1、英漢翻譯-分句、合句法英漢兩種語言在句法結構上存在很大差異。 英語重形合，連接詞較為發達，句子結構層層包孕，句子在空間上呈大樹型結構，長句較多。漢語重意合，句子與句子之間缺乏必要的連接詞，積詞成句，積句成章，流水句較多，呈線性排列，一句接一句，短句較多，句子結構呈竹竿型分布。定義分句法-把原文的一個簡單句譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。合句法-把原文兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復合句在譯文中用一個單句來表達。一 分句法（一）把原文中的一個單詞譯成句子，使原文的一個句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。（二）把原文中的一個短語譯成句子，使原文的一個句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。（三）把原文的一個句子拆開，

2、譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。3) They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.譯文：他們根本沒有答復，這是不足為奇的。4)He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been there three hours ago.譯文：他真愿那時候已在家里。要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家三小時了。5) Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.譯文：她滿想會有某種奇跡般的解決辦法。這是不合情理的事。6) But, oc

3、casionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long.譯文：但是，偶爾也有這種情況，由于倉促匆忙或者粗心大意而造成錯誤，結果當天停業結算時，有的出納會短了現金而另一個卻會多了現金。3) He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no l

4、onger cordial.譯文：長期以來，他的同僚雖然看不起他，卻還是對他有些親切感，現在，除看不起他之外，親切感也沒有了。4) He stalked away, but with a gnawing uncertainty in his breast.譯文：他昂首闊步地走開，心里半信半疑，感到十分苦惱。名詞1) A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.譯文：我離開哪個擔任掩體速度之快，要是拍成電影的話，會象出膛的子彈一樣。2) He shook his head and his e

5、yes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.譯文：他搖了搖頭，兩目睜得圓圓的，接著又瞇成一條線，臉上露出了憤怒的神色。3) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity譯文：作為居住的地方，這里有許多不足之處。但作為完全新型飛機的秘密訓練基地切

6、實非常理想的。它地處邊陲，人們不易了解其中的活動4) The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.譯文：每個帳篷內怎樣的布置，這要看各個使用者的性格了。（二）把原文中的一個短語譯成句子，使原文的一個句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。分詞短語）They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.譯文：他們在群眾家里感到自在，行動時心里踏實，無憂無慮。）She sat with her hands cupp

7、ing her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.譯文：她坐在那兒雙手拖著下巴，眼睛凝視著小廚房的一角。）Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.譯文：陽光射入了它所能透過的所以地方，趕走了黑暗，驅散了幽影。）He was lying on his side watching her.譯文：他側身躺著。雙目凝視著她。）But they had become nomads of the desert, l

8、iving on the ground and under the sky, and they loved it .譯文：可是他們都變成沙漠里的牧民了，生活在蒼天之下，黃土之上。他們可也喜歡這種生活。）The station chief would have to be close to the director, a member of the inner circle.譯文：這位站長就得接近董事，因為董事是核心集團的成員。）Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.譯文：能量既不能被創造也

9、不能被消滅，這是一條普遍公認的規律。）The hospital was already spreading a fame for its food.譯文：這個醫院伙食好，這點已遠近聞名了。 前置詞短語 1）In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yanan.譯文：1946年八月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路過中國；由于我丈夫已在戰爭中犧牲了，當時我并不急于回

10、去，就到了延安。 2）Their power increased with their number.譯文：他們人數增加了，力量也隨之增強。 5) The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach. 譯文：答案一直擺在那里，可（他）就是沒有拿到手。 6) Mr. Myles still smiled but his voice had a little bit of irritation in it, unusual to Rob. 譯文：麥爾斯先生仍然面帶微笑，可是他的口氣卻有點不耐煩了。簡單句拆譯Increased co

11、operation with China is in the interests of the United States.譯文： 同中國加強合作，符合美國的利益。 （在主謂連接處拆譯）2. Chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well nigh dispeopled the streets.譯文：陣陣寒風，帶著雨意，街上冷冷清清，幾乎沒有什么人了。賞析：為了使譯句能夠體現漢語句式的特點，譯者進行了結構調整，將原文一句切分成四個短語（小句），充分利用句子內部語義上的聯系，不用任何關聯詞，由風到雨，到街再到人，用白描的手法將

12、一幅寒夜凄雨圖呈現在讀者面前。2）并列復合句拆譯并列英語復合句常常在分句連接處加以切分，譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。例如：The recruitment of Chinese labor was not universally accepted in the racially conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their appearance in large numbers.譯文：在種族意識十分強烈的19 世紀的美國，招募中國勞工的做法并非普遍為人們所接受。由于工地上出現大批中國勞工，

13、某些白人工人感到心緒不安。（在連詞and 處切分）3）主從復合句的分譯英語復合句漢譯時常在分句連接處加以切分，分譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。1. A bankable actor is one with whose name a producer can raise enough money to make a film.譯文：所謂“搖錢樹”的演員就是指這樣一種演員：制片人只需抬出其大名來就可以籌措到足夠攝制一部影片的經費。（在with whose 前切分）2. I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the

14、Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.譯文：我要感謝你們無與倫比的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞名世界的。（在定語從句前拆譯） （三） 把原文的一個句子拆開，譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。 1）Sometimes Mrs. Cross would be walking around in the big kitchen watching him eat.譯文：有時，克羅斯太太一面在大廚房踱來踱去，一面看他吃飯。 2）She had made several attempts to help them find othe

15、r rental quarters without success.譯文：她已試了好幾次，要幫他們另找一所出租的房子，結果并未成功。5) The ample yard in back is dominated by heavily bearing fruit trees. 譯文：屋后是個寬敞的院子，大部分都給果實累累的果樹占據了。 6) David opened the door, and Arthur went out into the rain.譯文：大衛把門打開，亞瑟走出去，冒著雨。He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his kn

16、owledge but embarrassment made him hold his peace.譯文：他想告訴約翰，他沒有料到他的知識有這么淵博，但是覺得有些不好意思，沒有說出口。Exercises 1. Adj.1) The night, clear and starry, sparkled darkly, and the opaque, lightless shifting patches slowly against the low stars were the drifting islets.夜色清朗，滿天繁星，波光粼粼。在低懸的星星下，一個個黑影在徐徐移動，這便是一座座漂浮的小島

17、。2) Films, gramophone records and magnetic tapes will provide them with a bewildering amount of information.電影、唱片和錄音磁帶給他們提供大量資料，這樣使他們感到不知所措。2.Adverbs1) Those who judged of his ultimate success by the failure of his first attempt were agreeably disappointed.那些從他初次嘗試遭到失敗便斷定他的最后結局的人，現在雖然感到失望，還是高興的。2) T

18、heir relations were vinegar, although Mr Johnson when speaking of Mr Clark in his absence was acidly correct.他們之間的關系挺別扭，雖然約翰遜先生在背后談起克拉克先生時語中帶刺，但還不失分寸。3) It seemed to him unquestionable that fortunately he had been permitted to look upon one of the worlds really great men.他覺得自己得以瞻仰了一位世界上真正偉大的人物，確是三生有

19、幸。4) It may conceivably knock the British empire to bits and leave England as primitive as she was when Julius Caeser landed in Kent.可以想象，這樣的戰爭會使大英帝國土崩瓦解，使英國回到朱利葉斯凱撒在肯特登陸時那副原始模樣去。5) The wheels scooped up stones which hammered ominously under the car.車輪揚起的碎石在車身底部敲打著，發出不祥的碰擊聲。6) But at this instant th

20、e men, the spectators awoke from their stone-like poses and crowded forward sympathetically.這當兒，原來呆若木雞，在一旁觀看的人們如夢處醒，露出同情的神色，一齊擁上前來。7) They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他們根本沒有答復，這是不足為奇。3. Nouns1) Yet he knew that that boy of fifteen months before had something, a trust, warmth that was g

21、one forever.然而，他知道，一年零三個月前的那個小伙子曾有一種寶貴的東西，一種信任之心，一種熱烈之情，如今已一去不復反了。4. Participle Phrases1) I saw the vague figures of the watch grouped in the waist, gazing in awed silence.我看到值班水手模模糊糊的的身影一起擠到了中部甲板上，他們都驚得目瞪口呆。2) I had others excited by what I saw and yet feeling like a souvenir-hunter I decided to wr

22、ite.我有別的想法。我為所見的一切而激動，同時也不無留此存照的想法我決定搞寫作。3) We drove to the south of France, taking turns with the driving.我們駕車到法國南部去，途中輪流開車。4) Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound.她的身影依然無處不在，時時都觸痛著舊日的創傷。5. Noun Phrases1) The economy of this village was based mainly on the

23、 sale of marijuaua that grew in tall stalks all around it, a green weed that was made into bhang.這個村莊是靠出售在村子周圍種植的高桿大麻為主要經濟來源的。大麻是一種綠色煙草，可以加工成大麻煙。2) One day he saw Lincoln a tall, shambling man, long, bony blushing, but tremendously impressive.有一天，他見到了林肯，一個步態蹣跚的高個子。他又瘦又長的，顯得靦腆，但給人的印象極為深刻。3) At last h

24、e became nothing, a delightful, useless young man with a perfect face and no profession.最后他啥也不是，成了愉快而無用的小伙子，臉孔漂亮，卻沒有職業。6. Propositional Phrases1) She treated that lady with every demonstration of cool respect, .她對那位夫人不冷不熱，不錯規矩。2) It was at a banquet in London in honour of one of the two or three con

25、spicuously illustrious English military names of this generation.事情發生在倫敦的一次宴會上。這次宴會是為當代英國聲名顯赫的兩三位軍官將領之一舉行的。3) Then she turned round and took a long mournful look at grandmas blackness and at Fenellas black coat and skirt, and hat with a crape rose.然后她轉過身來，用一種衰傷的目光長久地看著老太太，她身著黑服；有看著范尼娜，她穿著黑色的短大衣，黑色裙子

26、，戴著一頂黑帽子，上面還有一朵用黑紗扎成的玫瑰花。4) But then he was wonderfully good-looking, with his brown hair, his clear-cut face, and his grey eyes.但另一方面，他卻是長得特別漂亮，頭發是棕黃色的，臉很清秀，眼睛是灰色的。5) He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women.他生性樂觀，身材魁梧，貪飲貪食又貪色。6)It was a town of sighs and silences, with

27、none of the studied advertisements of sorrow.全城一片嘆息，一片沉默，但是誰也沒有故意流露出悲痛的神情。7) Their power increased with their number.他們人數增加了，力量也隨之增加。7. Lifeless Subject1) His arms holding her had a tendency to tighten around her, so he leaned back and began to talk thoughtfully into the air.他摟著她，雙臂不由自主地收緊，因此，他就往后一靠

28、，望著天空，若有所思地開始談了起來。2) His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.他疲憊不堪，天氣也越來越熱。他于是下決心，一碰到舒適的陰涼處，就坐下休息。3) Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere.這兒沙灘閃爍，松林掩映，遠山連綿，自有一種令人心曠神怡的氣氛。4) Mary

29、s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her fathers callous behavior.瑪麗是個溫和善良的好人，對她父親這種冷酷無情的行為，實在看不順眼。5) The end justifies the means.只要目的正確，用哪種方法都無關緊要。11) The little chaps good-natured honest face won his for him.這小伙子長相老實，脾氣也好，到處有人緣。12) Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion. 經過

30、調查，我們得出了上述的結論。二合句法合并法亦稱并句法或合句法。合并法多用于英語簡單句子的翻譯，特別是兩個或兩個以上的英語句子共用相同的主語的時候，由于漢語不喜歡重復主語，也不喜歡用代詞作主語，不如把幾句話串聯成漢語的一句話（孫致禮，2003：93）。在漢譯英過程中，合并法就是把兩個或兩個以上的漢語句子加以合并，譯成一個英語句子；也可指把一個漢語復合句合并為一個英語簡單句。 詞的合譯1) You will supply financial power, and well supply man power. Isnt that fair and square?你們出錢，我們出人，這難道還不公平嗎？

31、2) His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 他的父親非常寬容。3) Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 她的兒子非常聰明，可女兒卻很笨。4) He suffered aches and pains. 他遭受百般疼痛。5) He is a man of culture and learning. 他是個很有學問的人。6) I hate all these hustle and bustle. 我討厭這種擁擠不堪的場面。 （一）把原文中兩個或兩

32、個以上的簡單句（Simple sentence）譯成一個單句。 Poets as we know have always made a great use of alliteration. They are persuaded that the repetition of a sound gives an effect of beauty.我們知道，詩人一般總喜歡押頭韻，覺得重復一個聲音會產生美的效果。 （原文兩句都比較短，且有相同的主語譯文合成一句，語氣較順。）現在，每年都有幾百萬人到長城游覽。在旺季，幾處最著名的景點總是讓成群結隊的游客擠得水泄不通。 Now, millions of pe

33、ople journey to the Great Wall each year, making its most popular sites besieged by hordes of tourists during busy seasons. (將原文中的第二句譯成第一句的伴隨狀語，即把原文中兩個有一定關系的簡單句合為一個句子，且句意不變。這樣更簡練。) 1）He was very clean. His mind was open.譯文：他為人單純而坦率。2）There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are fro

34、m the South.譯文：從全國各地來的人中有許多是南方人。3） His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.譯文：他的父親在意大利北部近海的比薩開小鋪。5) It was half past ten. Sarie watched the path anxiously.譯文：十點半鐘的時候，莎麗焦急地朝著小路張望。 6) That was long ago. A very long time ago. Almost 30 years

35、ago.譯文：那件事發生在很久很久以前，將近三十年了。 7) He would miss many things and many people. He would miss Celia. 譯文：他會想念許許多多往事、許許多多朋友、也會想念他的西莉亞。 8）The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.這個年輕人真慘，已落到身無分文的地步，因為他的全部積蓄都被偷了。（二）把原文中的主從復合句（Complex sentence）譯成一個單句。 1）When

36、I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.譯文：我在談判時總有些緊張。緊張時我就吃點東西。2）When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.譯文：我們對中國領導人和中國人民的贊揚不僅僅是出于禮貌。3）Im blest if II know.譯文：我一點也不知道。 4) He stood on the curb till a car shot by.譯文：他站在路邊等車飛快地開過去。 5) While he

37、washed, he heard the doorbell.譯文：他洗澡時聽到了門鈴聲。6) When I came to the summit, I became very excited.譯文：到達山頂時我非常興奮。7) If we do a thing, we should do it well.譯文：我們要干就要干好。（三）把原文中的并列復合句（Compound sentence）譯成一個單句。 1）From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.譯文：阿諾河從佛羅倫薩流經比薩入海。

38、2）In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.譯文：1844年恩格斯與馬克思相遇并成了朋友。3）The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.譯文：十點三十分的時候，街上來往的車輛稀少了。）It was 1953, and I had just come from Kilkelly, Ireland, to seek my fortune. 譯文：一九五三年，我剛從愛爾蘭的克爾克勒來此找出路。）It was an LST, and it was already nearly

39、 loaded with trucks and armored cars.譯文：這是一艘幾乎已裝滿了卡車和裝甲車的坦克登陸艇。）It was in mid-August, and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.譯文：八月中旬，修理人員在驕陽下工作。Exercises 1. Two or more simple sentences into one1) Syme had vanished. A morning came. And he was missing from work. Syme失蹤了。第二天早晨也不見他來工作。2)

40、 Then he tried selling drink. But that was of no use.于是他又試圖賣酒，也無濟于事。3) It was a hot day. The men in the office were working in their shirt-sleeves.天氣很熱，辦公室里的人只穿著襯衫。4) It was on the early morning of April 2, 1971. The pilots were briefed in the ready room. 1971年4月2日清晨，飛機駕駛員都在待命室接受飛行任務。2. Compound Sen

41、tence into One Simple Sentence1) It was a raw, slushy morning of a late February day, and the great war President was just through with his solemn pronunciamento in regard to the bonds.二月末， 一個陰寒而冰雪融化的早晨，這位偉大的戰時總統剛剛對聯邦問題發表了莊嚴的聲明。2) If you address the enquiries to an individual, your letter may have t

42、o wait while he is away. Or you make a mistake and address it to the wrong individual, and this will also mean delay.若把詢價寄送給個人，如該人不在公司，信就會耽擱，或者，你可能把詢價信寄錯了人而勢必延誤。3) He had bought and sold shares for six months, but how could he succeed among experienced men?他干了半年股票買賣，怎么敵得過行家？3. Complex into Simple On

43、e1) It seemed to him that he was being very cool and logical and that she was putting him deliberately in the wrong.他覺得自己表現得極為冷靜，講道理，而她卻在存心找茬兒。2) Nature can produce children enough to make good any extremity of slaughter of which we are capable.大自然都能降生足夠的嬰兒來彌補那些被殘殺的生靈。3) However when he took up the

44、brush he was a real master, and his pictures were eagerly sought after.可是他拿起畫筆是真正的大師。他的畫人們爭相購買。4) In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists.旅游者的足跡遍及世界各地，但是，仍有許多地方是旅游者無法涉足的。5) No one suspectec that there might be someone else on the farm who

45、had never been seen.沒有人會疑心在農場里還有一個他們從未見過的人。7. Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him.家，闊別了七年的家，這個字對他多親切呀！8. While I came to the summit, I became very excited.到達山頂時我非常激動。9. He is dead and gone. 他的確死了。10. She shook and trembled with fear. 她不停的發抖。11. We must reach our goals and aims. 我們必須達到目的。12. The room is cozy and comfortable. 這個房間非常舒適。13. She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.她回家照料她病重的丈夫。14. They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. Peopl