1、文檔編碼 : CR10T2C10I10E2 HB10C2K4D7T7 ZI4C6V3I5V7英語考試作文GRE寫作 Issue 部分精品素材共享之四大理論想要在 GRE作文部分的考試中寫出優秀的文章,論據素材是重要的一環；好的論據不僅能幫忙你支撐觀點,加強說服力,仍能表達出考生在閱讀量上的積存和深厚扎實的語言功底基礎；特別是 ISSUE作文,更是需要大量好素材作為儲備,才能保證考生無論遭受那種題目, 都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的寫作；為大家整理了 GRE ISSUE作文各類題目的精品優質素材, 一起來看吧；四大動機理論 I ： 本能理論Instinct is behavior that i

2、s inherited rather than learned. Instinct is an inborn tendency/ biological force that dominates behavior. Instincts are universal in expression and universal in a species. Instinct is viewed as in-built with regards to a babys attachment to its parents or caregivers. The reason for this development

3、 is that babies stay close to their parents because they are provided with protection. Human instincts are more flexible and more open to learning experiences than those of other species. Just like the imprinting of baby geese, so do human babies attach to his/her parents after many hours of interac

4、tion. An example of instinctual behavior is that all ants build anthills in the same way, even when they are not raised together, then the anthill building behavior is instinctual and not a learned response. Sex in humans is also instinctual. We are not born with the desire to engage in sexual activ

5、ities, but as we reach puberty, there is a need for sexual stimulation. Even though we might not know what to do, it is instinctual. But, instincts only describe behavior; they do not explain why a person engages in behavior. 四大動機理論 II ： 生物社會學理論Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis for t

6、he social behavior of humans and other animals. Sociobiologists try to ascertain the function of various types of behavior in the life of an animal. Sociobiology is based on the theory that the central process of life is the struggle of genes to reproduce themselves. Theorists believe that natural p

7、reference favors behavior that maximizes reproductive attainment transmitting genes to the next generation. According to this theory, an organism inherits inclinations to develop certain types of behavior, and these behavior patterns increase an organism s chances of transferring its genes to the ne

8、xt generation. There are ongoing debates about sociobiology and its relevance to human motivation. Some theorists believe that sociobiologists overestimate the influence of biology and underestimate the influence of culture. In the African culture, African men consider African women with large butto

9、cks appealing, which may be viewed as unattractive in other cultures. 四大動機理論：驅動理論A drive is defined as an observation that organisms seek to maintain homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium/stability. A drive assists an organism in alleviating inner tension. For example, drinking alleviate

10、s thirst. Drive theory explains why people eat, sleep, seek pleasure, avoid pain and engage in sex. There is a distinction between Primary and Secondary drives. Primary drives are the most basic, inborn needs in our psychological systems and secondary drives, also known as learned motives, are learn

11、ed through association with the reduction of primary drives. It is understood that most drive theories are unlearned, biological drives, which progressively develop a bigger set of appropriate drives through learning. The sleep motive is an example of drive theory. If a person goes without sleep, fo

12、r quite a while, they begin to experience some discomfort, tiredness, which is an internal tension and a drive motivates you to obtain sleep. Sleeping reduces the drive and restores physiological balance. But drive theories can not explain all facets of human motivation. 四大動機理論：勉勵理論Incentive theory

13、is striving towards attaining external goals. Incentive theorists believe that the source of motivation is external, in the environment. Incentives pull you to act, whereas drives push you to act. Incentive theory is not related to the principle of homeostasis, it emphasizes environmental factors. Not everyone can always achieve his or her desired goals. Expectancy-value models explain ones motivation to persevere in two ways, the merit of the incentive, if it appeals to you, and the probability of ones chances of attaining the incentive. Gambling at a casino is an example of i