1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞從句三大類(lèi)。定語(yǔ)從句又分為限制性和非限制性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞指引，修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語(yǔ)從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、退步、原由、條件及行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句。名詞從句包含主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句及therebe句型。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、therebe結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)的三大基本句式，不管一個(gè)句子有多長(zhǎng)、多復(fù)雜，它總是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學(xué)習(xí)基本句式，句子成分是一個(gè)要點(diǎn)的看法，它是指句子的構(gòu)成單位，不一樣的句式由不一樣的句子成分構(gòu)成。如：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語(yǔ)、系動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)；主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；therebe結(jié)構(gòu)

2、的主要成分是主語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中的句子成分主要有：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、詞組或句子充當(dāng)，當(dāng)這些成分由句子充當(dāng)時(shí)，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，如：充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子為主語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分的句子為賓語(yǔ)從句，等等。英語(yǔ)從句三大種類(lèi)按一般說(shuō)法可分為三大類(lèi)14種從句。一，名詞性從句1主語(yǔ)從句Whetheritsrightornotremainstobeseen2賓語(yǔ)從句Iwonderwhetheritsrightornot.3同位語(yǔ)從句Thisisaquestionwhetheritsrightornot.4表語(yǔ)從句Thequestioniswhetheritsr

3、ightornot二，定語(yǔ)從句1限制性定語(yǔ)從句SheisthestudentwhocanspeakEnglishwell2非限制性定語(yǔ)從句Sheisthestudent,whocanspeakEnglishwell.三，狀語(yǔ)從句1時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Thefactwillcomeoutwhenhecomeshere.2地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Youcangowhereveryoulike.3原由狀語(yǔ)從句Paymoreattentiontoyourlessonsbecauseyouareastudent。4方式狀語(yǔ)從句Hewalksasifhewereaking。5目的狀語(yǔ)從句ShewenttoJapansotha

4、tshecouldlearnJapaneseell6結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句ShewenttoJapansothatshelearnedJapaneseell7條件狀語(yǔ)從句Iwillunderstanditifhetellsme。8退步狀語(yǔ)從句Heknowsalotthoughheislittle。1定語(yǔ)從句Therearesomeoldbooksinthebox.TheboydressedinblueisfromAmerica.?分清幾個(gè)看法：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞.先行詞是指定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有who,whom，whose，which,that;關(guān)系副詞主要有when,where

5、,why一是連接主句和從句的作用，二是在定語(yǔ)從句中做成分。定語(yǔ)從句分為：限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果去掉會(huì)影響句子意義的完好性，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句即使去掉也不會(huì)影響句子意義的完好性，如：Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain.Therearemanyplays（）Idliketosee.Themeetingwasputoff，whichsurprisedusalot.ThisnoteisleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago1.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，其作用為：對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明,它與主句用逗號(hào)分開(kāi).此類(lèi)從句省略后

6、其他部分仍可成立.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子；代表人時(shí)只好用whowhom,而不可以用as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。好比：1。Thetelephone,asweknow，wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahaml2。FranklinDRoosevelt,whodiedthereonApril12，3。Livinginadamp(濕潤(rùn)的)houseforalongtimeisharmfultooneshealth,whichisknowntoeveryone2.限制性定語(yǔ)從句中that可代表人和事,而which只代表事;二者在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。that

7、作賓語(yǔ)常常可省略,which則不可以，并且以后的介詞.which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，先行詞與which之間的介詞不可以省。好比：1。Thefirstdollthatcouldsay“mama”wasinventedin18302。Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart，duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn合恩角?代表allsomething,nothingmuchthat而不用which，that作賓語(yǔ)可省略好比：。Icareanythingthathassomethingtodowitht2.Youdb

8、etterdosomethinghepreferstodotohim3.Thatisthelasttimewemeteachother4.Icameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday?who和whom指引的從句用來(lái)修飾人,分別作從句的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句，而when用來(lái)表示時(shí)間.whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。好比:1.HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction2.Thekneeisthejointwhe

9、rethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelower。Thenextmorning，whenshecamedowntobreakfast，Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery。Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment?注意幾點(diǎn)：that可代替who,whom（指人）,也可代替which（指物）whose既可指人又可指物指引定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不用，只用which/不可以用which，只好

10、用that的狀況。幾個(gè)例子：Isshethegirlthat/whosellsflowers?Thetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforXian。Thepeople(who/that/whom）youweretalkingtowereRussians。ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Ihavenevermettheboywhosemotherisafamousactress.Mybookisonthetablewhoselegsarebroken.HewenttoChinain1945，whentheWarWorldIIwasover。Lo

11、ok,thisisthehousewherethewriterwasborn.Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench2狀語(yǔ)從句Heswimsfast。Nervous,heopenedtheletterLegsbroken,thesoldiercrawledbackhomeSheusedtostayupuntiltWithabookinhishand，theteachercamein.?狀語(yǔ)從句可分為:時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（主要由when，whenever，after，before,a5，sinceonceuntilwhile等連詞指引)so和suchtha

12、t連接),退步狀語(yǔ)從句（由though，although，nomatter，evenif，whateveras，because，since和for件狀語(yǔ)從句（由if，whether，aslongas，providedthat等詞指引，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句（由where(由as句中，主句不可以夠用未來(lái)時(shí)，而用一般時(shí)取代。?狀語(yǔ)從句中的:從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句謂語(yǔ)“be略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為+此刻分詞過(guò)去分詞介詞短語(yǔ)形容詞名詞短語(yǔ)好比：。Ifnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice。2.Althoughseriouslywounded，henevercomplaine

13、d條件狀語(yǔ)從句：1）Letsgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.(除非，若不相當(dāng)于if-not）即：Ifyouaretootired,wellnotgooutforaalk2）Youmayborrowmybookaslongasyoukeepitclean.（只要，表示條件的獨(dú)一性)3)Takeyourumbrellaincaseitrains-，以免-)4)Icantellyouthetruthonconditionthatyoupromisetokeepasecret.(條件是）5）Supposingitrains,shallwecontinuethespo

14、rtsmeeting（假如假如）6Hewontbeagainstusinthemeetingprovided/providingthatweaskforhisadviceinadvance假如，除非以為條件)7）Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterviewonceyouhaveconfidence.（一旦-就）方式狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句以往由，（just）asso,asif，asthough指引.）as，（just)assojust）asso中位于句首這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是,多用于正式文體，好比:Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedo

15、neby.你希望人家如何待你，你就要如何待人。Aswateristofish，soairistoman.我們離不開(kāi)空氣猶如魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水。）asif,asthough二者的意義和用法同樣引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛假語(yǔ)氣,表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳說(shuō)語(yǔ)氣，表示所討狀況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作似的,似的,好比：1.Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他們完好忽視了這些事實(shí)，就憂(yōu)如它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反謂語(yǔ)用虛假語(yǔ)氣。）2.Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighti

16、ng。他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛假語(yǔ)氣。）3.Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳說(shuō)語(yǔ)氣）說(shuō)明：asif/asthough也可以指引一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，好比：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他聚精會(huì)神地看著我，就像第一次看見(jiàn)我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子,像要說(shuō)什么似的。比較狀語(yǔ)從句1）Youseemtoknowmusicaswellasyouknowastr

17、onomy（天文學(xué)-as結(jié)構(gòu)）2）Therewasnogardensolovelyashisinthiscity.（no-as結(jié)構(gòu)）3)Finallyhehasmadeasmuchmoneyashewanted.（as+adj+n.+as結(jié)構(gòu)）4）Yourwatchisnotthesameashisthesameas結(jié)構(gòu)）5）Inevermetsuchamanasyouryoungerbrothersuch-as結(jié)構(gòu)）6）Shestudiesmorediligentlythanherclassmates.morethan結(jié)構(gòu)）7）Nootherbookhashadagreaterinfluen

18、ceonmylife.（否定詞和比較級(jí)連用表示最高等含義.)8）Thisteacherexplainedtheproblemmoreclearlythananyotherteacher。（比較級(jí)與“one)9）Themoreyouread，thebetterwillyouwrite。(the-themore結(jié)構(gòu)）11）Heearnednomorethan800dollarsa。他一個(gè)月只掙800no+比較級(jí)+than3名詞從句名詞從句包含主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句，此中有介詞與形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。1)主語(yǔ)從句Heisateacher.LearningEnglishwellcould

19、takeyoualotof。a.由what、whever等代詞指引的主語(yǔ)從句,一般放在句首，不可以用it做形式主語(yǔ):WhatIwanttoknowishisaddress。Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Whatevershedidwasright.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.b.由連詞that指引的主語(yǔ)從句,在大多數(shù)狀況下,這個(gè)從句都放在句子后部,而用代詞it作形式上的主語(yǔ)：ThatImaynotbeabletocomeispossible。=ItispossiblethatImaynotbeabletocome。Thatwen

20、eedmoreequipmentisquiteobvious。=Itisobviousthatweneedmoreequipment。Thathewillrefusetheofferisunlikely.=Itisunlikelythathewillrefusetheoffer.三個(gè)固定句型(屬于此類(lèi))：It+名稱(chēng)+that：Itisapitythatwecantgo.It+形容詞+that：ItisclearthatTomhasreturned.It+過(guò)去分詞+that：Itissaid/believed/reported/knownthat.c.由連接代詞或連接副詞（或whether)指引

21、的主語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)從句可以直接放在句首作主語(yǔ)，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主語(yǔ):Whichisthebetterchoiceisobvious。=Itisobviouswhichisthebetterchoice。Whowillgoforthemeetinghasnotbeendecided。=Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillgoforthemeeting。Wherehelosthisgoldwatchremainedamystery.=Itremainedamysterywherehelosthisgoldwatch。.Whenweshallhaveoursport

22、smeetisstillaquestion.=Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.Whetherhewilljoinuswontmakemuchdifference。=Itwontmakemuchdifferencewhetherhewilljoinus.Whytheoldmanwenttothecastleisstillunknown。=Itisstillunknownwhytheoldmanwenttothecastle。Howhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungagefascinatedm

23、anypeople.=Itfascinatedmanypeoplehowhehadmanagedtoachievesomuchatsuchayoungage。）賓語(yǔ)從句HelikesChineseverymuch.Imsurprisedathisyoungage.a.由that指引的賓語(yǔ)從句，一般做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，that可以省略th。Thelettersays（that)theyareleavingonthe13Idontdoubt）theywillbeabletoovercomethe。SheremindedmethatIhadameetingtoattendthateveningb.由wha

24、t，who，which,howwhere，when,whether(if)等指引的賓語(yǔ)從句既可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，又可以做介詞的賓語(yǔ)IdontknowwhetherthesefiguresareaccurateIllreadwhicheverbookyourecommend。IllshowyouwhatIhaveputdowninmybookHassheinformedyouwhentheyaretoholdthemeetingShewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachievedWhetherthatisagoodsolutiondependsonhowyouloo

25、katit。在某些句型中，特別是帶符合賓語(yǔ)的句子中，that指引的從句常常移到后部去，前面用it做形式賓語(yǔ)WeallthoughtitapitythattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelledItookitforgrantedthattheywerenotcoming.d.在“be+形容詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)后,that指引的從句,有些在看法上湊近賓語(yǔ)，而在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻湊近狀語(yǔ)ImafraidthatIhavemadeamistakeWearesurethatweshallsuccessWearefullyconfidentthatwecanovercomethedifficu

26、lties。Imnotsurewhethershewouldlikethea一些表語(yǔ)性的形容詞，如：alarmed，annoyed，astonished，disappointed，pleased,proud，sad，shocked，sure,surprised，worried，ect.做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后邊可跟由that,how等指引的賓語(yǔ)從句例如：1。Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures2。HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination3。Shewassurprisedhow

27、simplehisproblems4。Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3)表語(yǔ)從句Heiskind。/HeisateacherTheSmithsarefromAustralia.Thisiswhereourbasicinterestlies。Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan。WhatIreallywhattoknowishowyouhavemanagedtoremember1000wordswithinanhour。表語(yǔ)從句對(duì)主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容起解說(shuō)和論述的作用；若表語(yǔ)從句用that引起,that起連接作用,不可以省略。表語(yǔ)從句也可用連接詞how，when,wh