普通微生物學(xué)演示文稿第一頁，共四十七頁。優(yōu)選普通微生物學(xué)第二頁，共四十七頁。ScheduleofMicrobiologyAcademicunit：2credithours/week×17weeksPracticalunit：3credithours/twoweeks(oddweek)×6weeks

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references：《微生物學(xué)》，沈萍主編，高等教育出版社?Microbiology?fifthedition,Prescott,Harley,KleinWebsite:第三頁，共四十七頁。ChapterⅠ:IntroductiontoMicrobiology第四頁，共四十七頁。1.microorganismsandMicrobiologyMicroorganisms(微生物)arenotequaltogerms(病菌).WhatisMicroorganism?Microorganisms——verytinylifeforms,mostofthemcannotbeseenwithoutmagnificationMicrobiology(微生物學(xué))——thesciencedealswithmicroorganismsBasicaspectAppliedaspect第五頁，共四十七頁。Including:Bacteria(細(xì)菌),Fungi(真菌),Algae(藻類),Protozoa(原生動物)andViruses(病毒)Micrometer(m,微米)isalwaysusedtodescribethesizeofmicroorganisms

.Microscope(顯微鏡)isalwaysusedtoobserveindividualmicroorganism.第六頁，共四十七頁。ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsDiseases-----invisiblelivingcreaturesTheconflictoverspontaneousgeneration(自然發(fā)生學(xué)說）---livingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatterItalianphysicianFrancescoRedimeat---maggors？？3containersfinegauze：flieslayeggsonthegauzeuncovered:layeggsonthemeatpaper

第七頁，共四十七頁。ThescientificmethodProblemDevelophypothesisSelectinformationneededtotesthypothesisCollectinformationbyobservationorexperimentAnalyzeinformationfalsificationHypothesissupportedHypothesisrejectedConstructnewhypothesisExposetomoretestsEventualfalsificationDevelopnewhypothesisincorporatingstrongpointsofoldhypothesisControlgroup第八頁，共四十七頁。2.ImportanceofMicroorganismstoHumankindTheTotalofbacteriainsoil:10034×1012ton；onthesurfaceofmoney：9million；humanskin：100thousand/cm2；

mouth：>500kinds；

intestines：total1015

第九頁，共四十七頁。1）benefits

ofMicroorganismsManymicroorganismsbenefithumans,producingfoodsweeat,removingwastesweproduce,andmakingantibiotics(抗生素)andvaccines(疫苗)foruseinmedicine.Microorganismsareessentialformaintainingthebalanceofnatureandsustaininglifeonearth.Whichotherbenefitsdomicroorganismshave?第十頁，共四十七頁。Wineproduction第十一頁，共四十七頁。Wineandbeerproduction第十二頁，共四十七頁。Beerfermentation第十三頁，共四十七頁。Mushroomculture第十四頁，共四十七頁。Wastewatertreatmentwithmicroorganism第十五頁，共四十七頁。Methaneproduction第十六頁，共四十七頁。2）MicroorganismsandDiseaseThereducedimpactonhumankindofdiseasescausedbymicroorganismsisdueinparttoadvancesinourscientificknowledgeofmicroorganismsandtheirinteractionswithhuman.

——Vaccines(疫苗)andAntibiotics(抗生素)ThebattlebetweenhumansandmicroorganismswillcontinueEnemiesorfriends?

第十七頁，共四十七頁。Mortalityduetodifferentdiseasesin1900and1990’s第十八頁，共四十七頁。Chickenpox(水痘)第十九頁，共四十七頁。Measles(麻疹)第二十頁，共四十七頁。Smallpox(天花)第二十一頁，共四十七頁。Colorizedmicrographofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thatcauseAIDS,onthesurfaceofacell第二十二頁，共四十七頁。Coronavirus(冠狀病毒)thatcauseSARS第二十三頁，共四十七頁。Avianinfluenzavirus(禽流感病毒)第二十四頁，共四十七頁。Streptococcussuis(豬鏈球菌)thatcancausedeathonbothpigsandhumanbeings第二十五頁，共四十七頁。DistributionofHIV/AIDSpatients第二十六頁，共四十七頁。Spoilageofdairy第二十七頁，共四十七頁。Spoilageoffood第二十八頁，共四十七頁。3.HistoricalPerspective

stageⅠ:DiscoveryofMicroorganismsLeeuwenhoek(列文虎克；呂文虎克)ofHollandinventedthefirstmicroscopeandmadethefirstrecordedobservationofbacteriain1670.第二十九頁，共四十七頁。Leeuwenhoek’smicroscopesandhissketchesofbacteria第三十頁，共四十七頁。LouisPasteur&RobertKoch

a.Pasteur

LouisPasteur（1822～1895）stageⅡ:experimentalstage第三十一頁，共四十七頁。Spontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms???第三十二頁，共四十七頁。b.KochRobertKoch（1843～1910）第三十三頁，共四十七頁。

discoveryofantibiotics：1929Fleming:discoveryofpenicillin1940Florey:purificationofpenicillinImmunologicalstudiesPasteur-----chickencholera（霍亂）stageⅢ:development第三十四頁，共四十七頁。MainBranchesofMicrobiologystageⅣ:modernmicrobiology第三十五頁，共四十七頁。4.classificationsandcharacteristics1）classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virusProkaryotic：Eubacteria(真細(xì)菌）

Archaebacteria（古細(xì)菌）Cellular:Eukaryotic：Fungi（真菌）

Algae（藻類）

Protozoa（原生動物）第三十六頁，共四十七頁。第三十七頁，共四十七頁。2）Characteristicssimplestructure,tinysize：measureunit：μmornmaveragelengthofrod：2μm

；1500rodbacteria=thelengthofasesametheratioofsurfaceareatovolume(SA/V)ofmicroorganismislargerthanotherorganism.acellular（virus）；unicellular；multicellular第三十八頁，共四十七頁。strongdigestionandtransformation

variouswaystoacquirenutrition

thesourceofthenutritiontomicoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,manyorganiccompounds

第三十九頁，共四十七頁。quicklyreproduce，easilyculture

EachE.Coli:10–12grams，20minutes/generationafter24hours：4.7×1022cells，theweightis4722tonsafter48hours：2.2×1043cells，theweightis2.2×1025tons=4000timesoftheweightoftheGlobe！

Manymicroorganismscanbeeasilyculturedinlabs！第四十頁，共四十七頁。strongresistbadenvironments,highmutationExtremeenvironment：hightemperature,lowT,highpressureHighmutationtosurvive:突變率：10-5

Lotmutationsinshorttime第四十一頁，共四十七頁。ProductionofPenicillin：20U/ml（1943）10000U/mlDosageofPenicillin：最高：105U/day（40s）數(shù)百萬-千萬單位/次第四十二頁，共四十七頁。broaddistribution

Soil,water,air,onthesurfaceofanimalsandplantsandsoon

10~20×104specieshavebeenconfirmed,onlyoccupy