Meaningchangesindifferentways.Extensionthemeaningchangesfromspecifictogeneralizedoneorcoverabroaderconceptthing-審判大會、政治會議anythingChapter7ChangesinWord

Meaning2)Specialization/narrowing

(縮?。㎡riginally,theymean:garage-安全的地方poison-飲料hospital-休息娛樂場所3)Elevation

（升格）貶義/中性義--褒義（或高級別）Marshall--馬夫-元帥Executive一般執行者-行政官員4)Degradation（降格）中性/褒義貶義Cunning有學問的--狡猾的Sly-熟練的-偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的5.Transference(transfer)ofMeaningAwordusedtodesignateonething,butlateritbegantomeansomethingelsePaperpapyrus(紙莎草)-紙mainly:(1)AssociatedTransfertooth,lip,nosecanusedtorefertothings:thelipofawound,thenoseofaplane(2)TransferbetweenabstractandConcreteMeaningsRoom-space-房間(concrete)Grasp抓-understand(abstract)(3)TransferbetweenSubjectiveandObjectivethingsDreadfulsomethng/sbfullofdreadsomething/sbthatcausesdreadPitiful(4)synesthesia聯覺(感官詞之間)sweetmusic,warmcolors,clearsounding6.Euphemism委婉語ToiletRestroom,bathroom,John,convenience,washroom,comfortroom,powderroom,lady’s,gentleman’s,…DieCausesofchange:extra-linguisticfactorssuchashistoricalreason(pen),classreason(revolution,communism.humanrights)andpsychologicalreason(garbagecollectorsanitationengineer)2)Linguisticfactors(1)Internalfactorscausethechangegoldmedal-gold;lightbulbbulb(2)InfluenceofalienwordsDeerreferstoanimal,but“animal”fromLatinwaslaterintroducedintoEnglish,sothemeaningofdeerwasnarrowed.(3)analogy

Fruition-享用,享受-結果(fruit),實現Chapter8

MeaningandContextThemeaningofawordisoftendecidedbywhereitisused,eitherinaspokenorwrittendiscourse.-contextMeaninglivesincontexttypesTypesofContext:Linguisticcontext,extra(non)-linguisticcontextLinguisticcontextmaybedividedinto2:lexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Apieceofpaper,atermpaper,today’spaper,examinationpaper,etc.Whatcontextdoyouthinktheabovebelongto?doone’steeth;dotheflowers;dofish;dowell(atschool)Lootatthefollowingsentenceswith“become”,whichcontextaretheyrelatedtotounderstanditsmeaning?Hebecameveryexcitedaboutthefinalexam.(linkverb)Thecoatdoesn’tbecomeyouatall.(transitiveverb)Sometimesthemeaningofawordcanbedecidedonlyafteraparagraph,achapterorevenabookisread.Forexample,“Janet!Donkeys!”Extra-linguisticContextCulture,situation,cognition3basicelementsJohnisquick(quick-minded;fast,hot-yempered…..)Lookout!Tradeunion:strongpoliticalmeaningintheWestAggressiveLoverTheroleofContext1)getridofambiguityTheballwasveryattractive.Tomrantherace.Theysawherduck.Noun?Verb?2)helpdefinereferentsThis/that,now/then,etc.3)providecluesforinferringword-meaningexample:Kinesics,thestudyofbodymovement,wassuggestedbyProfessorBird-whistell.Chapter9EnglishIdiomsExpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.(setphrasesandsortsentences)Inabroadsense,theycanincludecolloquialisms,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.Characteristics:(1)SemanticUnityraincatsanddogs;It’sapieceofcake.Howdoyoudo!(2)StructuralStabilitylipserviceoutofthequestionGodblessyou!ClassificationofidiomsManyways.Inthisbook,grammmaticalfunctionisthecriterion1.Idiomsnominalinnature--functionsasanounAwhiteelephant,Jackofalltradesbraintrust(智囊團)2.Idiomsadjectivalinnatureaspoorasachurchmouse,cutanddried(常規的、例行的)beyondthepale（發瘋的）3.idiomsverbalinnaturelookinto…getawaywith…makeitfallflatletthedogseetherabbit4.Idiomsadverbialinnatureheartandsoulinnothingflat（inaverylittletime)throughthickandthin（不顧艱難險阻）toothandnail(竭盡全力）如何區分一般短語和習語？Canyoutellus?可否從字面意義確定意義已有知識5)sententialidiomsNothingsucceedslikesuccess.Feedacoldandstarveafever.Nothingventure,nothinghave.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.……UseofIdiomsWehavetoknowsomecharacteristicsofidiomstousethempeoperlyinrealcommunication.1.stylisticfeaturesformal,informal(colloquial)1)colloquialismsHanginTom!(Donotgiveup)Sheisabigwheelinthecommunity.(influentialperson)2)slangCancerstickHitthesack(gotobed)3)literaryexpressions書面語Terriblethingscametopasslastyear.Faminefollowedinthewakeofwar.2.RhetoricalFeatures1)PhoneticManipulationA.alliterationmightandmain（全力以赴）partandparcel（mostimportantpart)B.rhymebyhookandbycrook（千方百計）fairandsquare(honest)wearandtear磨損2）LexicalManipulationA.reiteration

同義反復ScreamandshoutPickandchooseB.Repetitionbyandby(soon),outandout徹頭徹尾的neckandneck并駕齊驅C.juxtaposition并置（反義詞）Rainorshine,hereandthere,pennywiseandpoundfoolish3)SemanticManipulationA.simile

As…as..Asmuteasafish;asgracefullikeaswanAsbusyasa____;asstrongas___

//like…B.metaphorHeisasnakeinthegrass（暗藏之敵）C.metonymyFromcradlet