第十三章主謂一致一、指導原則主謂一致指“人稱”和“數”方面的一致關系。對大多數人來說，往往會在掌握主語和隨后的謂語動詞之間的一致問題上遇到困難。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關系由以下三個原則支配：語法一致原則(grammaticalconcord)意義一致原則(notionalconcord)就近原則(principleofproximity)（一）語法一致原則用作主語的名詞詞組中心詞和謂語動詞在單、復數形式上的一致，就是語法一致。也就是說，如果名詞中心詞是單數，動詞用單數形式；如果名詞中心詞是復數，動詞用復數形式。例如：Thistableisagenuineantique.Bothpartieshavetheirownadvantages.Herjobhassomethingtodowithcomputers.Shewantstogohome.Theyaredivorcingeachother.Marywaswatchingherselfinthemirror.Thebirdbuiltanest.Susancomeshomeeveryweek-end.（二）意義一致原則有時，主語和謂語動詞的一致關系取決于主語的單、復數意義，而不是語法上的單、復數形式，這樣的一致關系就是意義一致。例如：Democraticgovernmentgraduallytaketheplaceofanall-powerfulmonarchy.Abarrackswasattackedbytheguerilla.Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.Itistheremainsofaruinedpalace.Thearchiveswaslost.Thispairoftrouserscostsfiftydollars.（三）就近原則有時，謂語動詞的單、復數形式決定于最靠近它的詞語。例如：Eithermygrandsonsortheirfatheriscoming.Nooneexcepthisdaughtersagreewithhim.Maryandhersistersarebakingacake.NeitherRichardnorIamgoing.二、以集合名詞做主語的主謂一致問題有些集合名詞，如committee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team,union等，在意義上是復數，但在語法形式上是單數，這類名詞作主語的主謂一致問題往往遵循“語法一致”或“意義一致”原則。例如：Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Acouncilofeldersgovernsthetribe.Thepresentgovernmentistryingtocontrolinflation.Theschoolstaffareexpectedtosuperviseschoolmeals.（一）通常作復數的集體名詞包括police,people,cattle,militia,vermin等，這些集體名詞通常用作復數。例如：TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.Themilitiawerecalledouttoguardtheborderland.Itseemsthecattleonthesidesofthedikesweretheonlylivingcreaturesinthesedesolatesurroundings.

（二）通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞，包括poultry,foliage，machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等,這類名詞后的動詞用單數形式。例如：Poultryisexpensiveatthistimeofyear.Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.Thesuiteoffurnitureheboughtwasofcontemporarystyle.Theequipmentofthephotographicstudiowasexpensive.

三）可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞,包括audience,committee,crew,family,government,jury等。例如：Theaudiencewas/wereenthusiasticontheopeningnightoftheplay.Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Thejuryis/areabouttoannouncethewinners.Thegovernmenthas/havediscussedthematterforalongtim三、acommittee,etcof+復數名詞的主謂一致問題如果主語是由acommitteeof/apanelof/a(the)boardof+復數名詞構成，隨后的動詞通常用單數。例如：Acommitteeoftwelvemenistodiscussthematter.Apanelofexpertshasconsideredthesituation.Theboardofmanagersisresponsibleforthefirm.四、以-s結尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題英語可數名詞的規則復數形式是在詞尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s結尾的名詞并不是可數名詞。它們用法多樣，造成了實際使用上的困難，以下詳述了以-s結尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題。（一）以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（二）以-s結尾的游戲名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（三）以-s結尾的地理名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（四）以-ics結尾的學科名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（五）其它以-s結尾的名詞的主謂一致問題（一）以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,這類以-s結尾的疾病名稱作主語時，謂語動詞通常用作單數。例如：Arthritiscausesgreatpaininthejointsofthepatient.Thediabetesisakindofchronicdisease.Measlesusuallyoccursinchildren.Phlebitisisaswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.（二）以-s結尾的游戲名稱作主語的主謂一致問題以-s結尾的游戲名稱作主語時，謂語動詞通常用作單數。例如：Dartsisbasicallyaeasygame.Marblesisnotconfinedtochildren.Skittlesisnotfashionablenowadays.Draughtsisnotverydifficulttolearn但當Darts，Marbles等的意義為游戲器具而非游戲名稱時，謂語動詞通常用作復數。例如：Threedartsarethrownateachturn.Allnineskittleswerebroughtdownbythegoodthrow.

（三）以-s結尾的地理名稱作主語的主謂一致問題某些以-s結尾的地理名稱，如果是國名，如theUnitedStates，theNetherlands等，因其是單一政治實體，所以謂語動詞用作單數。例如：TheUnitedStateswashitbytheGreatDepressionin1930s'.InearlyJanuary1996theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1976.但如果是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱作主語，謂語動詞用作復數。

例如：TheWestIndiesarecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplant.TheStraitsofGibraltarhavenotlosttheirstrategicimportance.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostsplendidwaterfallintheworld.（四）以-ics結尾的學科名稱作主語的主謂一致問題某些以-ics結尾的學科名稱作主語時，如physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,acoustics,politicsstatistics,economics,linguistics,athletics等,謂語動詞通常用作單數。例如：Physicsisafundamentalsubjectinscience.Thethirdworldeconomicsispromising.Acousticsstudiesthescienceofsound.Mathematicsisaninterestingsubject.Athleticsisarequiredcourseforstudentsofallgrades.但如果這類名詞表示學科以外的其它含義，可作復數用。例如：Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.Theacousticsofthenewconcerthallareperfect.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillatissue.（五）其它以-s結尾的名詞的主謂一致問題A.以-s結尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語英語中有一些通常以-s結尾的由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如glasses,pincers,pliers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等，這類名詞做主語，如果不帶“一把”、“一副”等單位詞，謂語動詞通常用復數。例如：Mary'sglassesarenew.John'strousersareblack.如果帶有單位詞，則由單位詞決定動詞的單、復數形式。例如：Onepairofpincersisn'tenough.Twopairsofscissorsaremissingfrommytoolbox.B.其他以-s結尾的名詞英語中還有一些以-s結尾的名詞，如archives，arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,goods,minutes,morals,remainsstairs,suburbs,thanks,wages這類名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數。例如：ThearchivesofthecountryarekeptintheDepartmentofSecurity.Thecontentsofthebookaremostamusing.Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.Mythanksaresincere.五、如果句子的主語是并列結構，其主謂一致問題通常遵循以下原則：（一）由and/both...and連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題（二）由or/nor/either...or連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題（三）主語+asmuchas,etc的主謂一致問題

（一）由and/both...and連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題由and/both...and連接的并列結構作主語，可根據主語的意義決定謂語動詞的單、復數形式。例如：Pancakesandsyrupisatastybreakfast.ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaperisconsiderable.Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.Fishandchipsaregettingveryexpensive.Atruckandacarwereintheditch.BothCathyandherdaughterLidahavegonefishinginCanada.當and連接的并列名詞詞組帶有each，every,或者manya等限定詞時，謂語動詞通常用單數

例如：Eachmanandeachwomanthereisaskedtohelp.Everyflowerandeverybushistobecutdown.Everychangeofseason,everychangeofweather,indeedeveryhouroftheday,producessomechangeinthemagicalhuesandshapesofthesemountains.Manyaboywasdisappointedafterseeingthefilm.（二）由or/nor/either...or連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso連接的并列結構作主語，隨后的動詞形式通常按照“就近原則”處理。例如：NeitherLucynorCarolhasanymoneyleft.NeithersleetnorsnowstopshimfromdrivinghisnewMercedes-Benz.EitherTinaorCarolissuretoknowtheanswer.Neithermyfathernormybrothersarelikelytobeattheater.NeithertheKansascoachnortheplayerswereconfidentofvictory.Notonlyone,butallofusarehopingtobethere.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenstolen.（三）主語+asmuchas,etc的主謂一致問題當主語后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引導的從屬結構，或跟有由aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引導的詞組時，其后的動詞形式取決主語的形式。例如：Thevessel,withitsentirecrewandcargowaslost.Theocean,aswellasthegulfandthebay,providesgoodfishing.John,ratherthanhisroommates,istoblame.Hugh,aswellashistwosisters,isvacationinginWyomingthissummer.Someoftheemployeesasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsibleforthefailure.Myhusband,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,islongingtogothereagain.Billy,togetherwithhissisters,waswoundedintheaccident.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslateforschool.六、以表示數量概念的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題數量概念分兩類：一類是確定數量，如twoyears,fiveseconds,threekilos,等，另一類是非確定數量，如allof...,someof...,noneof...。如果用這類表示數量概念的名詞詞組作主語，會產生主謂一致問題。（一）以表示確定數量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題（二）以表示非確定數量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題（一）以表示確定數量的名詞詞組作主語當主語為表示確定數量的名詞詞組時，如果數量概念被看做一個整體，動詞用單數，如果被看做組成該數量的個體，動詞用復數。例如：Thetreasurerconsideredthattwentydollarswasnottoomuchtoask."Twomonthsistooshortatime,"Generalmanagerwarned,"wemusthurryup."Threeweeksisneededtocompletethetask.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.Threepintsisnotenoughtogethimdrunk.Atotalof50,000newbicycleswasregisteredintheyear.如果作主語的名詞詞組是由“分數/百分數+of”詞組構成，其動詞形式取決于of詞組中名詞的類別。例如：Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentisagainsttheplan.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbysea.Overtwentypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Forty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewoman.兩數相減或相除，謂語動詞用單數；兩數相加或相乘，謂語動詞可用單數，也可用復數。例如：Sixtyminusseventeenleavesforty-three.Forty-twodividedbysixisseven.Sixandeightmakes/makefourteen.Sixtimeseightis/areforty-eight.如果主語由"onein/oneoutof+復數名詞"構成，在正式語體中，動詞用單數。例如：Oneintenstudentshaspassedtheexamination.Oneoutoftwelvebottleswasleftintact.

（二）以表示非確定數量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題如果主語由"aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof+名詞"或由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名詞”構成，謂語動詞通常用單數。例如：Apanelofushasdecidedtohir