReislarityBocksheckerandothers(2018).landothersGongandRibiere2021).andStrutynskaReisandothers0).VanVeldhovenandVanthienen(2021).ECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital“Digitization”canbeunderstoodastheprocessofconvertinginformationfromananalogueitencompassestheuseofdigitaltechnologiesanddata(bothdigitizedandnativelydigital)toimproveandreplaceprocessesattheoperationallevel.Assuch,digitalizationeffortscanbeimplementedasaentalchangetiononmultiplefrontss“Afundamentalchangeprocess,enabledbytheinnovativeuseofdigitaltechnologiesaccompaniedbythestrategicleverageofkeyresourcesandcapabilities,aimingtoradicallyimproveanentity*andredefineitsvaluepropositionforitsstakeholders.societyThisdefinitionisusefultothisstudy,asitallowsfortheexaminationofthestrategicdirectionofandactionstakenbyCaribbeangovernmentsinthecontextoftheglobalprocessoftechnologicaleforecontainstheseedsscussionontheoutcomesofdigitaltransformationeffortscansproutdesatthegloballevelforoveryearsForexampleinthe2000MillenniumDeclaration,Statesresolvedto"ensurethatthebenefitsofnewtechnologies,ologiesareavailabletoallThetermdigitaldivideitselfdoesnothaveaunifiedorgenerallyagreeddefinition.Rather,thetermisalabelofconvenience,a“goodenough”termusedtodescribethevariouswaysinwhichinequalitiesrelatedtotheaccessanduseoftechnologyexist.20Thefocusofearlyeffortstobridgethedigitaldividelargelyfocusedonthegapinaccessbetweencountries,primarilyintermsofinfrastructureandaffordability.However,thereforefocusesonmultipledigitaldivides.Table1belowdisplayssomedigitaldividesthathaveTable1sonAccessAvailabilityofthephysicalinfrastructureandhardwarenecessarytoconnecttotheinternetforexampletelephonelines,mobiletowers,fibreopticcables,computers,tabletsandmobiletelephones.AffordabilityIncomeisastrongpredictorofusageofdigitaltoolsbyindividualsasdevicesandinternetconnectivityhaveassociatedcosts.AgeDuetoavarietyoffactorsolderpersonswillgenerallyuseICTslessthanyoungerpersonsTechnologiesareoftennotbuiltwiththewantsandneedsofolderpersonsinmind.peoplewhohaveaccesstotheinternetmaybeabletoachieventpresenceofharmfulcontentonlinemayalsodeterpeoplefromadoptingICTs.16GongandRibiere(2021),pp.9-10.18Seee.g.KofiAnnan,“OntheDigitalDivide”5November2002,/sg/en/content/sg/articles/2002-11-05/digital-divide.ARES5/2UnitedNationsMillenniumDeclaration.20GerrardGoggin,“Afterword”inRagneddaandMutsvairo(eds.),DigitalInclusion:AnInternationalComparativeAnalysisECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital.13onICTandassistivetechnologiescouldsupportpeoplewithdisabilitiestoaccesseducation,work,healthservices,andmore.However,accesstothenecessarydevicesisoftenlimited,servicesmaynotbeavailable,andonlinecontentmaynotbeaccessibletopersonswithcertaindisabilities.TheuseofICTsrequirescertainskillsets,includingbasicliteracyandnumeracy,whichareprimarilyachievedthroughtheeducationsystem.HighestachievededucationlevelisastrongpredictorofusageofICTs.llsDigitalskills,includingtheabilitiesnecessarytousetechnology,assessriskandcriticallyevaluateinformationneededtomaximizethebenefitsofandreducetherisksassociatedwiththeuseofdigitaltechnologies.rGenderdifferencesininternetusageareheavilycontextdependent.However,globally,therearedifferencesintheaccessthatmenandwomenhavetotheinternet,andinthewaysthattheyuseit.yhasadifferentdigitalecosystemwithlocallskillsasthepopulationdomaybesubjecttocontentandlanguagedividesofservicesascomparedtotheirurbancounterparts.newformsofdividesintermsoftechnology,speedandusage.edfordifferenttypesofinternetusageGapsexistbetweenthosethathavenarrowbandandbroadbandaccesstotheinternet.Therolloutofultra-highinternetspeedsrequiredbysomefifthgeneration(5G)technologiesislikelytocreateanotherdivideintermsofpossibleutilityoftheinternet.geWhatpeoplecandowiththeiraccessinfluencesuptakeof,andthebenefitstobegainedfromtheuseofICTs.Forexample,theexistenceoflocale-commerceande-governmentservicesmayencourageuptakeofICTs.blewhichrelatetotechnologicalaspectssuchasinfrastructureorinternetspeed,whileothersrelatetosocietalaspects,includingvariousidentities.easpectsareinterlinkedandwhenconsideringanindividualorgroupcannotbeseeninisolationAsnotedinFangandothers(2018),“Individuallivescannotbereducedtosingletraitsnorcansingletraitsaccuratelydepictunderstandingsofindividualexperiences”.21AnintersectionalexaminationofdeisthereforenecessaryandbecomespossiblewithafocusoninclusionSomeofthemostimpactfulhumancultural,economic,andsocialactivitiesnowoccurinthedigitalrealm.Therefore,exclusionfrom,orlimitedaccessto,thedigitalrealmisanimportantsourceofinequalityinsocietyandcanincreasesocioeconomicdifferencesThereare,therefore,bothopportunitiesandrisksassociatedwiththedigitaltransformationofsociety.22TechnologyisnotagesthatsocietiesarefacingandmayinfactexacerbatethemifderedandaddressedTheacademicdebatearounddigitalinclusionbeganaroundthesametimeasthatregardingthedigitaldivide,butonlyrecentlyregainedtraction.23RagneddaandMutsvairo(2018)notethatscholarsandpolicymakersinterestedinthedigitaldivideandinthedigitalinclusionprocesshave,overtime,kingatthedigitaldivideintermsofsimplebinaryclassificationsrelatedtoaccess21Hankivsky,O.(2014).“Intersectionality101”.Cal,64(1),238,quotedinFangandothers2018,“ExploringPrivilegeintheDigitalDivideImplicationsforTheoryPolicyandPracticeTheGerontologistFebhttps///10.1093/geront/gny037.22MassimoRagneddaandBruceMutsvairo(2018),DigitalInclusion:EmpoweringPeopleThroughInformationandCommunicationTechnologiesICTsInRagneddaMandMutsvairoB.(eds)DigitalInclusion.AnInternationalComparativeAnalyses,London:ppviixx23GerrardGoggin,“Afterword”inRagneddaandMutsvairo(eds.),DigitalInclusion:AnInternationalComparativeAnalysisECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigitaltoICTs.Rather,threelevelsofthediscourseonthedigitaldividearenowrecognized.ThefirstlevelprimarilyconsideredinequalityinaccesstoICTs.ThesecondlevelconsideredinequalityinuseofICTs,asstudiesbegantonotethatthebenefitsofaccesstoICTswerenotcommonlysharedbyallusers.Byexaminingvariousdigitaldivides,itbecameclearthatpersonal,political,socialandeconomicbackgroundsaffectbothaccesstoanduseofICTs.Thethirdlevel,whichisdigitalinclusion,examinessstoanduseofICTsThisthirdlevelcanbedefinedas“theinteractionbetweenofflinesociallyadvantagedpositionsanddigitalinequalitiesinrelationtothesociallyvaluableresourceswestandtogainfromtheInternet”.25Thisviewofdigitalinclusionrecognizesthatsocialanddigitalinequalitiesarestronglyintertwinedandinfluenceeachother,andthatthelevelofdigitalinclusionisinfluencedbysocioeconomicanddigitaltransformationjourneyandhasitsownuniquesocioeconomiccontextinwhichdigitaldividesappear,anddigitalandsocialinclusioninteract.Anexaminationofthestrategicdirectionforandpracticalimplementationofdigitalinclusionis24MassimoRagneddaandBruceMutsvairo(2018),DigitalInclusion:EmpoweringPeopleThroughInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICTs),InRagnedda,M.,andMutsvairo,B.(eds)DigitalInclusion.AnInternationalComparativeAnalyses,London:25Ragnedda(2017),citedinMassimoRagneddaandBruceMutsvairo(2018),DigitalInclusion:EmpoweringPeopleThroughInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICTs),InRagnedda,M.,andMutsvairo,B.(eds)DigitalInclusion.AnInternationalalysesLondonLexingtonBookppviixxECLACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigital15usionintheNDPsandICTplansofribbeancountriesandterritoriesOfthe11countriesreviewed,ninehaveanationaldevelopmentplanthatisinforce.Inaddition,theBritishVirginIslandshasadraftplanthatisundergoingnationalconsultation,andisreviewedinthisdevelopmentplannorICTplan.Thereviewsuggeststhatthecountriesstudiedareinvariousstagesoftheirdigitaltransformationjourney.SomeplansfocusalmostexclusivelyoninfrastructureandaccesstotheeconomicgrowthorhowICTscanbeusedinspecificsectors,suchaseducationorhealth.Andagain,othersconsiderthetransformativepotentialofICTsforsustainabledevelopmentandtheimportanceofdigitalinclusion.TherearesomendaremodellingofthepublicservicetheneedforsuitablelegalframeworksonICT,andtheneedtoensureuniversalaccesstoICTinfrastructureandctionIIIbelowArubahasbothalong-termnationalintegratedstrategicplan(NosAruba),26andashorttermnationalstrategicplan(NosPlan).27Thedigitaltransformationstrategyisarticulatedinitse-governmentingtothedigitaltransformationoneofitsgoalsisthatcompletelyntofArubaNosArubaNationalIntegratedStrategicPlanNosArubaGovernmentofArubaBuildingaBetterCitizenExperienceeGovernmentRoadmap2021-2025”.ACStudiesandPerspectivesseriesTheCaribbeanNoDigitalinclusioninCaribbeandigitaldevelopmentandthateveryonewithoutdiscriminationofgen