PartII

OralPresentationSkillsChapter10PronunciationandIntonationTaskObjectivesYouwilllearntoshowanattractingratherthandetractingpresentationbygettingtoknowhowtopronouncewordscorrectlyhowtodecidewhenandwheretostressthewordsandphraseshowtoavoidspeakinginanomotoneTaskPreparationReadthefollowingtwotextsloudlyinyourgroup.PayattentiontotheboldwordsandtheCAPITALwordsthatyouneedtoputemphasison.Afterthat,decidewhichoneinyourgroupreadthembestandwhy.TaskPreparationA.Inhisbook,GladwellarguesthatINITIALIMPRESSIONS—orGUTFEELINGS—arequiterational.However,thatthis“split-second”thinking

processmovesFASTERthanwhatweusuallyassociatewiththinking.IfYOUareoneofthesepeople—andthereareMANYofus—Blinkprovides“PROOF”thatyou’reactuallyquiteaRATIONALHUMANBEING.TaskPreparationB.Inthisdayandage,facts,statisticsandothernumbersareusedtoproveEVERYTHING.Intuition,gutfeelingsandpersonalpreferencesareallOUTTHEDOOR.Ofcourse,thereAREsomewhoaretryingtobattlethistrend.Recently,MalcolmGladwellwroteBLINK,abest-sellerwhichexplorestheUSEFULNESSofmakingSPLIT-SECONDDECISIONSbasedonINTUITIONratherthancarefulconsiderationofallthefactsandfigures.SkillFocus

—I.PronouncewordscorrectlyCreatelistsofyourkeywords

Itisessentialthatyoucreatealistofkeywordsthatarecontainedinyourspeechorslides.Youshouldpayattentiontothewordsthatmightbeusedinquestionsfromtheaudiencetoo.SkillFocus

—I.PronouncewordscorrectlyFindoutthewordsyoumispronounceDoanInternetsearch:“Chinese+Englishpronunciation+Typicalmistakes”.WriteoutyourentirespeechandconvertitintoaPDFfile.UsetheAdobereadertoreadyourspeech.ListenforvowelsoundsUnderstandwhichwordsyoucannotpronounceandreplacewordsthataredifficulttopronounceMakealistofwordsthatyoufinddifficulttopronouncebutwhichyoucannotreplaceitwithotherwordsSkillFocus

—I.PronouncewordscorrectlyPracticethepronunciationofkeywordsthathavenosynonymsBreakdownthewordandidentifywhichpartiscausingyouproblems.Practicethedifficultwordbyreadingitinassociationwiththefamiliarwords,like:get>met>metal>method.SkillFocus

—I.PronouncewordscorrectlyPayattentiontotheirregularpronunciationsSkillFocus

—I.PronouncewordscorrectlyEnunciatenumbersveryclearlyHelpyouraudiencebywritinganyimportantnumbersdirectlyontoyourslides.Notewherethestressis:thirteen,thirty.SkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesWordstress:twosyllables

Ifit’satwo-syllablewordthatisnotaverb,thenputthestressonthefirstsyllable.But,somewordschangestressdependingonwhethertheyarenouns(onfirstsyllable)orverbs(onsecondsyllable).Trytopronouncethesewords:contact(n.),exploit(n.),increase(v.),insert(n.),object(n.),present(v.),progress(n.),record(n.),report(v.),research(v.),upset(v.).ThevastmajorityofBritishsurnamesandplacenameshavethestressonthefirstsyllable.e.g.Thatcher,Newton,BristolSkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesWordstress:compoundnounsAwordthatismadeupoftwowordshasthestressonthefirstsyllable,buttherearesomeexceptions.Pronouncethewordsbelowandfindtheexceptionsboyfriend,everyone,feedback,headline,highlight,income,input,afternoon,interface,interview,layout,newspaper,outcome,overview,podcast,sidetrack,understand,supermarket,switchboard,workshopSkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesWordstress:threesyllables

Mostthree-syllablewords(nouns,verbs,andadjectives)thatdon’thaveasuffix(e.g.,un-,pre-)havethestressonthefirstorsecondsyllable.Onlyafewhavethestressonthethirdsyllable.Pronouncethewordsbelowexpertise,introduce,Japanese,personnelSkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesWordstress:multi-syllables

Wordsendingwith-able,-ary,-ise,-ize,-yse,-urehavethestressonthefirstsyllable:suitable,secretary,categoryWordsendingwith-ate,-ical,-ity,-ment,-ologyhavethestressonthethirdtolastsyllable:graduate,immediate.

Someexceptions(stressonsecondsyllable):equipment,fulfillment.Wordsendingwith-ial,-ic,-cian,-sion,-tionhavethestressonthepenultimatesyllable:appearance,artificial,specificSkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesWordstress:multi-syllables

Mostwordsendingwith-eehavethestresson-ee:attendee,employee,interviewee.Anexception(stressonsecondsyllable):committee.Themajorityofothermulti-syllablewordshavethestressonthesecondsyllable(e.g.,identify,particular,parameter,enthusiasm),butsomeonthethird(e.g.,fundamental,correspondence).SkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesWordstress:multi-syllables

Anumberofcommonlyusedmulti-syllablewordsareusuallypronouncedwithoutcertainsyllables(i.e.,theonesinitalicsbelowarenotpronouncedinnormalspeech):average,business,category,Catholic,comfortable,difference,evening,general,interested,interesting,laboratory,literature,medicine,preferable,reference,temperature,vegetable,WednesdaySkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesAcronymsAcronymsarepronouncedinthreeways:witheachindividualletterpronouncedseparatelyandwithequalstressoneachletter:DVD,EU,UN,WWW.likeanormalword:NATO,UNESCO,URL.likeanormalwordbutwithvowelsoundsadded:FTSE(pronouncedfootsie).SkillFocus

—II.WhenandwheretostressthewordsandphrasesSentencestressReadthesentencesbelowanddiscusswithyourgroupmemberwhyweshouldstressthatword.Iamasoftwaredeveloper.Iamasoftwaredevelopernotasoftwaresalesperson.Iwanttoshowyou.Iwanttoshowyounotthem.Thishashappenedseveraltimes.Icanassurethatthishashappenedseveraltimes.SkillFocus

—II.AvoidspeakinginamonotoneVaryyourvoiceandspeedYouneedtovaryyourspeed,volume,pitchandtonetoshowtheaudiencewhatisimportantaboutwhatyouaresaying.Whenyouwanttostressawordinasentence,youshould:saythewordmoreslowly(andperhapsalittlelouder)thantheonesbeforeandtheonesafter;raisethevolumeofyourvoicealittle;giveyourvoiceaslightlydifferenttoneorquality.SkillFocus

—II.AvoidspeakinginamonotoneMarkupyourscriptandthenpracticereadingitaloudYou

can

use

the

marks

below:slash(/)—indicateswhereyouwanttopause.doubleslash(//)—indicatesalongerpause.bold—wordsthatyouwanttostressineachphrase.CAPITALS—thesearewordsthatyouwanttogive

particularemphasis

to.underline—indicatesthestresswithinaparticularword.[]—insertinbracketsthesoundsofwordsorsyllables.SkillFocus

—II.AvoidspeakinginamonotoneMarkupyourscriptandthenpracticereadingitaloudReadtheparagraphbelowloudly.Payattentiontothe

use

of

themarks.Firstofall/thankyouverymuch/forcomingheretoday.Myname’sCarlosCong/andIamcurrentlydoingresearchintopsycholinguistics[sy/my]/attheUniversityofYork.//I’dliketoshowyou/whatIthink/aresomeINCREDIBLEresults/thatIgotwhile...SkillFocus

—II.AvoidspeakinginamonotoneAvoid

er,

erm,

ahTry

not

to

make

any

non-verbal

noises

between

words

and

phrasesRecord

yourself

and

listen

to

your

voice

criticallyUse

pause/

breathe

instead

of

say

“er”CheckYourUnderstanding

—I.Pleasedecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalsebasedonthe“SkillFocus”youhaveread.1.Youcanfindsynonymsfornon-keywordsandthusreplacewordsthat

aredifficulttopronouncewithwordsthatareeasier.2.Awordthatismadeupoftwowordshasthestressonthefirstsyllable,

forexample:afternoon,understand.

3.Alltheacronymsarepronouncedwithequalstressoneachletter.

4.Normallywestressadjectivesratherthantheirnouns,because

adjectivesoftencarrythekeyinformationorcanhelptodistinguish

onethingfromsomethingelse.5.Whenyouwanttostressawordinasentence,youcansaytheword

moreslowly.TTFFTCheckYourUnderstanding

—II.Choose

the

best

choice

for

the

following

questions.1.Whichofthefollowingwordshasthestressonthefirstsyllable?A.biologistB.photographerC.psychiatristD.secretaryDCheckYourUnderstanding

—II.Choose

the

best

choice

for

the

following

questions.2.Whichofthefollowinghasadifferentvowelsound?A.knewB.stewC.fewD.sewDCheckYourUnderstanding

—II.Choose

the

best

choice

for

the

following

questions.3.WhichwordhasthecorrectstressinBritishEnglish?(Stresssyllables

areincapitalletters)A.ADvertisementB.adVERtisementC.adverTISEmentD.advertiseMENTBCheckYourUnderstanding

—II.Choose

the

best

choice

for

the

following

questions.4.Belowarefour-syllablewords.Whichonehasa

differentstresspattern?A.receptionistB.biographyC.disqualifyD.operationDCheckYourUnderstanding

—II.Choose

the

best

choice

for

the

following

questions.5.Whichwordhasadifferentvowelsound?A.headB.saidC.madeD.bedCCheckYourUnderstanding

—III.Read

the

sentence

aloud

using

the

stress

word

marked

in

bold.

Once

you

have

read

the

sentence

aloud

a

few

times,

match

the

sentence

version

to

the

meaning

below.1.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.2.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.3.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.4.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.5.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.6.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.7.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.A.Notjustahaircut.B.It’sapossibility.C.Itwasmyidea.D.Notsomethingelse.E.Don’tyouunderstandme?F.Notanotherperson.G.Sheshouldthinkaboutit.It’sagoodidea.1.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.C.

Itwasmyidea.2.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.E.

Don’tyouunderstandme?3.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.F.

Notanotherperson.4.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.B.

It’sapossibility.5.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.G.

Sheshouldthinkaboutit.It’sagoodidea.6.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.A.

Notjustahaircut.7.Isaidshemightconsideranewhaircut.D.

Notsomethingelse.CheckYourUnderstanding

—III.TipsandNotes糾正和完善自己的發(fā)音與音調(diào)不僅重在日常的練習，還應在每次會議發(fā)言前做好充分的準備。你可以在發(fā)言前寫出發(fā)言稿，總結(jié)出此次發(fā)言時的keywordlist，從而找到自己需要特別注意的單詞，然后確認每個單詞的發(fā)音。如果某些單詞太復雜，無法糾正發(fā)音，則用容易發(fā)音的同義詞替代。最后，勾劃出重讀及停頓，反復練習。必要時，也可以將自己的發(fā)言練習進行錄音，以便更好地發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在發(fā)音與音調(diào)方面的不足，及時完善。TaskRealizationI.Mark

up

the

following

script

and

read

it

loudly

in

your

group.1.Therearetwomainadvantagesofthesetechniques.First,thesample

needsverylittleornopre-treatment.Second,yougetaquickresponse.Mass

spectraarereallyhardtointerpret.Sowedecidedtousetwotypesofanalysis:

principalcomponent,andcomplete-linkagecluster.Wedidtheanalysisonthe

relativeabundanceofpeaks.Allthismeantthatwecouldcompare,differentiate

andclassifythesamples.

TaskRealizationI.Mark

up

the

following

script

and

read

it

loudly

in

your

group.1.Therearetwomainadvantages/ofthesetechniques.First,//thesample

needsverylittle/ornopre-treatment./Second,//yougetaquick

response./Massspectraarereallyhardtointerpret./Sowedecided

/tousetwotypesofanalysis:/principalcomponent,/andcomplete-linkagecluster./Wedidtheanalysis/ontherelativeabundanceof

peaks./Allthismeantthat/wecouldcompare,/differentiate/and

classifythesamples.

TaskRealizationI.Mark

up

the

following

script

and

read

it

loudly

in

your

group.2.Thescenarioisatypicalwirelessnetwork.Thereisasinglebasestation

inthemiddleandsubscriberstationsaroundit.Weusedasimulatortohelpus

understandtwofactors.First,howthepowersavingmechanisminfluenceshow

usersperform.Second,theeffectthatpowersavinghasontheenvironment.

Anotherimportantaspect.Testing.Testingcanbeclassifiedindifferentways

dependingonwhichpartofthenetworkyouaretestingandonhowyouare

doingthetesting.TaskRealizationI.Mark

up

the

following

script

and

read

it

loudly

in

your

group.2.Thescenario/isatypicalwirelessnetwork./Thereisasinglebase

stationinthemiddle/andsubscriberstationsaroundit./Weuseda

simulator/tohelpusunderstandtwofactors./First,/howthepower

savingmechanisminfluenceshowusersperform./Second,/theeffect

thatpowersavinghasontheenvironment.Anotherimportantaspect,

/Testing./Testingcanbeclassifiedindifferentways/dependingon

whichpartofthenetworkyouaretesting/andonhowyouaredoingthe

testing.TaskRealizationI.Mark

up

the

following

script

and

read

it

loudly

in

your

group.3.NowIwanttomoveontoanewprojectcalled“Template”.Imagine

youwanttoprepareanewpresentationforaclient,orwriteouttheminutes

ofameetingyou’vejusthadorgenerallyjustproduceanewdocument.Well,

nowyouhavetemplatestodothis.Thenyoucanstoreallthedocumentsyou

produceonTemplate.Let