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140minules)SeclionAIHndioir^：InthissecriotrthereisapjsKigenirhtenNanks.>3/a:esquiredtose/ecrowrit>n//r>rdblankpvma/hrofdudccs<winaurn/加〃乂*川”疝3the/“代八ReadthethreshcurefuHybeforemaki八yu^rc/uncev.Etuhchoice/〃fhebu欣八identifiedbyaletter.Pieuseffuirktheafrrexp)miirf^IcnbQrmAitemtv/AnswerSheet2withasingleIrw力thecentre.Yvumay加〃useunyoftheunn/rinrhehmkmn/rthancnee.OmMiuis36tu45arcbasedunIIk*full^hiaiMnsuav.Globa]warmingisairendtowardwarmercondilionsaroundiheworld.Pariofthe“armingisnaiunil:wehaveexpenenceda2UlXXJ-)eiir-)ongwarmingasiheIasiiceageendedandiheice”dwa\.Humoer?wrha\ralreadyreachedleniirralurrsIhalarr)n17ui(holhnmininnin>K'rperiods*socunlmucduarniuu;ishkel>nulnatural.Wrarc紀(jì)IvapicdicledworldwideinciedM：inicmpcralurc^39bclwccn1CandGCoverlhcnext10(years.Thewarming^illbemore4Uinsomeareas*lessmoihers-andsomeplacesm;i、evenc<k)Iolf.Likewi>e?ihe41olthiswanninga】Mbexciydilleienidepeikhiigonwhere\ouareiwsialareasnwsiwoti\abuuirisingsealexels-uhilrSilvnaandnonhernGmadanid>becomemorehahiabfe1宜2的'and42lorhunidiisthanIhcrarea>arrnow.Thefadremains-however-ihalilwil】likelygelwarmer-on43 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*n;7Ajr/t"4也打“汽m”“班人士0t“ft-EttehccEkm“fAj,'，」.，；甘丁日出z:f/邕tv「w;即:盯百、人木：『廿；力"『/七門(mén)廣/修產(chǎn)Keznh；/c?f/“：。由e礎(chǔ)市時(shí)再成,白小九丫加m(t\小*箕B題錯(cuò)事哪hftu/re楝料rwir,￡?#力部標(biāo)管常愈久陽(yáng)段r*3jWf*aM出f.&；n由由小宇心『八汕推m瓊&0”叱m，TKp*欣理&77Hf科Answer2.TheEndoftheBook?Amazon,byfarthelargestbooksellerinthecountry,reportedonMay19thatitisnowsellingmorebooksinitselectronicKindleformatthanintheoldpaper-and-inkformat.Thatisremarkable,consideringthattheKindlehasonlybeenaroundforfouryears.E-booksnowaccountfor14percentofallbooksalesinthecountryandareincreasingfarfasterthanoverallbooksales.E-booksalesareup146percentoverlastyear,whilehardbacksalesincreased6percentandpaperbacksdecreased8percent.Doesthisspellthedoomofthephysicalbook?Certainlynotimmediately,andperhapsnotatall.WhatitdoesmeanisthatthebookbusinesswillgothroughatransformationinthenextdecadeorsomoreprofoundthananyithasseensinceGutenbergintroducedprintingfrommoveabletypeinthe1450s.Physicalbookswillsurelybecomemuchrarerinthemarketplace.Massmarketpaperbacks,whichhavebeendecliningforyearsanyway,willprobablydisappear,aswillhardbacksformysteries,thrillers, “romancefiction,"etc.Suchbooks,whichonlyrarelyendupinpermanentcollections,eitherprivateorpublic,willprobablyonlybeavailablease-bookswithinafewyears.Hardbackandtradepaperbacksfor “serious"nonfictionandfictionwillsurelylastlonger.Perhapsitwillbecomethemarkofanauthortoreckonwiththatheorsheisstillpublishedinhardcopy.Asforchildren'sbooks,whoknows?Children'sbooksarelikedogfoodhansehatthepurcarenottheconsumers,sothemarket(andthemarketing)isinherentlystrange.Forcluestothebook 'sfuture,let'slookatsomeexamplesoftechnologicalchangeandseewhathappenedtotheoldtechnology.Onetechnologyreplacesanotheronlybecausethenewtechnologyisbetter,cheaper,orboth.Thegreaterthedifference,thesoonerandmorethoroughlythenewtechnologyreplacestheold.Printingwithmoveabletypeonpaperdramaticallyreducedthecostofproducingabookcomparedwiththeold-fashionedoneshandwrittenonvellum,whichcomesfromsheepskin.ABible—tobesure,alongbook—requiredvellummadefrom300sheepskinsandcountlessman-hoursoflabor.Beforeprintingarrived,aBiblecostmorethanamiddle-classhouse.Therewereperhaps50,000booksinallofEuropein1450.By1500therewere10million.Butwhileprintingquicklycausedthehandwrittenbooktodieout,handwritinglingeredon(繼續(xù)存在)wellintothe16thcentury.Veryspecialbooksarestilloccasionallyproducedonvellum,buttheyareone-of-a-kindshowpieces.[H]Sometimesanewtechnologydoesn'tdrivetheoldoneout,butonlypartsofitwhileforcingtheresttoevolve.Themovieswerewidelypredictedtodrivelivetheateroutofthemarketplace,buttheydidn't,becausetheaterturnedouttohavequalitiesmoviescouldnotreproduce.Equally,TVwassupposedtoreplacemoviesbut,again,didnot.Moviesdid,however,fatallyimpactsomepartsoflivetheater.AndwhileTVdidn 'tkiitdidkillsecond-ratepictures,shorts,andcartoons.NordidTVkillradio.Comedyanddramashows("JacBenny,”"AmosandAndy,"TTheShadow")allmigratedtotelevision.Butbecauseyoucan 'tdriveacarandwatchtelevisionatthesametime,rushhourbecameradio'sprime,whilemusic,talk,andnewsradiogreatlyenlargedtheiraudiences.Radioistodayaverydifferentbusinessthaninthelate1940sandamuchlargerone.Sometimesoldtechnologylingersforcenturiesbecauseofitssymbolicpower.Mountedcavalry(騎兵)replacedthechariot(二輪戰(zhàn)車(chē))onthebattlefieldaround1000BC.ButchariotsmaintainedtheirplaceinparadesandtriumphsrightupuntiltheendoftheRomanEmpire1,500yearslater.Theswordhasn'thadamilitarynfifioiictichundredyears,butisstillpartofanofficer fulls-dressuniform,preciselybecauseaswordalwayssymbolized“anofficerandagentleman.”Sometimesnewtechnologyisalittlecranky( 不穩(wěn)定的)atfirst.Televisionrepairmanwasacommonoccupationinthe1950s,forinstance.Andsotheoldtechnologyremainsasabackup.SteamshipscapturedtheNorthAtlanticpassengerbusinessfromsailinthe1840sbecauseofitsmuchgreaterspeed.Butsteamshipsdidn 'tlosetheirsailsuntilthe188ste,e3arcamarineengineshadanastyhabitofbreakingdown.Untilshipsbecamelargeenough(andenginessmallenough)tomounttwoenginessidebyside,theyneededtokeepsails.(Thehighcostofsteamandthelesserneedforspeedkeptthemajorityoftheworld'soceanfreightmovingbysailuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.)Thenthereisthefireplace.Centralheatingwaspresentineveryupper-andmiddle-classhomebythesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Butfunctioningfireplacesremaintothisdayapowerfulsellingpointinahouseorapartment.Isuspectthereasonisadeep-rootedloveofthefire.Firewasoneoftheearliestmajortechnologicaladvancesforhumankind,providingheat,protection,andcookedfood(whichismucheasiertocatanddigest).Humancontroloffiregoesbackfarenough(overamillionyears)thatevolutioncouldhaveproducedageneticleaningtowardsfireasacentralaspectofhumanlife.Books—especiallybookstheaveragepersoncouldafford—haven'beenaroundlongenoughtoproduceevolutionarychangeinhumans.Buttheyhaveapowerfulholdonmanypeoplenonetheless,aholdextendingfarbeyondtheirliterarycontent.Attheirbest,theyareworksofartandthereisatactile(觸覺(jué)的)pleasureinbooksnecessarilylostine-bookversions.Theabilitytoquicklythumbthroughpagesisalsolost.Andaroomwithbooksinitinduces,atleastinsome,afeelingnotdissimilartothatofafireinthefireplaceonacoldwinter 'snight.ForthesereasonsIthinkphysicalbookswillhavealongerexistenceasacommercialproductthansomecurrentlypredict.Likeswords,bookshavesymbolicpower.Likefireplaces,theyinduceasenseofcomfortandwarmth.And,perhaps,similartosails,theymakeausefulback-upforwhenthelightsgoout.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Authorsstillpublishedinprintedversionswillbeconsideredimportantones.Somepeoplearestillinfavorofprintedbooksbecauseofthesenseoftouchtheycanprovide.Theradiobusinesshaschangedgreatlyandnowattractsmorelisteners.Contrarytomanypeople'spredictionofitsdeath,thefilmindustrysurvived.Remarkablechangeshavetakenplaceinthebookbusiness.Oldtechnologysometimescontinuestoexistbecauseofitsreliability.Theincreaseofe-booksaleswillforcethebookbusinesstomakechangesnotseenforcenturies.Anewtechnologyisunlikelytotaketheplaceofanoldonewithoutaclearadvantage.Paperbacksofpopularliteraturearemorelikelytobereplacedbye-books.Ahousewithafireplacehasastrongerappealtobuyers.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalartsinhighereducationisn'taneither/orproposition(命題),althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM(science,technology,engineering,maths)-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsoassertsthatthestudyofthehumanities(人文學(xué)科)andsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica'seducationalsystematalllevels.Botharecriticaltoproducingcitizenswhocanparticipateeffectivelyinourdemocraticsociety,becomeinnovative(創(chuàng)新的)leaders,andbenefitfromthespiritualenrichmentthatthereflectiononthegreatideasofmankindovertimeprovides.Parentsandstudentswhohaveinvestedheavilyinhighereducationworryaboutgraduates 'prospectsastechnologicaladvancesandchangesindomesticandglobalmarketstransformprofessionsinwaysthatreducewagesandcutjobs.Underthesecircumstances,it'snaturaltolookforwhatmayappeartobethemost “practical"wayoutoftheproblem “Majorinasubdesignedtogetyouajob"seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas"soft"often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.Moreover,studentsshouldbepreparednotjustfortheirfirstjob,butfortheir4thand5thjobs,asthere'slittlereasontodoubtthatpeopleenteringtheworkforcetodaywillbecalledupontoplaymanydifferentrolesoverthecourseoftheircareers.Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Whatdoesthelatestcongressionalreportsuggest?STEM-relatedsubjectshelpstudentsfindjobsintheinformationsociety.ThehumanitiesandSTEMsubjectsshouldbegivenequalimportance.Theliberalartsinhighereducationhelpenrichstudents 'spirituallife.Highereducationshouldbeadjustedtothepracticalneedsofsociety.Whatisthemainconcernofstudentswhentheychooseamajor?Theirinterestinrelevantsubjects.Theacademicvalueofthecourses.Thequalityofeducationtoreceive.Theirchancesofgettingagoodjob.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesocalledsoftsubjects?Thebenefitstudentsintheirfuturelife.Theybroadenstudents 'rangeofinterests.Theyimprovestudents 'communicationskills.Theyareessentialtostudents r6wthealthygWhatkindofjobapplicantsdoemployerslookfor?Thosewhohaveastrongsenseofresponsibility.Thosewhoaregoodatsolvingpracticalproblems.Thosewhoarelikelytobecomeinnovativeleaders.Thosewhohavereceivedawell-roundededucation.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgivetocollegestudents?Seizeopportunitiestotaptheirpotential.Trytotakeavarietyofpracticalcourses.Preparethemselvesfordifferentjoboptions.Adoptaflexibleapproachtosolvingproblems.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Energyindependence.Ithasaniceringtoit.Doesn 'tit?Ifyouthinkso,you 'renotaloienergyindependencehasbeenthedreamofAmericanpresidentfordecades,andnevermoresothaninthepastfewyears,whenthemostrecentoilpriceshockhasbeenpartlyresponsibleforkickingoffthegreatrecession.“Energyindependence"anditsrhetorical(修辭的)companion“energysecurity"are,however,slipperyconceptsthatarerarelythoughthrough.Whatisitwewantindependencefrom,exactly?Mostpeoplewouldprobablysaythattheywanttobeindependentfromimportedoil.Buttherearereasonsthatwebuyallthatoldfromelsewhere.Thefirstreasonisthatweneedittokeepoureconomyrunning.Yes,thereisatrickle(涓涓細(xì)流)ofbiofuel(生物燃料)available,andmoremaybecomeavailable,butmostbiofuelscauseeconomicwasteandenvironmentaldestruction.Second,Americanshavebasicallydecidedthattheydon wanttoprdcrecelyalltheirownoil.Theyvaluetheenvironmentalqualitytheypreserveovertheiroilimportsfromabroad.VastareasoftheUnitedStatesareoff-limitstooilexplorationandproductioninthenameofenvironmentalprotection.TowhatextentareAmericansreallywillingtoenduretheenvironmentalimpactsofdomesticenergyproductioninordertocutbackimports?Third,therearebenefitstotrade.Itallowsforeconomicefficiency,andwhenwebuythingsfromplacesthathavelowerproductioncoststhanwedo,webenefit.Andalthoughyoudon 'treadaboutthismuch,theUnitedStatesisalsoalargeexporterofoilproducts,sellingabout2millionbarrelsofpetroleumproductsperdaytoabout90countries.ThereisnoquestionthattheUnitedStatesimportsagreatdealofenergyand,infact,reliesonthatsteadyflowtomaintainitseconomy.Whenthatflowisinterrupted,wefeelthepaininshortsuppliesandhigherprices,Atthesametime,wederivemassiveeconomicbenefitswhenwebuythemostaffordableenergyontheworldmarketandwhenweengageinenergytradearoundtheworld.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutenergyindependenceforAmerica?Itsoundsveryattractive.C)Itwillbringoilpricesdown.Itensuresnationalsecurity.D)Ithaslongbeeneveryone 'sdream.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbiofuels?TheykeepAmerica'seconomyrunninghealthily.Theyprovetobeagoodalternativetopetroleum.Theydonotprovideasustainableenergysupply.Theycauseseriousdamagetotheenvironment.WhydoesAmericarelyheavilyonoilimports?Itwantstoexpanditsstorageofcrudeoil.Itsownoilreservesarequicklyrunningout.Itwantstokeepitsownenvironmentintact.Itsownoilproductionfallsshortofdemand.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutoiltrade?Itprovesprofitabletobothsides.C)Itmakesforeconomicprosperity.Itimproveseconomicefficiency.D)Itsavesthecostofoilexploration.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?TojustifyAmerica'sdependenceonoilimports.ToarouseAmericans'awarenessoftheenergycrisis.Tostresstheimportanceofenergyconservation.Toexplaintheincreaseofinternationaloiltrade.2（）14年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試真題（：）答案與詳解Writing寫(xiě)作導(dǎo)航： 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