微生物的棲息地-皮膚Microbial

Habitats

of

theSkin皮膚的微生物棲息地Microbial

Habitats

of

the

Skin皮膚的微生物棲息地Structural

components

結(jié)構(gòu)組成coat,

skin

surface,follicles,

ears...被毛、皮膚表面、丘疹、耳–space

&

opportunities

for

colonisation定殖的場所與機會Microbial

Habitats

of

the

Skin皮膚的微生物棲息地Structural

components

結(jié)構(gòu)組成coat,

skin

surface,follicles,

ears...被毛、皮膚表面、丘疹、耳–

space

&

opportunities

for

colonisation定殖的場所與機會Physical

&

chemical

constraints

物理與化學(xué)參數(shù)Gases-aerobes,anaerobes

氣體-需氧菌、厭氧菌Nutrients

-

skin

secretions,

transudates營養(yǎng)-皮膚 物與滲出液Inhibitors

-

host

&

microbial

competitors抑制因素-宿主和微生物競爭者Promoters–mutualism

促進因素-共生Microbial

Habitats

of

the

Skin皮膚的微生物棲息地Structural

components

結(jié)構(gòu)組成coat,

skin

surface,follicles,

ears...被毛、皮膚表面、丘疹、耳–

space

&

opportunities

for

colonisation定殖的場所與機會Physical

&

chemical

constraints

物理與化學(xué)參數(shù)Gases-aerobes,anaerobes

氣體-需氧菌、厭氧菌Nutrients

-

skin

secretions,

transudates營養(yǎng)-皮膚 物與滲出液Inhibitors

-

host

&

microbial

competitors抑制因素-宿主和微生物競爭者Promoters–mutualism

促進因素-共生A

dynamic

situation

動態(tài)環(huán)境skin

turnover,

environment,

host

factors皮膚更新、環(huán)境、宿主因素Equine

cryo-‐-SEMtrunk

skin馬軀干皮膚冷凍掃描電鏡Canine

hair;

acridine

orange

fluorescenceMicro?oral

Interactions

微生物的相互作用A

dynamic

equilibrium

動態(tài)平衡Competition

for

競爭niches/atta ent

sites/receptors

生態(tài)位/附著點/受體nutrients,oxygen

營養(yǎng)/氧氣Collaboration

共生exchange

of

nutrients

&

growth

factors交換營養(yǎng)和生長因子Aggression

拮抗antimicrobial

products

抗生素產(chǎn)品often

aimed

at

closely

related

spp.經(jīng)常作用于相近的細菌屬Survivalstrategies

生存策略quorum

sensing

群體感應(yīng)Residential

Status細菌群存在狀態(tài)*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974Residential

Status細菌群存在狀態(tài)Residents

常駐菌群Established

建立Persist

long-term

長期存在>75%

of

samples*>75%的樣本*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974Residential

Status細菌群存在狀態(tài)Residents

常駐菌群Established

建立Persist

long-term

長期存在>75%

of

samples*>75%的樣本Transients

一過性菌群Passive

carriage

傳染‘Contaminants’“污染物”<25%

of

samples<25%的樣本*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974Residential

Status細菌群存在狀態(tài)Residents

常駐菌群Established

建立Persistlong-term

長期存在>75%

of

samples*>75%的樣本Transients

一過性菌群Passive

carriage

傳染‘Contaminants’“污染物”<25%

of

samples<25%的樣本Nomads

流動菌群Brief

colonisation

短暫的定殖Proliferation

增殖<75%

&

>25%

of

samples<75%和>25%樣本*Somerville-Millar

&Noble,

1974S.

intermedius

–

New

classification中間型葡萄球菌-新的分類Now

divided

into

2

species

現(xiàn)分為2類S.

intermedius

&

S.

pseudintermedius中間型葡萄球菌和假中間型葡萄球菌S.Pseudintermedius

假中間型葡萄球菌associated

with

infections

in

dogs

and

cats,

&

found

in

humans與犬和貓的 有關(guān)，并也見于人的樣本S.intermedius

中間型葡萄球菌principally

associated

with

wild

pigeons

主要見于野生鴿子S.delphini

海豚葡萄球菌originally

from

dolphins;

now

also

associated

with

isolates

fromdomestic

pigeons

(see

Sasaki

et

al.

2007)原見于海豚；現(xiàn)在也可見于家養(yǎng)鴿Bacterial

Acquisition

by

Puppies幼犬獲取細菌Pet

dogs

寵物犬

-

domestic

environment

家養(yǎng)環(huán)境transfer

of

microbes微生物的傳遞–

when

sac

opened

by

teeth

of

bitchfloracontact

is

with

oral

not

vaginal母犬牙齒咬開胎囊，因此首次接觸的是口腔菌群，而不是

菌群transferred

bitch

flora

母犬菌群的傳遞both

skin

&

mucosal

colonisation

皮膚和粘膜定殖gut

colonised

in<12h

12小時內(nèi)在腸道定殖dominant

clones

of

S.(pseud)intermedius

主要為(假)中間型葡萄球菌菌落established

in<8h

8小時內(nèi)建立Laboratory

beagles

比格犬very

cleanenvironment

十分潔凈的環(huán)境Lower

level

colonisation

of

bitches

母犬的菌落水平較低colonisation

of

puppies

gradualover

7d幼犬的細菌定殖時間超過7天Populations

&

colonisation

frequency

細菌定殖的數(shù)量與頻率greatest

at

points

ofcontact

接觸點最大和唾液污染–contamination

by

milk

&

saliva

被abdominal

skin

腹部皮膚oral

&

nasal

mucosae

口腔和鼻部粘膜hygiene

is

important衛(wèi)生很重要Bacterial

Acquisition

by

Puppies幼犬獲取細菌The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技術(shù)cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培養(yǎng)物，膠帶，組織學(xué)，顯微解剖The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技術(shù)cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培養(yǎng)物，膠帶，組織學(xué)，顯微解剖Likely

resident

flora

-

general

skin

surfaceThe

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技術(shù)cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培養(yǎng)物，膠帶，組織學(xué)，顯微解剖

Likely

resident

flora-general

skin

surface可能的常駐菌群-一般的皮膚表面micrococci,

coagulase-negative

staphylococci微球菌，凝血酶 葡萄球菌follicles:Propionibacterium

acnes

毛囊：痤瘡丙酸桿菌Malassezia

pachydermatis

厚皮馬拉色菌at

certain

sites

(lips,feet…)在特定的位置(唇、足…)The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技術(shù)cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培養(yǎng)物，膠帶，組織學(xué)，顯微解剖

Likely

resident

flora-general

skin

surface可能的常駐菌群-一般的皮膚表面micrococci,

coagulase-negative

staphylococci微球菌，凝血酶 葡萄球菌follicles:Propionibacterium

acnes

毛囊：痤瘡丙酸桿菌Malassezia

pachydermatis

厚皮馬拉色菌at

certain

sites

(lips,feet…)在特定的位置(唇、足…)Staphylococcus

pseudintermedius假中間型葡萄球菌

nomadic

status

流動狀態(tài)

generally

seeded

from

mucosae

通常經(jīng)過粘膜The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群Many

studies

&

different

techniques

大量研究和不同的技術(shù)cultures,

tape

strips,

histology,

microdissection培養(yǎng)物，膠帶，組織學(xué)，顯微解剖

Likely

resident

flora-general

skin

surface可能的常駐菌群-一般的皮膚表面micrococci,

coagulase-negative

staphylococci微球菌，凝血酶 葡萄球菌–follicles:Propionibacterium

acnes

毛囊：痤瘡丙酸桿菌Malassezia

pachydermatis

厚皮馬拉色菌–at

certain

sites(lips,feet…)在特定的位置(唇、足…)Staphylococcus

pseudintermedius假中間型葡萄球菌

nomadic

status

流動狀態(tài)

generally

seeded

from

mucosae

通常經(jīng)過粘膜Resident

fauna

-

Demodex

…..?常駐動物群-蠕形螨….?Peanutshapedyeast花生形酵母Sphericalbacteria球形細菌The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群Dominated

by

gram-positives

革蘭氏陽性菌占主導(dǎo)地位mainly

staphylococci

主要是葡萄球菌Residents

常駐菌群Coagulase-negative

staphylococci

凝血酶S.xylosus

木糖葡糖球菌Micrococci微球菌proximal

hair

shaft

populations

<

follicular葡萄球菌毛干近端數(shù)量<毛囊Propionibacterium

acnes

痤瘡丙酸桿菌recovered

from

follicles

從毛囊復(fù)發(fā)Clostridiumspp.

&

-

haemolytic

streptococci梭菌屬和-溶血性鏈球菌possibly

resident;

Clostridium

in

follicles可能是常駐菌：毛囊內(nèi)的梭菌The

Normal

Canine

Skin

Flora

正常犬皮膚菌群S.

Pseudintermedius

假中間型葡萄球菌Hair毛發(fā)higher

populations

&

frequency

較高數(shù)量和出現(xiàn)頻率on

distal

than

on

proximal

parts

遠端多于近端suggestive

of

contamination

提示有污染Skin皮膚higher

populations

&

frequency

on

較高的數(shù)量和頻率在exposed

skin

e.g.abdomen

的皮膚如腹部skin

prone

to

contact

with

mucosae

易于接觸粘膜的皮膚in

multi-dog

environments

多犬的環(huán)境evidence

of

nomadic

foci

on

abdomen短期

菌群的存在集中于腹部in

follicles毛囊-higher

populations

than

surface

較表面數(shù)量大existence

of

a

follicular

population?存在一個毛囊的種群？Nares鼻孔

36-75%more

prox.Oral口腔33-46%EarC

耳道Conjunctivae結(jié)膜26-65%Anus36-60%Genitals生殖道

10-75%Canine

S.

pseudintermedius

Colonisation

犬假中間型葡萄球菌定植Nomads

ofskin

&

coat皮膚和被毛臨時菌群Canine

Cutaneous

Bacterial

Flora

犬皮膚菌群Gram-negative

bacteria

革蘭氏

菌generally

regarded

as

transients

通常認為是短期存在的–

early

studies

suggested

Acinetobacter

spp.

were

residents早期的研究認為不動桿菌屬某些種是常在菌aerobic

gram-negatives

需氧革蘭氏

菌isolated

from

follicles

&

hair

shafts

從毛囊和毛干分離出來higher

populations

on

hairs,proximally

毛發(fā)近端部位上有較高數(shù)量suggests

not contamination

提示不是污染needs

further

study

需要進一步研究Occasionally

isolated

from

skin

偶爾從皮膚分離出來Proteus,

Pseudomonas,

Alcaligenes

spp.,

E.

coli變形桿菌屬，假單胞菌屬，產(chǎn)堿菌屬某些種，大腸桿菌Micro?oral

Interactions

微菌落的相互作用Competition

for

競爭niches/atta ent

sites/receptors

生存環(huán)境/附著部位/受體–

come- served

concept

先到先得原則nutrients,oxygen

營養(yǎng)成分，氧氣Collaboration

共生exchange

of

nutrients

&

growth

factors營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和生長因子的交換Aggression

拮抗antimicrobial

products

抗菌產(chǎn)品often

aimed

at

closely

related

spp.通常作用于相近的菌屬many

S.

(pseud)

intermedius

make

substances

antagonistic

to

otherS.

(pseud)

intermedius很多(假)中間型葡萄球菌產(chǎn)生拮抗其他(假)中間型葡萄球菌的物質(zhì)offers

potential

for

control

of

canine

pyoderma

by

bacterial

interference為利用細菌的相互作用控制犬膿皮癥提供可能SG皮脂腺Cor

:c.

90%

in

top4

layers.Hair

densityaffectscontamination角質(zhì)層:90%位于最上4層毛發(fā)密度影響污染程度?Distal

hair

shaft:

populationsdepend

oncontamination

&grooming末梢毛干:菌群數(shù)量取決于污染和毛發(fā)梳理Proximal

hair

shaft:populations

tend

to

reflectresidency近端毛干:數(shù)量取決于反應(yīng)部位Follicles:

aerobes

&anaerobes

-

e.g.(Propionibacterium,Clostridium?)毛囊:需氧菌和厭氧菌-如丙酸桿菌屬，梭菌屬Location

of

the

caninecutaneous

bacterial

?ora犬皮膚菌群的位置Canine

Cutaneous

Fungal

Flora犬皮膚真菌菌群Malassezia

馬拉色菌other

fungi

appear

to

be

transients

其他真菌表現(xiàn)為一過性的M.

Pachydermatis

厚皮馬拉色菌common

on

normal

skin

在正常皮膚常見c.42%of

dogs

42%的犬especially

interdigital

&

perioral

特別是趾間和口周can

be

a

resident

in

可以常住在ears, sacs,mucosae

耳朵，肛囊，粘膜higher

carriage

rates

in

basset

hounds

(Bond

&

Lloyd

1998)巴吉度 具有更高的攜帶率Other

yeasts

&

moulds

not

resident其他酵母菌和霉菌不是常在菌Malasseziapachydermatis厚皮馬拉色菌Carriage

sites攜帶部位Often

present常發(fā)部位Resident

Fungi

常在真菌AnusEar

c

耳道Other

yeasts

&

moulds

not

resident其他酵母菌和霉菌不是常在菌Malasseziapachydermatis厚皮馬拉色菌Carriage

sites攜帶部位Often

present常發(fā)部位Resident

Fungi

常在真菌AnusEar

c

耳道Lips唇Interdigital趾間Other

yeasts

&

moulds

not

resident其他酵母菌和霉菌不是常在菌Malasseziapachydermatis厚皮馬拉色菌Carriage

sites攜帶部位Often

present常發(fā)部位Resident

Fungi

常在真菌Canine

Cutaneous

Fungal

Flora犬皮膚真菌菌落Reports

of

lipid

dependent

species

脂質(zhì)依賴種類M.furfur

皮屑馬拉色菌–

small

colony

variants

of

M.

pachydermatis?厚皮馬拉色菌的小的變種？Mixed

composition

of

1o

canine

Malassezia

isolates性犬馬拉色菌群混合組成–M.furfur

in45%;

皮屑馬拉色菌占45%M.

sympodialis

in

75%are

we

missing

these?合軸馬拉色菌占75%忽略這些了嗎？–isolationprocedures

need to

be

reviewed

評價生物程序Feline

Cutaneous

Bacterial

Flora

毛皮膚細菌群落Bacterial

colonisation

細菌paucity

of

data;資料缺乏most

information

onstaphylococci大部分資料關(guān)于葡萄球菌results

confused

by

description

of結(jié)論被下列資料coagulase-negative

staphylococci

in

1975

(Kloos)S.

intermedius

in

1976

(Hajek)S.

felis

in

1989

(Igimi)S.

pseudintermedius

in

2005

(Devriese

et

al.)Feline

Cutaneous

Bacterial

FloraStaphylococci

葡萄球菌Cox

et

al.(1985)環(huán)化酶等827

isolates

from

113

healthy

cats

(7/cat)從113只健康貓

到827個群落(7/只貓)2

species

2種S.

simulans

commonest

coagulase

–ve模仿葡萄球菌是最常見的凝血酶陽性菌44%of

isolates

44%的菌落S.

(pseud)intermedius

commonest

coagulase

+ve(假)中間型葡萄球菌最常見的凝血酶陽性14%of

isolates 14%的菌落Pa et

al.

(2000)273

isolates

from

21

healthy

cats

(13/cat)

;16

species從21只健康貓S.273樣本(13/只貓);16種monest

coagulase

-ve

;

BUTdifferentiated

from

S.simulans

貓葡萄球菌區(qū)別于溶血酶–

S.

(pseud)intermedius

commonest

coagulase

+ve葡萄球菌Feline

Cutaneous

Fungal

Flora

貓皮膚真菌菌群Dermatophytes

皮膚真菌isolation

from

healthycats

于健康貓的菌群–

evidence

of

contamination

or

failure

to

recognise

focal

infection污染的

或鑒別局部

失敗(Pier

&

Moriello

1998)M.Pachydermatis

厚皮馬拉色菌likely

resident可能是常在菌–

isolated

from

skin

(+ear)

&

mucosae

of

c.

20%

of

cats20%的貓皮膚(+耳)和粘膜

到的菌群Feline

Cutaneous

Fungal

FloraLipid

dependent

Malassezia

spp.脂質(zhì)依賴型馬拉色菌M.

sympodialis

合軸馬拉色菌in

laboratory

cats

(Bond

et

al.1996)

內(nèi)的貓in

domestic

cats

in

2/17

households2只/17只家養(yǎng)貓M.

globosa

in

one

catM.furfur

in

ear

of

皮屑馬拉色菌在耳部1/33

healthy

cats

(Crespo

et

al

1999)1/33只健康貓–

2

cats

withotitis

externa2只患外耳炎(Crespo

et

al

2000)Host

Control

of

Skin

Populations

皮膚菌群的宿主管理Innate