2017年6月英語六級真題試卷第3套PartIWriting（30minutes）Directions:Supposeyouareaskedtogiveadviceonwhethertomajorinscienceorhumanitiesatcollege,writeanessaytostateyouropinion.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension（30minutes）（說明：由于2017年6月六級考試全國共考了2套聽力，本套真題聽力與前2套內容完全一樣，只是順序不一樣，因此在本套真題中不再重復出現）PartIIIReadingComprehension（40minutes）SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Halfofyourbrainstaysalertandpreparedfordangerwhenyousleepinanewplace,astudyhasrevealed.Thisphenomenonisoften26toasthe“first-night-effect”.ResearchersfromBrownUniversityfoundthatanetworkinthelefthemisphereofthebrain“remainedmoreactive”thanthenetworkintherightsideofthebrain.Playingsoundsintotherightears（stimulatingthelefthemisphere）of27wasmorelikelytowakethemupthanifthenoiseswereplayedintotheirleftear.thesamewayduringdeepsleep.Theresearchersexplainedthatthestudydemonstrated“whenweareina29environment,danger.”Theresearchersbelievethisisthefirsttimethatthe“first-night-effect”ofdifferentbrainstateshasbeen31inhumans.Itisn’t,however,thefirsttimeithaseverbeenseen.Someanimal32alsodisplaythisphenomenon.Forexample,dolphins,aswellasother33animalsshutdownonehemisphereofthebrainwhentheygotosleep.Apreviousstudynotedthatdolphinsalways34controltheirbreathing.Withoutkeepingthebrainactivewhilesleeping,theywouldprobablydown.But,asthehumanstudysuggest,anotherreasonfordolphinskeepingtheireyesopenduringsleepisthattheycanlookoutfor35whileasleep.Italsokeepstheirphysiologicalprocessesworking.A）classifiedB）consciouslyC）dramaticallyD）exoticE）identifiedF）inherentG）marineH）novelI）potentialJ）predatorsK）referredL）speciesM）specificallyN）varietiesO）volunteersSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.ThePriceofOilandthePriceofCarbon[A]Fossilfuelpricesarelikelytostay“lowforlong”.Notwithstandingimportantrecentprogressindevelopingrenewablefuelsources,lowfossilfuelpricescoulddiscouragefurtherinnovationin,andadoptionof,cleanerenergytechnologies.Theresultwouldbehigheremissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.[B]Policymakersshouldnotallowlowenergypricestoderailthecleanenergytransition.Actiontorestoreappropriatepriceincentives,notablythroughcorrectivecarbonpricing,isurgentlyneededtolowertheriskofirreversibleandpotentiallydevastatingeffectsofclimatechange.Thatapproachalsooffersfiscalbenefits.[C]Oilpriceshavedroppedbyover60percentsinceJune2014.Acommonlyheldviewintheoilindustryisthat“thebestcureforlowoilpricesislowoilprices”.Thereasoningbehindthissayingisthatlowoilpricesdiscourageinvestmentinnewproductioncapacity,eventuallyshiftingtheoilsupplycurvebackwardandbringingpricesbackupasexistingoilfields—whichcanbetappedatrelativelylowmarginalcost—aredepleted.Infact,inlinewithpastexperience,capitalexpenditureintheoilsectorhasdroppedsharplyinmanyproducingcountries,includingtheUnitedStates.Thedynamicadjustmenttolowoilpricesmay,however,bedifferentthistimearound.[D]Oilpricesareexpectedtoremainlowerforlonger.Theadventofnewtechnologieshasaddedabout4.2millionbarrelsperdaytothecrudeoilmarket,contributingtoaglobalover-supply.Inaddition,otherfactorsareputtingdownwardpressureonoilprices:changeinthestrategicbehavioroftheOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries,theprojectedincreaseinIranianexports,thescaling-downofglobaldemand（especiallyfromemergingmarkets）,thelong-termdropinpetroleumconsumptionintheUnitedStates,andsomedisplacementofoilbysubstitutes.Theselikelypersistentforces,likethegrowthofshale（頁巖）,pointtoa“lowforlong”scenario.Futuresmarkets,whichshowonlyamodestrecoveryofpricestoaround$60abarrelby2019,supportthisview.[E]Naturalgasandcoal—alsofossilfuels—havesimilarlyseenpricedeclinesthatlooktobelong-lived.Coalandnaturalgasaremainlyusedforelectricitygeneration,whereasoilisusedmostlytopowertransportation,yetthepricesofalltheseenergysourcesarelinked.TheNorthAmericanshalegasboomhasresultedinrecordlowpricesthere.TherecentdiscoveryofthegiantZohrgasfieldofftheEgyptiancoastwilleventuallyhaveimpactonpricingintheMediterraneanregionandEurope,andthereissignificantdevelopmentpotentialinmanyotherplaces,notablyArgentina.Coalpricesalsoarelow,owingtoover-supplyandthescalingdownofdemand,especiallyfromChina,whichburnshalfoftheworld’scoal.[fossilfuelexports,haveenormouspotentialtodeveloprenewables.Forexample,theUnitedArabEmirateshasendorsedanambitioustargettodraw24%ofitsprimaryenergyconsumptionfromrenewablesourcesby2021.[G]Progressinthedevelopmentofrenewablescouldbefragile,however,iffossilfuelpricesremainlowforlong.Renewablesaccountforonlyasmallshareofglobalprimaryenergyconsumption,whichisstilldominatedbyfossilfuels—30%eachforcoalandoil,25%fornaturalgas.Butrenewableenergywillhavetodisplacefossilfuelstoamuchgreaterextentinthefuturetoavoidunacceptableclimaterisks.[H]Unfortunately,thecurrentlowpricesforoil,gas,andcoalmayprovidelittleincentiveforresearchtofindevencheapersubstitutesforthosefuels.Thereisstrongevidencethatbothinnovationandadoptionofcleanertechnologyarestronglyencouragedbyhigherfossilfuelprices.Thesameistruefornewtechnologiesforalleviatingfossilfuelemissions.[I]Thecurrentlowfossil-fuelpriceenvironmentwillthuscertainlydelaytheenergytransitionfromfossilfueltocleanenergysources.Unlessrenewablesbecomecheapenoughthatsubstantialcarbondepositsareleftundergroundforaverylongtime,ifnotforever,theplanetwilllikelybeexposedtopotentiallycatastrophicclimaterisks.[J]Someclimateimpactsmayalreadybediscernible.Forexample,theUnitedNationsChildren’sFundestimatesthatsome11millionchildreninAfricafacehunger,disease,andwatershortagesasaresultofthestrongestElNi?o（厄爾尼諾）weatherphenomenonindecades.ManyscientistsbelievethatElNi?oevents,causedbywarminginthePacific,arebecomingmoreintenseasaresultofclimatechange.[L]ThenationsparticipatingatCOP21arefocusingonquantitativeemissions-reductioncommitments.Economicreasoningshowsthattheleastexpensivewayforeachcountryistoputapriceoncarbonemissions.Thereasonisthatwhencarbonispriced,thoseemissionsreductionsthatareleastcostlytoimplementwillhappenfirst.TheInternationalMonetaryFundcalculatesthatcountriescangeneratesubstantialfiscalrevenuesbyeliminatingfossilfuelsubsidiesandlevyingcarbonchargesthatcapturethedomesticdamagecausedbyemissions.Ataxonupstreamcarbonsourcesisoneeasywaytoputapriceoncarbonemissions,althoughsomecountriesmaywishtouseothermethods,suchasemissionstradingschemes.Inordertomaximizeglobalwelfare,everycountry’scarbonpricingshouldreflectnotonlythepurelydomesticdamagesfromemissions,butalsothedamagestoforeigncountries.[M]Settingtherightcarbonpricewillthereforeefficientlyalignthecostspaidbycarbonuserswiththetruesocialopportunitycostofusingcarbon.Byraisingrelativedemandforcleanenergysources,acarbonpricewouldalsohelptoalignthemarketreturntoclean-energyinnovationwithitssocialreturn,spurringtherefinementofexistingtechnologiesandthedevelopmentofnewones.Anditwouldraisethedemandfortechnologiessuchascarboncaptureandstorage,spurringtheirfurtherdevelopment.Ifnotcorrectedbytheappropriatecarbonprice,lowfossilfuelpricesarenotaccuratelysignalingtomarketsthetruesocialprofitabilityofcleanenergy.Whilealternativeestimatesofthedamagesfromcarbonemissionsdiffer,andit’sespeciallyhardtoreckonthelikelycostsofpossiblecatastrophicclimateevents,mostestimatessuggestsubstantialnegativeeffects.[O]ThehopeisthatthesuccessofCOP21opensthedoortofutureinternationalagreementoncarbonprices.Agreementonaninternationalcarbon-pricefloorwouldbeagoodstartingpointinthatprocess.Failuretoaddresscomprehensivelytheproblemofgreenhousegasemissions,however,exposesallgenerations,presentandfuture,toincalculablerisks.36.Anumberoffactorsaredrivingdowntheglobaloilpricesnotjustfornowbutintheforeseeablefuture.37.Pricingcarbonprovesthemosteconomicalwaytoreducegreenhousegasemissions.38.ItisestimatedthatextremeweatherconditionshaveendangeredthelivesofmillionsofAfricanchildren.39.Thepricesofcoalarelowasaresultofover-supplyanddecreasingdemand.40.Higherfossilfuelpricesprovetobeconducivetoinnovationandapplicationofcleanertechnology.41.Iffossilfuelpricesremainlowforalongtime,itmayleadtohigheremissionsofgreenhousegases.42.Fossilfuelsremainthemajorsourceofprimaryenergyconsumptionintoday’sworld.43.Evenmajorfossilexportingcountrieshavegreatpotentialtodeveloprenewableenergies.44.Greenhousegasemissions,ifnotproperlydealtwith,willposeendlessrisksformankind.45.Itisurgentforgovernmentstoincreasethecostofusingfossilfuelstoanappropriateleveltolessenthecatastrophiceffectsofclimatechange.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Tennessee’stechnicalandcommunitycollegewillnotoutsource（外包）managementoftheirfacilitiestoaprivatecompany,adecisiononeleadersaidwasbolsteredbyananalysisofspendingateachcampus.InanemailsentMondaytocollegepresidentsintheTennesseeBoardofRegentssystem,outgoingChancellorJohnMorgansaidaninternalanalysisshowedthateachcampus’spendingonfacilitiesmanagementfellwellbelowtheindustrystandardsidentifiedbythestate.Morgansaidthosefindings—whichincludeddatafromthesystem’s13communitycolleges,27technicalcollegesandsixuniversities—werepartofthedecisionnottomoveforwardwithGovernorBillHaslam’sproposaltoprivatizemanagementofstatebuildingsinanefforttosavemoney.“Whilethesenumbersarestillbeingvalidatedbythestate,wefeelanyadjustmentstheymightsuggestwillbeimmaterial,”Morganwrotetothepresidents.“Systeminstitutionsareoperatingveryefficientlybasedonthisanalysis,raisingthequestionofthevalueofpursingabroadscaleoutsourcinginitiative.”Workers’advocateshavecriticizedHaslam’splan,sayingitwouldmeansomecampusworkerswouldlosetheirjobsorbenefits.Haslamhassaidcollegeswouldbefreetooptinoroutoftheoutsourcingplan,whichhasnotbeenfinalized.MorgannotifiedthatHaslamadministrationofhisdecisiontooptoutinalettersentlastweek.Thatletter,whichincludesseveralconcernsMorganhaswiththeplan,wasoriginallyobtainedbyTheCommercialAppealinMemphis.Inanemailstatementfromthestate’sOfficeofCustomerFocusedGovernment,whichisexaminingthepossibilityofoutsourcing,spokeswomanMichelleR.MartinsaidofficialswerestillworkingtoanalyzethedatafromtheBoardofRegents.Dataonmanagementexpensesatthecollegesystemandinotherstatedepartmentswillbepartofa“businessjustification”thestatewilluseasofficialsdeliberatethespecificsofanoutsourcingplan.“Thestate’sfacilitiesmanagementprojectteamisstillintheprocessofdevelopingitsbusinessjustificationandexpectstohavethatcompletedandavailabletothepublicattheendofFebruary,”Martinsaid.“Atthistimethereisnothingtotakeactiononsincetheanalysishasyettobecompleted.”Morgan’scommentsonoutsourcingmarkthesecondtimethismonththathehascomeoutagainstoneofHaslam’splansforhighereducationinTennessee.MorgansaidlastweekthathewouldretireattheendofJanuarybecauseofthegovernor’sproposaltosplitoffsixuniversitiesoftheBoardofRegentssystemandcreateseparategoverningboardsforeachofthem.Inhisresignationletter,Morgancalledthereorganization“unworkable”.46.WhatdowelearnaboutthedecisionoftechnicalandcommunitycollegesinTennessee?A）Itisbackedbyacampusspendinganalysis.B）Ithasbeenflatlyrejectedbythegovernor.C）Ithasneglectedtheirfaculty’sdemands.D）Itwillimprovetheirfinancialsituation.47.Whatdoesthecampusspendinganalysisreveal?A）Privatecompaniesplayabigroleincampusmanagement.B）Facilitiesmanagementbycollegesismorecost-effective.C）Facilitiesmanagementhasgreatlyimprovedinrecentyears.D）Collegeexercisefullcontrolovertheirownfinancialaffairs.48.Workers’supportersarguethatBillHaslam’sproposalwould______.A）deprivecollegesoftherighttomanagetheirfacilitiesB）makeworkerslessmotivatedinperformingdutiesC）renderanumberofcampusworkersjoblessD）leadtotheprivatizationofcampusfacilities49.Whatdowelearnfromthestatespokeswoman’sresponsetoJohnMorgan’sdecision?A）Theoutsourcingplanisnotyetfinalized.B）Theoutsourcingplanwillbeimplemented.C）Thestateofficialsareconfidentabouttheoutsourcingplan.D）Thecollegespendinganalysisjustifiestheoutsourcingplan.50.WhydidJohnMorgandecidetoresign?A）HehadlostconfidenceintheTennesseestategovernment. B）Hedisagreedwiththegovernoronhighereducationpolicies.C）Hethoughtthestate’soutsourcingproposalwassimplyunworkable.D）Heopposedthegovernor’splantoreconstructthecollegeboardsystem.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.U.S.U.S.eporteditssalesplunged5.2%inNovemberandDecemberatstoresopenmorethanayear,adisappointingholidayseasonperformancethatcappedadifficultyearforadepartmentstorechainfacingwide-rangingchallenges.ItsflagshipstoresinmajorU.S.citiesdependheavilyoninternationaltouristspending,whichshrankatmanyretailersduetoastrongdollar.Meanwhile,Macy’shassimplystruggledtolureconsumerswhoaremoreinterestedinspendingontravelordiningoutthanonnewclothesoraccessories.ThecompanyblamedmuchofthepoorperformanceinNovemberandDecemberonunseasonablywarmweather.“About80%ofourcompany’syear-over-yeardeclinesincomparablesalescanbeattributedtoshortfalls（短缺）incold-weathergoods,”saidchiefexecutiveTerryLundgreninapressrelease.Thispromptedthecompanytocutitsforecastsforthefullfourthquarter.However,it’sclearthatMacy’sbelievesitstroublesrundeeperthanatemporaryaberration（偏離）offthethermometer.Theretailgiantsaidthepoorfinancialperformancethisyearhaspushedittobeginimplementing$400millionincost-cuttingmeasures.Thecompanypledgedtocut600back-officepositions,thoughsome150workersinthoseroleswouldbereassignedtootherjobs.Italsoplanstooffer“voluntaryseparation”packagesto165seniorexecutives.Itwillsplashstaffingatitsfleetof770stores,amoveaffectingsome3,000employees.Theretaileralsoannouncedthelocationsof36storesitwillcloseinearly2016.Thecompanyhadpreviouslyannouncedtheplannedclosures,buthadnotsaidwhichlocationswouldbeaffected.Noneofthechain’sstoresintheWashingtonmetropolitanareaaretobeclosed.T.J.T.J.asbeenmovingaggressivelytotrytoremakeitselfforaneweraofshopping.IthasplanstoopenmorelocationsofMacy’sBackstage,anewly-developedoff-priceconceptwhichmighthelpitbettercompetewithambitiousT.J.Maxx.It’salsopushingaheadin2016withanexpansionofBluemercury,thebeautychainitboughtlastyear.AtatimewhenyoungbeautyshoppersareoftenturningtoSephoraorUltainsteadofdepartmentstorebeautycounters,Macy’shopesBluemercurywillhelpstrengthenitspositioninthecategory.OnerelativebrightspotforMacy’sduringtheholidayseasonwastheonlinechannel,whereitrangup“double-digit”increasesinsalesanda25%increaseinthenumberof