1、SLA (Second Language Acquisition) and PragmaticsContentI SLAII Interlanguage III ReferenceSLAAcquisitionSecond LanguageSecond Language V.Foreign LanguageAcquisition V. Learning SL V.Foreign Language Second Language which plays an institutional and social role in the community (i.e. it functions as a

2、 recognized means of communication among members who speak some other languages as their mother tongue). Foreign language learning takes place in settings where the language plays no major role in the community and is primarily learnt only in the classroom.Eg .English is learnt as a foreign language

3、 in France or Japan.下一頁InterlanguageInterlanguagedefinitioncausesfeaturesSystematic（系統(tǒng)性）Dynamic(動(dòng)態(tài)性)Permeable (滲透性)Fossilization(石化性)Interlingua interferenceIntralingua interferenceDefinition The term ”interlanguage” was coined to refer to the language system constructed by second language learners

4、on their way to the target language(Nemser,1971;Selinker,1972 ;Corder, 1977 ） “中介語”這一術(shù)語首次被引用指：處于目的語與母語之間結(jié)構(gòu)上處于中間狀態(tài)的外語學(xué)習(xí)者的獨(dú)特的語言系統(tǒng)。Eg. 中國人表示一種祝福：Go to work happily ,and come back home safely! 中國人打招呼：“Hi ,where are you going ?”FossilizationDefinitionClassificationCausesInternal causesExternal causesDefi

5、nition It has been observed that somewhere in the L2 learning process, such an IL may reach one or more temporary restricting phases during which the development of the IL appears to be detained (Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972; Schumann, 1975). A permanent cessation of progress toward the TL has been

6、referred to as fossilization (Selinker, 1972).Classification Temporary fossilization:暫時(shí)性石化: Temporary fossilization refers to stability of language acquisition or the plateau phenomenon of learning, at the moment language parameter is steady and static, the phenomenon is alterable under certain cond

7、itions . Permanent fossilization永久性石化： Because most of the students interlanguage is in the temporary and stable stage, no permanent fossilization. Because stable stage is not real fossilization.So there is no real permanent fossilization.Internal Causes Motivition: adults do not have the motivation

8、 to change their accent and to acquire native-like pronunciation. Unlike children, who are generally more open to TL culture, adults have more rigid language ego boundaries. (Guiora et al., 1972). Communicative needs: The learner believes that he does not need to develop his interlanguage any furthe

9、r in order to communicate effectively whatever he wants to. Acquisition device: Fossilization manifests that learners do not have the language ability of the native speakers , only a few people can activate this particular language acquisition device and achieve success, while most of them failed af

10、ter the crucial stage, what they can resort to is only general cognitive mechanism, and therefore they can not reach the end of the interlanguange continuum and appear fossilization.External causes Communicative pressure: the pressure caused when language learners cant express views In language exch

11、ange as its beyond ones language ability which will lead to fossilization. Lack of learning opportunities: Language learners have few opportunities of foreign language input and use. Feedback: positive cognitive feedbacks cause fossilization ; (e.g. “Oh,I see”)negative feedbacks help to prevent foss

12、ilization. (e.g. “I dont understand you” )External causes Communicative pressure: the pressure caused when language learners cant express views In language exchange as its beyond ones language ability which will lead to fossilization. Lack of learning opportunities: Language learners have few opport

13、unities of foreign language input and use. Feedback: positive cognitive feedbacks cause fossilization ; (e.g. “Oh,I see”)negative feedbacks help to prevent fossilization. (e.g. “I dont understand you” )External causes Communicative pressure: the pressure caused when language learners cant express vi

14、ews In language exchange as its beyond ones language ability which will lead to fossilization. Lack of learning opportunities: Language learners have few opportunities of foreign language input and use. Feedback: positive cognitive feedbacks cause fossilization ; (e.g. “Oh,I see”)negative feedbacks

15、help to prevent fossilization. (e.g. “I dont understand you” )呆呆熱詞派傷不起傷不起名詞變格，形容詞還跟著變格動(dòng)詞還完成體未完成體,你算完成體還是算未完成體Tom不念湯姆念多姆名字那么長，還父稱，什么什么娃，葫蘆娃吧顫音,神馬是顫音,奏是舌頭在口腔里顫抖啊還有惡心的數(shù)得這么說：一千三百九十一千二百三十四五百六十七啊自行車是男的啊,男青年是男的啊，他看起來像女的啊的,不過其實(shí)他還是男的啊。名詞要變格啊!也就是說一個(gè)名詞可以變成六個(gè)單詞, 還有復(fù)數(shù)的六種.形容詞副詞代詞物主代詞數(shù)詞,動(dòng)詞還能變成副詞啊,動(dòng)詞還能變成形容詞啊,還分主動(dòng)被動(dòng)現(xiàn)在過去啊.動(dòng)詞還有完成體未完成體,這就是倆單詞,.還有過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來時(shí),這就是六個(gè),你當(dāng)你細(xì)胞分裂呢我愛你不是我愛你，我愛的是四格的你！我有六個(gè)啊,哪來的那另外五個(gè)我.學(xué)俄語的都是上輩子折翼天使啊你們傷不起啊！ 讀音： mi古同“梅”。 其形：丑怪驚人能嫵媚，斷魂只有曉寒知。 其神：任他桃李爭歡賞，不為繁華易素心。 如此來看，槑，實(shí)則形神俱