高中英語(yǔ)必修二unit5課文及翻譯Unit5.FIRSTAIDIt'sagreathonourtosavealife.—LeighBardugo.救人一命,善莫大焉。ReadingandThinkingFIRSTAIDFORBURNSTheskinisanessentialpartofyourbodyandisitslargestorgan.Yourskinactsasabarrieragainstdisease,toxins,andthesun'sraysItalsohelpscontrolyourbodytemperature,preventsyourbodyfromlosingtoomuchwater,warnsyouwhenthingsaretoohotorcold,andgivesyouyoursenseoftouch.Asyoucanimagine,gettingburntcanleadtoveryseriousinjuries.Thefirstandmostimportantstepinthetreatmentofburnsisgivingfirstaid皮膚是人體必不可少的一部分，也是人體最大的器官。皮膚是一道屏障，能阻擋疾病、毒素和太陽(yáng)光線的侵入。皮膚還有助于控制體溫，防止身體流失過(guò)多的水分，在外物過(guò)熱或過(guò)冷時(shí)發(fā)出警告，并使你擁有觸覺(jué)。可想而知，燒傷會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重后果。在處理燒傷時(shí)，第一步也是最重要的一步就是采取急救措施。CAUSESOFBURNS燒傷的原因Youcangetburntbyavarietyofthings:hotliquids,steam,fire,radiation,thesun,electricity,acids,orotherchemicals.housesafely,andthencallingforhelp.Nevergobackintoaburningbuildingtosaveyourthing.火災(zāi)會(huì)給你的家造成可怕的損失，也會(huì)給人們帶來(lái)可怕的傷害。如果發(fā)生火災(zāi)，您的首要任務(wù)是讓每個(gè)人都安全地離開(kāi)房子，然后打電話求救。千萬(wàn)不要回到燃燒的建筑物中去救你的東西。Buyclothes,curtains,andtoysthatdonotburneasilyUseheatersverycarefully,astheycansetobjectsonfire.Pacethemawayfromfurniturewhencooking,donotletoiltouchthefireorothersourcesofheat.Checkelectricalwiresanumberoftimeseachyeartomakesuretheyareingoodcondition.Switchoffyourgasandelectricitywhenyouwillbeawayfromhomeforalongtime.Makesureyourhomeisequippedwithfireextinguishers.購(gòu)買(mǎi)不容易燃燒的衣服、窗簾、玩具等。使用加熱器時(shí)要非常小心，因?yàn)樗鼈兛赡軙?huì)使物體著火。烹飪時(shí)要遠(yuǎn)離家具，不要讓油接觸到火或其他熱源。每年都要檢查電線多次，確保電線處于良好狀態(tài)。當(dāng)您長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不在家時(shí)，請(qǐng)關(guān)閉您的煤氣和電。確保家中裝有滅火器。CHILDRENANDHOMESAFETY兒童和家庭安全Homesarenotalwayssafeplacesforyoungchildren.Beingcurious,themaysticktheirfingersorobjectsintodangerousplacesandendupsufferingfromelectricshocksorgettingburnt.Inaddition,theymaytrytoeatordrinkanythingtheycanfind,whetheritisfoodornot.Forthesereasons,itisimportanttomakeyourhomesafeifyouhaveyoungchildrenabout.對(duì)幼兒來(lái)說(shuō)，家庭并不總是安全的地方。由于好奇心強(qiáng)，他們可能會(huì)把手指或物品伸進(jìn)危險(xiǎn)的地方，最終遭受電擊或被燙傷。此外，他們可能會(huì)嘗試吃或喝任何他們能找到的東西，不管它是否是食物。因此，如果您有小孩在身邊，讓您的家變得安全是很重要的。Keepmatchesoutofthereachofchildren.Storeallcleaningmaterialsinalockedcupboard.Neverleaveasmallchildaloneinthebath.Putcoversoverelectricaloutlets.Keepallmedicinesoutofthereachofchildren.將火柴放在兒童無(wú)法觸及的地方。將所有清潔用品存放在上鎖的柜子里。切勿將小孩單獨(dú)留在浴室內(nèi)。在電源插座上加蓋。符所有蕖物放在完童瓢法斶及的地方。MAKINGYOURHOMESAFEFORTHEELDERLY讓老人的家更安全Theelderlypresentspecialchallenges,astheymayhavetroublemovingaboutandcanbeseriouslyhurtinfalls.Ifyouhaveanelderlypersoninyourhome,youmayneedtotakesomeextrameasurestomakeyourhomesafer.老年人提出了特殊的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗麄兛赡軙?huì)有行動(dòng)不便，并可能在跌倒時(shí)受到嚴(yán)重傷害。如果您的家中有老人，您可能需要采取一些額外的措施，使您的家更安全。Makesurethatpassageswithinthehomearekeptclear.Putnon-slipbathmatsinandnexttothebathandshower.Puthandrailsalongpassagewallsandinthebathroom.確保家中的通道保持暢通。在浴室和淋浴間內(nèi)和旁邊鋪設(shè)防滑浴墊。沿著通道墻壁和在浴室內(nèi)放置扶手。很多東西都會(huì)造成燒傷:灼熱的液體、蒸汽、明火、輻射、太陽(yáng)光、電流、酸性物質(zhì)或其他化學(xué)品。TYPESOFBURNS燒傷的種類Burnsaredividedintothreetypes,dependingonthedepthofskindamage根據(jù)皮膚損傷的深度，燒傷分為三類。First-degreeburns:Theseaffectonlythetopfewmillimetresoftheskin.Theseburnsarenotserious.Examplesincludemildsunburnandburnscausedbyotherminorhouseholdincidents.一度燒傷:僅傷及最上層幾毫米的皮膚。此類燒傷并不嚴(yán)重，如輕度的曬傷和其他輕微家庭事故造成的燒傷。Second-degreeburns:Thesegobelowthetoplayeroftheskin.Theyareseriousandtakeafewweekstogetbetter.Examplesincludeburnscausedbyhotliquids.二度燒傷:傷及最上層皮膚以下的部位。此類燒傷較為嚴(yán)重，需要數(shù)周時(shí)間才能康復(fù)，如灼熱的液體造成的燒傷Third-degreeburns:Theseaffecteverylayeroftheskin,andsometimesthetissueunderit.Examplesincludeburnscausedbyelectricshocks,burningclothes,orpetrolfires.Theseburnscauseverysevereinternalinjuriesandthevictimmustgotothehospitalatonce.三度燒傷:傷及每一層皮膚，有時(shí)甚至傷及皮下組織,如因電擊灼傷、衣服著火造成的燒傷，或汽油起火造成的燒傷。此類燒傷會(huì)引起非常嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)部損傷，傷者必須立即送往醫(yī)院。CHARACTERISTICSOFBURNS燒傷的特點(diǎn)First-degreeburnsdry,red,andmildlyswollenmildlypainfulturnwhitewhenpressedSecond-degreeburnsredandswollen,blisters:waterysurfaceextremelypainfulThird-degreeburnsblackandwhiteswollen,thetissueunderneathcanoftenbeseenlittleornopainifnervesaredamaged:maybepainfularoundtheedgesoftheburn一度燒傷干燥、發(fā)紅、微腫微痛受壓時(shí)變白二度燒傷發(fā)紅、腫脹;起水皰;表層滲液極度疼痛三度燒傷皮膚發(fā)黑或變白腫脹;通常可見(jiàn)皮下組織如神經(jīng)受損，則微痛或無(wú)痛感;創(chuàng)面邊緣或有痛感FIRST-AIDTREATMENT急救處理1Placeburnsundercoolrunningwater,especiallywithinthefirsttenminutes,Thecoolwaterstopstheburningprocessandreducesthepainandswelling..將燒傷部位放在流動(dòng)的冷水下沖洗，尤其在前十分鐘。冷水沖洗可阻止燒傷進(jìn)程，緩解疼痛和腫脹Drytheburntareagentlywithacleancloth..用干凈的布輕輕吸干燒傷部位的水分。Removeanyclothesusingscissorsifnecessary,unlessyouseethefabricstickingtotheburntskin..如有必要,用剪刀剪掉燒傷部位的衣服，除非衣服與被燒傷的皮膚粘連在一起。Covertheburntareawithaloosecleancloth.Applyingoiltotheinjuredareasisabadidea,asitwillkeeptheheatinthewoundsandmaycauseinfection..用干凈透氣的布蓋住燒傷部位。在受傷處涂抹油膏不可取，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)阻礙傷口散熱，而且可能引發(fā)感染。Ifburnsareontheface,makesurethevictimcanstillbreathe..如果燒傷部位在臉上，應(yīng)確保傷者仍可呼吸。Ifthevictimissufferingfromsecondorthird-degreeburns,thereisanurgentneedtotakehim/hertothehospitalatonce..如果傷者是二度或三度燒傷，必須立刻送往醫(yī)院。UsingLanguageChenWei,ahighschoolstudentinBeijing,hadhisdinnerinterruptedwhenheheardsomeonescreamingfromanothertable.AfellowdinerattherestaurantZhangTao,waschokingonsomesteak.Hewasnowholdinghisthroatwithhisfaceturningred,whilehisdesperatefriendswereslappinghimontheback.北京高中生陳偉在吃晚餐，這時(shí)另一桌突然傳來(lái)客人的尖叫聲。原來(lái)餐館里一個(gè)叫張濤的人被牛排噎住了。只見(jiàn)他按著喉嚨，滿臉通紅，他的幾個(gè)朋友正拼命拍打他的背部。Chenwastednotime.HegotupandrantoZhang'stableatonce.WiththehelpofZhang'sfriends,hewasabletohelpZhangtohisfeet.Then,standingbehindZhang,ChendidtheHeimlichmanoeuvre.Thefoodwasinstantlyforcedout,andZhangbegantobreatheagain.Tenminuteslater,anambulancearrived.ThedoctorscheckedZhangandmadesurethathewasfine.Theysuggestedheeatmoreslowlyandtakesmallerbitesbeforetheyleft.陳偉毫不遲疑。他立刻起身，跑到張濤桌前。在張濤朋友們的幫助下，陳偉扶著他站了起來(lái)。接著，陳偉站在張濤的背后，實(shí)施海姆立克急救法。食物瞬間被排出，張濤又能開(kāi)始呼吸了。十分鐘后，救護(hù)車(chē)趕到。醫(yī)生們?yōu)閺垵隽藱z查,確保他沒(méi)有大礙。離開(kāi)前，醫(yī)生建議他吃飯要細(xì)嚼慢咽，小口進(jìn)食。Chokingvictimsusuallyhaveonlyaboutfourminutesbeforetheycollapseandsometimesdie,leavingnotimeforanambulancetoarrive.Tosolvethisproblem,in1974,anAmericandoctor,HenryHeimlich,createdtheHeimlichmanoeuvre,savingthousandsoflivesaroundtheworld.DoingtheHeimlichmanoeuvreisquickpractical,andeasy.Itissoeasy,infact,thatalmostanyonecanlearnhow.噎食者通常大約四分鐘后就會(huì)癱倒在地，有時(shí)甚至死亡，等不到救護(hù)車(chē)的到來(lái)。為解決這一問(wèn)題，1974年美國(guó)醫(yī)生亨利-海姆立克發(fā)明了海姆立克急救法，挽救了全世界成千上萬(wàn)人的生命。海姆立克急救法簡(jiǎn)便、實(shí)用、見(jiàn)效快。事實(shí)上，它非常容易操作，幾乎所有人都能學(xué)會(huì)。Ifyouseesomeonechoking,firstcalltheemergencyservices.Then,makesurethevictimisreallychoking:Achokingpersoncannotspeak.Slappingthevictim'sbackwilloftenforceouttheobstruction.Ifthisdoesnotwork,youcanperformtheHeimlichmanoeuvrebystandingbehindhimandwrappingyourarmsaroundhiswaist.Makeafistwithonehandandplaceitintheupperpartofhisstomach.Grabbingyourfistwithyourotherhandtightly,pushupandintohisstomachinonemotion.Continuedoingthisuntiltheobstructionisforcedout.如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)有人被噎住，首先撥打急救電適。然后，確定此人確實(shí)是被噎住了:人被噎時(shí)是無(wú)法說(shuō)話的。拍打噎食者的背部通常可以將異物排出。如果不奏效，那么你可以實(shí)施海姆立克急救法。具體做法是:站在此人身后,用雙臂環(huán)抱其腰部。只手握拳，置于其上腹部，另一只手緊緊握住拳頭，快速用力向上在里擠壓。重復(fù)上述動(dòng)作，直至異物排出。DoingtheHeimlichmanoeuvreonasmallchildisnotrecommended,asyoumayhurthim.Instead,laythechildfacedownonyourlapwiththeheadlowerthantherestofhisbody,andthengivefirmslapstohisupperbackuntilhecanbreatheagain不建議對(duì)小孩實(shí)施海姆立克急救法，因?yàn)槟憧赡軙?huì)傷到他/她。相反，應(yīng)將孩子臉朝下放在大腿上，使其頭部低于身體其他部位，然后用力拍打其上背部,直至他/她恢復(fù)呼吸。Withchokingvictims,everyminutecounts.Youcannotjuststandbyanddonothing.Luckily,Chenhadlearnthowtogivefirsaidinschool.SeeingZhangchoking,heremainedcalmandreactedimmediately.Chenlatersaidabouttheincident,"HowcouldIjustifysittingthereanddoingnothing?Weareallhumansandweallhavearesponsibilitytolookafteroneanother'swelfare"救助噎食者，分秒必爭(zhēng)。不要袖手旁觀。幸運(yùn)的是，陳偉在學(xué)校學(xué)過(guò)急救方法。看到張濤噎住，他保持冷靜，且反應(yīng)迅速。后來(lái)，陳偉談起此事時(shí)說(shuō)道:〃我有什么理由坐在那兒袖手旁觀呢?大家都是人，我們都有責(zé)任關(guān)心彼此的幸福。"ReadingandWriting(Workbook)ISYOURHOMESAFE?您的家安全嗎？Yourhomecanbeadangerousplace,butbymakingitsaferyoucanpreventaccidents.Thekitchen,bathroom,andbedroomarewheremostaccidentshappen.Thesecanincludefalls,fires,poisoning,cuts,hotwaterburns,andelectricshocks.您的家可能是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的地方，但通過(guò)使它更安全，您可以防止事故的發(fā)生。廚房、浴室和臥室是發(fā)生事故最多的地方。這些事故包括摔倒、火災(zāi)、中毒、割傷、熱水燙傷