跨文化溝通培訓(xùn)跨文化溝通培訓(xùn)1LearningObjectivesBythisendofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:UnderstandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinkedUnderstandculturalinfluencesonsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseDistinguishdenotationalandconnotationalmeaningsofwordsLearningObjectivesBythisend2LearningObjectivesDistinguishlinearandnonlinearlanguage,deductiveandinductivepatternsMakecross-culturalcomparisonsofdifferentpragmaticrulesusedinvariousspeechactsandverbalstylesLearningObjectivesDistinguish3MeansofHumanCommunicationVerbalcommunicationUsingwordsthathavemutuallyunderstoodmeaningsandasetofrulesNonverbalcommunicationEdwardT.Hallreferstoitasthe“silentlanguage”MeansofHumanCommunicationVe4TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture1.Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage2.TheinfluenceoflanguageoncultureTheRelationshipBetweenLangu5TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage1.LanguageasareflectionoftheenvironmentLanguagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Welabelthingsthatarearoundus.(examples)Theenvironmentinfluencesthedevelopmentoftechnology,products,andtheappropriatevocabulary.(examples)TheInfluenceofCultureonLa6TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage2.LanguageasreflectionofvaluesLanguagereflectsculturalvalues.Languageisamirrorofculture,becauselanguagereflectshumanrelationships,reflectsthewaythesocietyoperates.Example:Chinesekinshiptermsreflecttheimportanceofourfamilysystem.TheInfluenceofCultureonLa7LinguisticDeterminismLinguisticRelativitySapir-WhorfHypothesisTheInfluenceofLanguageonCultureLinguisticDeterminismLinguist8Sapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguagenotonlyservesasamechanismforcommunication,butaguidetosocialreality.RealityforacultureisdiscoverableinitslanguageSapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguage9LinguisticDeterminismLanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtandculturalnormsTheworldaseachofusknowsitistoalargeextentpredeterminedbythelanguageofourcultureThedifferencesbetweenlanguagesrepresentbasicdifferencesintheworldviewofdiversecultures.LinguisticDeterminismLanguage10LinguisticRelativityLinguisticcharacteristicsandculturalnormsinfluenceeachother.Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.Languageprovidestheconceptualcategoriesthatinfluencehowitsspeakers’perceptionareencodedandstored.LinguisticRelativityLinguisti11CulturalImpacton

VerbalCommunicationAtlexicallevelAtdiscourselevelAtpragmaticlevelCulturalImpacton

VerbalComm121.Atlexicallevel1.Atlexicallevel13DenotationalmeaningConnotationalmeaningawordMeaningsofWordsDenotationalmeaningConnotatio14MeaningsofWordsDenotationalmeaningItreferstoadefinitionalmeaningdependinguponourchoiceofwordselection.Denotationmeansadictionarydefinition.ConnotationalmeaningItreferstoextendedmeaningsorassociatedmeanings.Connotationalmeaningshavedevelopedovertimethroughusebypeopleandespeciallybypoetsandwriters.MeaningsofWordsDenotational15ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseSomewordshavethesamedenotationalandconntationalmeanings.Therearealsomanywordswiththesamedenotationalmeaningsbutdifferentconnotationalmeanings.Bothdenotationalandconnotatinalmeaningsaredifferentinmanyotherwords.ComparisonbetweenEnglishand16ExamplesDove:peaceFox:cunningOwl:wisdomBat:anevilanimalCricket:ahappyinsectDragon:fierceness鴿子：和平鴿狐貍：像狐貍一樣狡猾貓頭鷹：壞運(yùn)氣蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福蟋蟀：哀愁龍：龍袍，龍的傳人(ChineseDragon)ExamplesDove:peace鴿子：和平鴿17CultureRedYellowGreenBlueEuropeandNorthAmericaDangerCautionCowardiceSafetyGrowthandrebirthMasculinitySweetnesscalmJapanAngerDangerGraceNobilityChildishgaietyFutureYouthEnergyvillainyChinaJoyCelebrationPowerHonorRoyaltyNospecialassociationNospecialassociationArabiccountriesNospecialassociationHappinessprosperityFertilityvirtueStrengthFaithTruthCulturalAssociationsofColorCultureRedYellowGreenBlue18BusinessImplicationsInternationalbusinesspersonsmayencounterproblemswithsuchconnotationalmeaningsofcolors.Internationalmarketersneedtoknowwhatassociationscertainculturehasintermsofcolorsandhowtheymightaffectproductdesign,packaging,andadvertisingmessages.BusinessImplicationsInternati192.AtdiscourselevelLinearandnonlinearlanguageDeductiveaninductivepatterns2.Atdiscourselevel20LinearVS.NonlinearLanguageLinear

hasabeginningandanendLogicalandobjectiveNonlinearCircularTradition-orientatedSubjectiveLinearVS.NonlinearLanguageL21StylesofParagraphDevelopment直線型（英語(yǔ)）平行對(duì)仗型（閃族語(yǔ)）螺旋型（東方語(yǔ)言）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（拉丁語(yǔ)系）更自由的迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（俄語(yǔ)）StylesofParagraphDevelopmen22StylesofParagraphDevelopment直線型English英語(yǔ)平行對(duì)仗型Semitic閃族語(yǔ)（阿拉伯語(yǔ)）螺旋型Oriental東方語(yǔ)言（漢語(yǔ)）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型Romance拉丁語(yǔ)系（法語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（更自由的）RussianStylesofParagraphDevelopmen23DeductiveVS.InductivethoughtpatternsDeductiveFromthegeneraltothespecificWesternInductiveFromthespecifictothegeneralEasternDeductiveVS.Inductivethough24Example1BecauseofmostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1999,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.Example1Becauseofmostofo25Example2IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1999.Example2Isuggestthatwedel26Deductivevs.InductiveX Comment,mainpoint,oractionsuggestedBecauseofYTopic,background,orreasonBecauseofYtopic,background,orreasonXcomment,mainpoint,oractionsuggestedDeductivevs.InductiveX Becau273.Atpragmaticlevel3.Atpragmaticlevel28Pragmaticsdefinedpragmaticsisdefinedas“l(fā)anguageinuse”(Thomas)Pragmaticsdefinedpragmaticsi29PragmatictransferdefinedTheuseofrulesofspeakingfromone’sownnativespeechcommunitywheninteractingwithmembersofthehostspeechcommunityorsimplywhenspeakinginasecondlanguageisknownassociolinguisticorpragmatictransfer.PragmatictransferdefinedThe30pragmalinguisticfailuresociolinguisticfailurepragmaticfailurePragmaticFailure(PragmaticTransfer)pragmalinguisticfailuresociol31PragmalinguisticFailureDefinedPragmalinguisticfailureoccurswhenthepragmaticforcemappedbyspeakerontoagivenutteranceissystematicallydifferentfromtheforcemostfrequentlyassignedtoitbynativespeakerofthetargetlanguage,orwhenspeechactstrategiesareinappropriatelytransferredfromthefirstlanguagetothesecondlanguage.PragmalinguisticFailureDefin32Examples“豈有此理”

asacomplimentresponse“sorry,sorry”for“Iamverysorry”Examples“豈有此理”asacomplimen33SociolinguisticFailureDefineSociolinguisticfailurestemsfromcross-culturallydifferentperceptionsofwhatconstitutesappropriatelinguisticbehavior.SociolinguisticFailureDefine34Examples白象牌電池芳芳牌唇膏大寶SOD蜜金雞牌鞋油龍牌卷閘WhiteElephantFangFangDabaoSODGoldenCockDragonExamples白象牌電池WhiteElephant35AnalysisofSpeechActAddressGreetingandleaving-takingOfferandthanksInvitationandresponseApologiesComplimentandresponseAnalysisofSpeechActAddress36countryAppropriatetopicsTopicstoavoidAustraliaProfessions,cars,skiing,musicMoney,religion,divorceGermanyTravelabroad,internationalpolitics,hobbiesWorldWarTwo,questionsaboutpersonallifeGreatBritainHistory,architecture,gardeningPolitics,money/priceFranceMusic,books,sports,thetheatrePriceofitems,person’swork,income,ageMexicoFamily,socialconcernsPolitics,debt,inflationproblems,borderviolationsJapanHistory,culture,artWorldWarTwocountryAppropriatetopicsTopic37VerbalStyleAmericanverbalstyleJapaneseverbalstyleChineseverbalstyleVerbalStyleAmericanverbalst38AmericanVerbalStyleDirectHonestPing-pangortennisgamestyleAmericanVerbalStyleDirect39JapaneseVerbalStyleTakingturnsWaitingpolitelyBowlingstyleJapaneseVerbalStyleTakingtu40ChineseVerbalStyleImplicitcommunication（含蓄）Listeningcenteredness（聽(tīng)話）Politeness（客氣）Afocusoninsiders（自己人）Face-directedcommunicationstrategies（面子）ChineseVerbalStyleImplicitc41ChineseVS.NorthAmericanVerbalStyleWhatisnotsaidvs.whatissaidTheuseofwevs.IPolitevs.impolitetalkIndirectvs.directtalkHesitantvs.assertivespeechself-effacingvs.self-enhancingtalkPrivatevs.publicpersonalquestionsReticentvs.expressivespeechChineseVS.NorthAmericanVer42Homework1.Canyouevaluatethoughtpatternsandtheirrelationshiptointerculturalcommunication?2.What’saChinesediscoursepatternlikeandhowdoesitdifferfromtheEnglishone?Homework1.Canyouevaluatet43跨文化溝通培訓(xùn)跨文化溝通培訓(xùn)44LearningObjectivesBythisendofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:UnderstandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinkedUnderstandculturalinfluencesonsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseDistinguishdenotationalandconnotationalmeaningsofwordsLearningObjectivesBythisend45LearningObjectivesDistinguishlinearandnonlinearlanguage,deductiveandinductivepatternsMakecross-culturalcomparisonsofdifferentpragmaticrulesusedinvariousspeechactsandverbalstylesLearningObjectivesDistinguish46MeansofHumanCommunicationVerbalcommunicationUsingwordsthathavemutuallyunderstoodmeaningsandasetofrulesNonverbalcommunicationEdwardT.Hallreferstoitasthe“silentlanguage”MeansofHumanCommunicationVe47TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture1.Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage2.TheinfluenceoflanguageoncultureTheRelationshipBetweenLangu48TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage1.LanguageasareflectionoftheenvironmentLanguagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Welabelthingsthatarearoundus.(examples)Theenvironmentinfluencesthedevelopmentoftechnology,products,andtheappropriatevocabulary.(examples)TheInfluenceofCultureonLa49TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage2.LanguageasreflectionofvaluesLanguagereflectsculturalvalues.Languageisamirrorofculture,becauselanguagereflectshumanrelationships,reflectsthewaythesocietyoperates.Example:Chinesekinshiptermsreflecttheimportanceofourfamilysystem.TheInfluenceofCultureonLa50LinguisticDeterminismLinguisticRelativitySapir-WhorfHypothesisTheInfluenceofLanguageonCultureLinguisticDeterminismLinguist51Sapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguagenotonlyservesasamechanismforcommunication,butaguidetosocialreality.RealityforacultureisdiscoverableinitslanguageSapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguage52LinguisticDeterminismLanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtandculturalnormsTheworldaseachofusknowsitistoalargeextentpredeterminedbythelanguageofourcultureThedifferencesbetweenlanguagesrepresentbasicdifferencesintheworldviewofdiversecultures.LinguisticDeterminismLanguage53LinguisticRelativityLinguisticcharacteristicsandculturalnormsinfluenceeachother.Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.Languageprovidestheconceptualcategoriesthatinfluencehowitsspeakers’perceptionareencodedandstored.LinguisticRelativityLinguisti54CulturalImpacton

VerbalCommunicationAtlexicallevelAtdiscourselevelAtpragmaticlevelCulturalImpacton

VerbalComm551.Atlexicallevel1.Atlexicallevel56DenotationalmeaningConnotationalmeaningawordMeaningsofWordsDenotationalmeaningConnotatio57MeaningsofWordsDenotationalmeaningItreferstoadefinitionalmeaningdependinguponourchoiceofwordselection.Denotationmeansadictionarydefinition.ConnotationalmeaningItreferstoextendedmeaningsorassociatedmeanings.Connotationalmeaningshavedevelopedovertimethroughusebypeopleandespeciallybypoetsandwriters.MeaningsofWordsDenotational58ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseSomewordshavethesamedenotationalandconntationalmeanings.Therearealsomanywordswiththesamedenotationalmeaningsbutdifferentconnotationalmeanings.Bothdenotationalandconnotatinalmeaningsaredifferentinmanyotherwords.ComparisonbetweenEnglishand59ExamplesDove:peaceFox:cunningOwl:wisdomBat:anevilanimalCricket:ahappyinsectDragon:fierceness鴿子：和平鴿狐貍：像狐貍一樣狡猾貓頭鷹：壞運(yùn)氣蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福蟋蟀：哀愁龍：龍袍，龍的傳人(ChineseDragon)ExamplesDove:peace鴿子：和平鴿60CultureRedYellowGreenBlueEuropeandNorthAmericaDangerCautionCowardiceSafetyGrowthandrebirthMasculinitySweetnesscalmJapanAngerDangerGraceNobilityChildishgaietyFutureYouthEnergyvillainyChinaJoyCelebrationPowerHonorRoyaltyNospecialassociationNospecialassociationArabiccountriesNospecialassociationHappinessprosperityFertilityvirtueStrengthFaithTruthCulturalAssociationsofColorCultureRedYellowGreenBlue61BusinessImplicationsInternationalbusinesspersonsmayencounterproblemswithsuchconnotationalmeaningsofcolors.Internationalmarketersneedtoknowwhatassociationscertainculturehasintermsofcolorsandhowtheymightaffectproductdesign,packaging,andadvertisingmessages.BusinessImplicationsInternati622.AtdiscourselevelLinearandnonlinearlanguageDeductiveaninductivepatterns2.Atdiscourselevel63LinearVS.NonlinearLanguageLinear

hasabeginningandanendLogicalandobjectiveNonlinearCircularTradition-orientatedSubjectiveLinearVS.NonlinearLanguageL64StylesofParagraphDevelopment直線型（英語(yǔ)）平行對(duì)仗型（閃族語(yǔ)）螺旋型（東方語(yǔ)言）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（拉丁語(yǔ)系）更自由的迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（俄語(yǔ)）StylesofParagraphDevelopmen65StylesofParagraphDevelopment直線型English英語(yǔ)平行對(duì)仗型Semitic閃族語(yǔ)（阿拉伯語(yǔ)）螺旋型Oriental東方語(yǔ)言（漢語(yǔ)）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型Romance拉丁語(yǔ)系（法語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（更自由的）RussianStylesofParagraphDevelopmen66DeductiveVS.InductivethoughtpatternsDeductiveFromthegeneraltothespecificWesternInductiveFromthespecifictothegeneralEasternDeductiveVS.Inductivethough67Example1BecauseofmostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1999,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.Example1Becauseofmostofo68Example2IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1999.Example2Isuggestthatwedel69Deductivevs.InductiveX Comment,mainpoint,oractionsuggestedBecauseofYTopic,background,orreasonBecauseofYtopic,background,orreasonXcomment,mainpoint,oractionsuggestedDeductivevs.InductiveX Becau703.Atpragmaticlevel3.Atpragmaticlevel71Pragmaticsdefinedpragmaticsisdefinedas“l(fā)anguageinuse”(Thomas)Pragmaticsdefinedpragmaticsi72PragmatictransferdefinedTheuseofrulesofspeakingfromone’sownnativespeechcommunitywheninteractingwithmembersofthehostspeechcommunityorsimplywhenspeakinginasecondlanguageisknownassociolinguisticorpragmatictransfer.PragmatictransferdefinedThe73pragmalinguisticfailuresociolinguisticfailurepragmaticfailurePragmaticFailure(PragmaticTransfer)pragmalinguisticfailuresociol74PragmalinguisticFailureDefinedPragmalinguisticfailureoccurswhenthepragmaticforcemappedbyspeakerontoagivenutteranceissystematicallydifferentfromtheforcemostfrequentlyassignedtoitbynativespeakerofthetargetlanguage,orwhenspeechactstrategiesareinappropriatelytransferredfromthefirstlanguagetothesecondlanguage.PragmalinguisticFailureDefin75Examples“豈有此理”

asacomplimentresponse“sorry,sorry”for“Iamverysorry”Examples“豈有此理”asacomplimen76SociolinguisticFailureDefineSociolinguisticfailurestemsfromcross-culturallydifferentperceptionsofwhatconstitutesappropriatelinguisticbehavior.Sociolinguis