Unit3ProductQualityWords&ExpressionsWarmingupTextATextBExerciseCultureTour

Words&Expressionsostensiblyadv.Ifsomethingisdoneostensiblyforaparticularreason,itisnotreallydonethisreasonbutpeoplepretendthatitis表面上，假裝地ThebigbosseswenttoHawaii,ostensiblytolaunchthenewproject.大老板們打著啟動(dòng)新項(xiàng)目的名義去了夏威夷。WearefightingawarostensiblyforthegoodofAfghanistanbutwithouttheconsentofitspeople.我們正在打的一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)表面上對(duì)阿富汗有利，但并沒有得到其人民的同意。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsadventn.theadventofthetimewhensomethingfirstbeginstobewidelyused......的出現(xiàn)（來臨）WiththeadventoftheInternetandsocialmedia,theymustnowmonitorpublicsourcesandintegratethatinformationwiththeirclinicaldata.但隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和社交媒體的出現(xiàn)，如今他們必須監(jiān)控公共信息源，將這些信息與臨床數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合。Withtheadventofe-mail,theseurbanlegendsspreadacrossthenationswithinhours.隨著電子郵件的出現(xiàn)，這些都市流言只需數(shù)小時(shí)就能蔓延全球。2022/12/19Words&Expressionstactic

n.amethodyouusetoachievesomething手法；策略Salesmenemployallsortsofclevertacticstotryandpersuadeyou.銷售員用盡各種聰明的手法努力說服你。RepublicansaccuseDemocratsofusingdelayingtacticstopreventafinalvoteonthebill.共和黨指責(zé)民主黨采取拖延戰(zhàn)術(shù)來阻止議案的最終票決。2022/12/19Words&Expressionswanevi.ifsomethingsuchaspower,influence,orafeelingwanes,itbecomesgraduallylessstrongorimportant（權(quán)利、影響、感覺等）逐漸減弱Myenthusiasmfortheprojectwaswaning.我對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的熱情逐漸淡下來。Whilehisinterestinthesesportsbegantowane,apassionforlacrossedeveloped.他對(duì)這些運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的興趣開始減退的同時(shí)，對(duì)長(zhǎng)曲棍球的興趣卻濃厚起來。2022/12/19Words&Expressionspunchline

n.thelastfewwordsofajokeorstory,thatmakeitfunnyorsurprising（笑話、故事中最后幾句點(diǎn)題或拋出笑料的）妙語，畫龍點(diǎn)睛的結(jié)尾語

Ifyouseethosesortsofcasualreferences,bearinmindtheymightjustbetheretomakeapunchline.如果看到這種非正式的參考信息，記住這些有可能只是為了抖個(gè)包袱而已。Eventhoughyouknowthepunchline,thescientificideasthatgetexploredindiscussingthepossibilitiesareinterestingandexciting.盡管你們知道亮點(diǎn)，但科學(xué)想法的探索和可能性的討論是有趣且激動(dòng)人心的。2022/12/19Words&Expressionscoincidevi.tohappenatthesametimeassomethingelse,especiallybychance同時(shí)發(fā)生，（尤指）巧合Suspectsareinterviewedinseparateroomstoseeiftheirstoriescoincide.嫌疑犯放在不同房間詢問口供，看看他們的說法是否吻合。Theshowistimedtocoincidewiththelaunchofanewbook.這次展覽會(huì)安排與一本新書的推出同時(shí)進(jìn)行。2022/12/19Words&Expressionssophisticated

adj.asophisticatedmachine,system,methodetcisverycleverlydesignedandveryadvancedandoftenworksinacomplicatedway（機(jī)器、系統(tǒng)、方法等）精密的；高級(jí)的，尖端的；復(fù)雜的

Itincludesasophisticatedplug-insolutionthatturnsitintoatruedevelopmentplatform.它包含成熟的插件解決方案，這使它成為一個(gè)真正的開發(fā)平臺(tái)。Honeybeesuseoneofthemostsophisticatedcommunicationsystemsofanyinsect.蜜蜂所使用的交流系統(tǒng)是昆蟲中最復(fù)雜的之一。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsvariable

n.avariableisafactorthatcanchangeinquality,quantity,orsize,thatyouhavetotakeintoaccountinasituation可變因素Therearetoomanyvariablesintheexperimenttopredicttheresultprecisely.實(shí)驗(yàn)中可變因素太多，難以準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果。Decisionscouldbemadeonthebasisofprice,deliverydates,after-salesserviceoranyothervariable.決定可以基于價(jià)格、送貨日期、售后服務(wù)或是任何其他可變因素而做出。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsundertake

vt.Toacceptthatyouareresponsibleforapieceofwork,andstarttodoit著手做；承擔(dān)，接受Ifyouundertaketheproject,youareboundtoencounterdifficulties.如果你承接這項(xiàng)工程的話，免不了會(huì)遇到許多困難。DrJohnsonundertookthetaskofwritingacomprehensiveEnglishdictionary.約翰遜博士擔(dān)負(fù)起編寫一本綜合性英語詞典的工作。2022/12/19Words&Expressionspremium

adj.premiumproductsareofahigherthanusualqualityandareoftenexpensive高端的Atthepremiumendofthemarket,businessisbooming.在市場(chǎng)的高端銷售區(qū)，生意火爆。Peoplearepreparedtopaypremiumpricesforqualityproducts.人們?cè)敢獬龈邇r(jià)購(gòu)買優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品。2022/12/19Words&Expressionspenalize

vt.Totreatsomeoneunfairlyormakethemhaveadisadvantage對(duì)待......不公平；使......處于不利位置Salestaxespenalizetheconsumers.銷售稅對(duì)消費(fèi)者不利。Theteamwaspenalizedforwastingtime.該隊(duì)因拖延時(shí)間而受到處罰。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsunderlying

adj.theunderlyingfeaturesofanobject,event,orsituationarenotobvious,anditmaybedifficulttodiscoverorrevealthem根本的；潛在的Hetheorizedthattheunderlyingcauseofthewarwasslavery.他從理論上闡明這次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的根本原因在于奴隸制度。Thereisanunderlyingassumptionthatyoungerworkersareeasiertotrain.有一種潛在的假設(shè)，認(rèn)為年輕一些的雇員容易培訓(xùn)。2022/12/19Words&Expressionssentimentn.anopinionorfeelingyouhaveaboutsomething意見，觀點(diǎn)；感想Itismysentimentthatweshouldvoteagainstthemotion.我的意見是我們應(yīng)該對(duì)這個(gè)動(dòng)議投反對(duì)票。Hewasmoreintouchwithpublicsentimentthanmanyofhiscritics.比起許多批評(píng)他的人，他更了解公眾的意見。2022/12/19Words&Expressionssurpassvt.tobebetterorgreaterthansomeoneorsomething超過；勝過

Theunemploymentratewillprobablysurpass10percentthisyearandremainabove9percentwellintonextyear.失業(yè)率將有可能在今年超過10%，并在明年保持在9%以上。Therethepeople-madepollutantsincreasinglysurpasstheabilityofairandwatertodilutethecontaminantstosafelevels.在那里，人為的污染物質(zhì)日益超越了空氣和水將污染物分解稀釋到安全水平的能力。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsinherently

adv.inaninherentmanner內(nèi)在地，固有地

Themodelisnotinherentlyflawed,butitisonlyapartoftheanswertoestablishingasustainableeconomy.這種模式并沒有內(nèi)在的缺陷，但要想建立一種可持續(xù)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)，它只是答案的一部分。Onthecompetitionside,evolutionbyselectionisaninherentlycompetitiveprocess.從競(jìng)爭(zhēng)角度來看，選擇的進(jìn)化是一種固有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)程。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsmyriad

adj.toomanytocount無數(shù)的，不計(jì)其數(shù)的

ProjectManagersfaceamyriadofchallengesonthejourneytoachieveresource,serviceandfinancialoptimization.項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理在實(shí)現(xiàn)資源、服務(wù)和財(cái)務(wù)最優(yōu)化的過程中面臨著無數(shù)的挑戰(zhàn)。Everyday,wittinglyorunwittingly,wemakeamyriadofconnectionswithpeoplearoundtheworld.每天，無論是有意還是無意，我們都會(huì)和周圍的人有無數(shù)的聯(lián)系。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsnascent

ingintoexistenceandstartingtodevelop初生的，新生的；開始發(fā)展的Energy-guzzlingfactoriesthatareshutdown,inmanycases,can'tbeimmediatelyoffsetbylow-carbonindustriesthatarestillintheirnascentstage.在許多情況下，因?yàn)榈秃哪墚a(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)在正處于初級(jí)起步階段，所以也不能抵消關(guān)閉高耗能工廠的代價(jià)。Thisultimatelymeansthatstartupsincountrieswithnascentcommunities,suchasthePhilippines,aresubstantiallyhardertomanage.最終，這意味著在像菲律賓那樣只有社區(qū)雛形的國(guó)家，在企業(yè)管理上相當(dāng)?shù)碾y。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsprevailingadj.existingoracceptedinaparticularplaceorataparticulartime流行的，盛行的Lawsbandiscrimination,theinternetallowspeopletoairtheircomplaintsandtheprevailingmanagementcultureemphasizessensitivity.法律禁止歧視，網(wǎng)絡(luò)便讓人們有抱怨之處，而且如今盛行的管理文化特別注重變通。Wehaveaprevailingviewinoursociety—notonlyinthepolicyworld,butinmanyspheres—thatwearedividedcreatures.在我們的社會(huì)里有一種流行的觀點(diǎn)——不但存在于政策領(lǐng)域，而且存在與許多其它領(lǐng)域——那就是我們是被分割的生物。2022/12/19Words&Expressionserode

vt.graduallydestroyorreducesomethingsuchassomeone'spower,rightsandorconfidence逐步損害，削弱（權(quán)力、權(quán)利或信心）Shefeelsthatherpersonalauthorityhasbeeneroded.她覺得自己的威信已被削弱。Ifcompetitionwoulderodeprofits,firmswouldfindnoincentivefor“strategic”investmentsandbehaviors.如果競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)侵蝕利潤(rùn)，企業(yè)將會(huì)沒有動(dòng)機(jī)去實(shí)施“戰(zhàn)略”投資和行為。2022/12/19Words&Expressionspropel

vt.tomove,driveorpushsomethingforward推動(dòng)，推進(jìn)；驅(qū)動(dòng)

It'sa“successsecret”thatisrarelyused,butifusedproperlywillpropelyoutowardssuccess.我們以前很少運(yùn)用這個(gè)“成功的秘訣”，其實(shí)如果加以合理利用，它將會(huì)激勵(lì)我們走向成功。Thesedesignsfueldemandandpropelbrandloyalty.這些設(shè)計(jì)鼓動(dòng)需求并推進(jìn)品牌忠誠(chéng)度。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsattribute

vt.tosaythatasituationoreventiscausebysomething把.....歸因于......Thefallinthenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseaseisgenerallyattributedtoimprovementsindiet.心臟病死亡人數(shù)的下降歸因于日常飲食的改善。Womentendtoattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.女性往往把她們的成功歸因于外因，如運(yùn)氣。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsniche

n.ajoboractivitythatisperfectforsomeone十分適合的工作（活動(dòng)）Whatyouhavetodoisfindanicheforyourproductorservice.你要做的就是為你的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)找到市場(chǎng)定位。SimonLanequicklyfoundhisnicheasabusyfreelancemodelmaker.西蒙·萊恩很快找到了合適的工作，成為了一名忙碌的自由職業(yè)模型工。2022/12/19Words&Expressionspumpout

topumpoutsomethingmeanstoproduceorsupplyitcontinuallyandinlargeamounts不斷地大量推出There'sahugeamountofpropagandapumpedoutbythefoodindustry.食品工業(yè)進(jìn)行了大張旗鼓的宣傳。Japanesecompanieshavebeenpumpingoutplentyofinnovativeproducts.日本的公司一直在不斷推出各種新款的產(chǎn)品。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsdescent

n.theprocessofgoingdown下降，降落

Passengersmustfastentheirseatbeltspriortodescent.乘客在飛機(jī)降落之前必須系好安全帶。ThedescenttoBaseCamptookabouttwodays.往下走到大本營(yíng)大約要兩天時(shí)間。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsusherintobethestartofsomethingnew宣告，開創(chuàng)Withtrendslikethis,theAgeoftheInternetcouldusherinaneraofunprecedentedcitizenenlightenment.有了這樣的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代將有可能迎來公民空前覺醒時(shí)期的到來。GlobalizationandtheInternet,afterall,weresupposedtousherinanageinwhichpeoplecouldliveandworkwherevertheywanted.全球化和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)本應(yīng)帶領(lǐng)我們進(jìn)入一個(gè)美麗新時(shí)代。在這個(gè)新時(shí)代里，在哪兒工作和生活都一樣。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsmultitudinous

adj.verymany大量的，眾多的Technicalresourcessharinginvolvesmultitudinousdepartmentsandenormousbenefit.科技資源共享涉及眾多部門，牽涉利益巨大。Now,ourcompany'sproducemarketspreadsEurope,USandJapan,Oursuperiorqualityandtherivalrouspricehelpuswinthemultitudinouscustomer.現(xiàn)在，公司的產(chǎn)品遠(yuǎn)銷歐洲，美國(guó)及日本市場(chǎng)，以優(yōu)越的品質(zhì)和具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格贏得了眾多的客戶。2022/12/19Words&Expressionsplethora

n.Anamountofsomethingthatislargerthanisneededormorethanyoucandealwith過多，過剩；過量Aplethoraofnewoperatorswillbeallowedtoenterthemarket.過多的新經(jīng)營(yíng)者將獲準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。Insupportofthisgrowinginterest,themarketplaceoffersaplethoraofbestpractices,articles,andbooksonITportfoliomanagement.為了支持這種增長(zhǎng)的興趣，市場(chǎng)提供過多的有關(guān)IT投資組合管理的最佳實(shí)踐、文章和書籍。2022/12/19Words&Expressionssavvy

n.practicalknowledgeandability實(shí)際知識(shí)和能力Heisknownforhispoliticalsavvyandstrongmanagementskills.他以其政治洞察力和高超的管理手段聞名。Abusinessschoolcanoffernetworking,mentoring,andotherperks,butnobodycanteachyouenthusiasmandbusinesssavvy—exceptyourself.商學(xué)院可以提供人脈，座佑銘，還有各種好處，然而沒有人可以教給你激情和悟性-除了你自己之外.2022/12/19Words&Expressions

WarmingupWarmingup1.Howimportantisproductqualityforamanufacturer?Presenteraisthe“EraofQuality”.Inthisageofcut-throatcompetitionandlargescaleproduction,onlythatmanufacturercansurvivewhosuppliesbetterqualitygoodsandrendersserviceto-theconsumersWarmingup2.Whatiscraftsmanship?Craftsmanshipisthequalitythatcomesfromcreatingwithpassion,care,andattentiontodetail.Itisaqualitythatishoned,refined,andpracticedoverthecourseofacareer.Warmingup3.Whatisyourimpressionon“MadeinChina”?

MadeinChinaisnownotonlyaboutmanufacturing,butisfocusingmoreoninnovationanddesign.Industrialdesignhasdevelopedrapidlyinrecentyearsthankstogovernmentsupport.China'shasreleaseditsroadmapforthemanufacturingsector.The'MadeinChina2025'initiativeaspirestoreviveChina'smanufacturingsectorandmakeitacompetitiveglobalplayer.TextAHighOnlineUserRatingsDon'tActuallyMeanYou'reGettingaQualityProductDoyourefertotheuserratingsandcommentswhenshoppingonline?Doyoutrusttheonlineuserratings?

2022/12/19Lead-inDiscussion2022/12/19StructuralAnalysisPara.TopicPara.1-3ThebackgroundandintroductionoftheresearchPara.4-7

Ahostofissueswith

userratings:statisticalissues,samplingissuesandevaluationissues2022/12/19Para.MainIdeaaPara.8-9TworesearchquestionsPara.10-14KeyresearchfindingsPara.15-16CommentsonthefindingsBartdeLanghe:

BartdeLangheisanassistantprofessorofmarketingattheLeedsSchoolofBusiness,UniversityofColorado,Boulder.Hisresearchexaminesconsumerandmanagerialintuitionsaboutdata,metrics,andstatistics.2022/12/19NotesPhilFernbach:PhilFernbachisacognitivescientistandassistantprofessorofmarketingattheLeedsSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,wherehestudieshowpeoplethinkandmakedecisions.2022/12/19NotesDonaldR.Lichtenstein:DonaldR.Lichtenstein

isProfessorofMarketingattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder.Hisresearchfocusesprimarilyonconsumerperceptionsandinterpretationsofpriceandpricepromotions.2022/12/19NotesMichelinStar:Theterm“MichelinStar”isahallmarkoffinediningquality,andrestaurantsaroundtheworldproudlypromotetheirMichelinStarstatus.米其林星2022/12/19NotesYelp:YelpisanAmericanmultinationalcorporationheadquarteredinSanFrancisco,California.Itdevelops,hostsandmarketsYandtheYelpmobileapp,whichpublishcrowd-sourcedreviewsaboutlocalbusinesses,aswellastheonlinereservationserviceYelpReservationsandonlinefood-deliveryserviceEat24.Thecompanyalsotrainssmallbusinessesinhowtorespondtoreviews,hostssocialeventsforreviewers,andprovidesdataaboutbusinesses,includinghealthinspectionscores.2022/12/19NotesGillette:Gilletteisabrandofmen’ssafetyrazorsandotherpersonalcareproductsincludingshavingsupplies,ownedbythemulti-nationalcorporationProcter&Gamble(P&G).吉列2022/12/19NotesTextBHow“MadeInChina”BecameCool2022/12/19MadeinChina20252022/12/19MadeinChina2025,endorsedbyPremierLiKeqiang,isthecountry'sfirstactionplanfocusingonpromotingmanufacturing.TheplanwillbefollowedbyanothertwoplansinordertotransformChinaintoaleadingmanufacturingpowerbytheyear2049,whichmarksthe100thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.MadeinChina2025Ninetaskshavebeenidentifiedaspriorities:improvingmanufacturinginnovation,integratingtechnologyandindustry,strengtheningtheindustrialbase,fosteringChinesebrands,enforcinggreenmanufacturing,promotingbreakthroughsin10keysectors,advancingrestructuringofthemanufacturingsector,promotingservice-orientedmanufacturingandmanufacturing-relatedserviceindustries,andinternationalizingmanufacturing.2022/12/19MadeinChina2025

The10keysectorsarenewinformationtechnology,numericalcontroltoolsandrobotics,aerospaceequipment,oceanengineeringequipmentandhigh-techships,railwayequipment,energysavingandnewenergyvehicles,powerequipment,newmaterials,medicineandmedicaldevices,andagriculturalmachinery.Tofulfillthetasks,"MadeinChina2025"willfocusonfivemajorprojects,includingestablishingamanufacturinginnovationcenterandboostingintelligentmanufacturing,saidthenotice.2022/12/19McKinsey:McKinsey&Companyisaworldwidemanagementconsultingfirm.Itconductsqualitativeandquantitativeanalysisinordertoevaluatemanagementdecisionsacrossthepublicandprivatesectors.Widelyconsideredthemostprestigiousmanagementconsultancyintheworld,McKinsey’sclienteleincludes80%oftheworld'slargestcorporations,andanextensivelistofgovernmentsandnon-profitorganizations.麥肯錫2022/12/19NotesWorldLuxuryAssociation:TheWorldLuxuryAssociationisaself-proclaimed“internationalorganization”thatconductsvariousactivitiesrelatingtoluxurygoods.世界奢侈品協(xié)會(huì)2022/12/19NotesExercisesTextAI.1-7DADABCCII.A.1-5CAADD6-10BADCC

B.1.Iermsof7.stemfrom8.whenitcomesto9.rangefrom...to10.relatedtoIII.1-5EBILH6-10JOMDG2022/12/19TextAIV.1.如果所有產(chǎn)品使用者都對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行打分，得出的平均評(píng)級(jí)和一部分產(chǎn)品使用者的平均評(píng)級(jí)是不完全統(tǒng)一的。2.此外，眾所周知消費(fèi)者對(duì)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量評(píng)定不僅基于客觀的產(chǎn)品性能，還深受其他因素影響，例如品牌形象、產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和包裝設(shè)計(jì)。3.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在《消費(fèi)者報(bào)告》中評(píng)分相同的兩種產(chǎn)品，品牌美譽(yù)度百分位排名中名列第十名的產(chǎn)品（例如索尼數(shù)碼相機(jī)）和名列倒數(shù)第十名的產(chǎn)品（卡西歐數(shù)碼相機(jī)）只相差0.4個(gè)星級(jí)。4.實(shí)際上，多數(shù)研究參與者都有這種錯(cuò)覺，至少在價(jià)格方面是這樣的：他們認(rèn)為評(píng)論者們是因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品價(jià)格過高才給的差評(píng)，但事實(shí)恰恰相反。5.當(dāng)一個(gè)銷售人員給我們推薦比較貴的安全座椅時(shí)，很多人都會(huì)認(rèn)為這位銷售人員可能是為了拿提成才這么做的。2022/12/19TextAV.1.Thethreeissuesarestatisticalissues,samplingissues,andevaluationissues.

2.First,istheaveragestarratingagoodindicatorofproductquality?Second,howmuchdoconsumerstrusttheaveragestarratingasanindicatorofquality?3.First,theaveragestarratinghassurprisinglylowcorrespondencetoestablishedqualitymetrics.Second,averagestarratingsareoftenbasedoninsufficientsamplesizes—butconsumerstrustthemanyway.

Third,holdingqualityconstant,moreexpensiveproductsandbrandswithbetterreputationsgetbetterratings.

4.It’sbecausetheyseemeven-handed–eventhoughthey’renot.2022/12/19TextBI.1.Consumersthinkthat“MadeinChina”nolongerinherentlymeanscheap,inferior,andunfashionable.

2.Atthattime,thecountry’smyriadlocalelectronicsmanufacturersandnascentdomesticbrandswerethoughttobelittlemorethancheapimpostors,lackinginqualityandsimplynotcarryin