1、英語時(shí)態(tài)語法點(diǎn)講解課件Making Correct & Effective Sentences學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)如何寫出正確的英文句子如何寫出有效的句子寫作中時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用Correct Sentences Structurally complete Begin with a capital letter End with a full stop, or a question mark or an exclamation mark Express a single complete ideaRequirements:Basic Sentence Patterns S + Vie.g. The bus a

2、rrived. Fools seldom differ. The flowers are blooming. S +V link (連系動(dòng)詞) + Cs/Predicative (主補(bǔ)/表語)e.g. Miss Jones is a secretary. The weather turned cold.常見系動(dòng)詞有：表示“變得”、“成為”：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn表示“保持”：continue, hold, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay表示“看起來”、“好像”：appear, look, seem表

3、示“實(shí)感”的動(dòng)詞：feel, smell, taste, sound S + Vt + Oe.g. The police stopped the procession. Walls have ears.S + Vt + Oi + Ode.g. The mother will buy the girl a dress. Ann gave me a beautiful doll.NOTE: 間接賓語(Oi)后移時(shí)前面須加介詞to/for。加to表示間接賓語是動(dòng)作的接受者，適應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞有：assign, award, bring, cause, deliver, deny, feed, give, g

4、rant, guarantee, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, read, recommend, render(給予，呈遞), rent, sell, send, serve, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, write 加for表示間接賓語是動(dòng)作的受益者，適應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞有：bake, boil, book, build, buy, cash (兌現(xiàn)), change, choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix, fry, get, grow, knit (編

5、織), make, mix, order, paint, peel, play, post, pour, prepare, reserve, save, spare S + Vt + O + Coe.g. The parents consider the child a genius. We proved her wrong. I found John sleeping. She thought the house deserted. 常用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有： appoint, believe, call, catch, choose, consider, declare, elect, fan

6、cy, feel, find, hear, imagine, judge, keep, know, leave, make, name, need, nominate, prefer, prove, see, select, suppose, think, voteCompleteness in Structure contain at least a subject & a predicate verb if the verb is transitive, there must be an object if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a

7、predicative or complement. E.g.: He came. (SV) She wrote a letter. (SVO) Dr. Smith is a professor. (SVCs) I gave him 5 pence. (SVOiOd) We should keep our classroom clean. (SVOCo) The subject of a sentence should be properly related to the nonfinite verbsgerunds, participles or infinitivebefore it. O

8、n entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!” () On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said, “Good morning!” ()The Right Subject After finishing her composition, the translation exercise was taken up. () After finishing her c

9、omposition, she took up the translation exercise. () Hurrying to the conference room, no one was there. () Hurrying to the conference room, she saw nobody there. () Returning home after work, supper was waiting for him in the kitchen. () Returning home after work, he saw supper waiting for him in th

10、e kitchen. ()To look at a map, the importance of this new railway will be seen. () You have only to look at a map to see the importance of this new railway. ()Agreement Between S & V The predicate verb of a sentence has to agree with the subject in person and number.Collective nouns (集體名詞) may be ei

11、ther singular or plural, depending on their meanings. While they are considered as one whole, a singular verb is needed; while the emphasis is on the members that make up the group, a plural verb is needed.That group (or platoon/squad) of soldiers is a top-notch (拔尖的，一流的) fighting unit.That group (o

12、r platoon/squad) of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.That herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has ever had.That herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.Collective nouns usu. used as plural and followed by plural verbs: police, peo

13、ple, cattle, militia (民兵), poultry (家禽), vermin (害蟲) Collective nouns usu. used as uncountable and followed by singular verbs: foliage (樹葉), machinery (機(jī)器), equipment, furniture, merchandiseNOTE: Some nouns ending with -s (denoting names of diseases, games or countries, etc.) or -ics (denoting branc

14、hes of learning) are uncountable & therefore are always singular. Examples:Diseases: arthritis (關(guān)節(jié)炎), bronchitis (支氣管炎), rickets (軟骨病), mumps (腮腺炎), diabetes (糖尿病)e.g. Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.Games: darts (投鏢游戲), marbles (打彈子游戲)e.g. Marbles is one of the oldest games and was not confin

15、ed to children.Countries: the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands (荷蘭)e.g. The United States is a country of people with varied origins. Branches of learning: physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics (光學(xué)), acoustics (聲學(xué)), politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, tactics (兵法)e.g. A

16、coustics is the science of sound. Some nouns ending with -s are usually used as plural and are thus followed by plural verbs. Examples:群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱：the West Indies (西印度群島), the Himalayas (喜馬拉雅山脈), the Straits of Gibraltar (直布羅陀海峽), the Niagara Falls (尼亞加拉大瀑布)e.g. The Himalayas have a magnificent

17、 variety of plant and animal life.由兩部分組成的物體名稱：glasses, scissors (剪刀), pincers (鉗子), shorts (短褲), trousers (褲子), suspenders (吊褲帶) 這類名詞單獨(dú)使用時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù)；帶有單位詞時(shí)由單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。 E.g.: Joes new trousers are black and white. One pair of scissors isnt enough. Two pairs of pliers (老虎鉗), one large and one small, ar

18、e missing from my tool box. 其他：archives (檔案), arms (武器), clothes (衣服), contents (目錄), eaves (屋檐), fireworks (煙火), goods (貨物), morals (品行), remains (遺體), stairs (樓梯), suburbs (郊區(qū)), thanks (謝意), wages (工資)e.g. The contents of this book are most fascinating. High wages often result in high prices. the

19、number of + pl. N + sin. V a number of + pl. N + pl. Ve.g. The number of doctors among the teachers of the school is very small. A number of doctors are teaching at this university.When two coordinated subjects are linked by or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, etc. or appear in There be Stru

20、cture, the verb should agree with the subject close to it.e.g. There is a bed and two chairs in my bedroom. There are two chairs and a bed in my bedroom. Either you or I am to take up the work. Not only John but also his parents like collecting stamps.When using personal or relative pronouns(關(guān)系代詞),

21、make sure their reference is clear so as to avoid ambiguity.ExamplesIm going to the talk on jazz music for he is a well-known composer. ( “he” has no antecedent)Leave out the word in that sentence because it is too difficult. (2 nouns before “it”)She told my sister that her idea was practicable. (“h

22、er” may refer to either her own or my sisters)Everybody should return the books he has borrowed within a week. (“everybody” can refer to both male or female)Clear Pronoun Reference5. She put many toys into her bag, which she was to give to the children in the kindergarten. (the antecedent of which s

23、eems to be “bag” while its actually “toys”)6. He is the man recommended by Mr. Smith who knows how to fix cars. (“who” may stand for either Mr. Smith or the man) When a sentence, whether long or short, is structurally complete, it should end with a full stop. It is wrong to join two or more complete

24、 sentences with commas unless there are proper conjunctions or relative pronouns.End Sentences with Full Stops When two or more sentences are closely related in meaning, better put them in one sentence with the connection of proper conjunctions or relative pronouns. Coordinate clauses can be joined

25、1) with a comma & a conj., or 2) with a semicolon, or 3) with a semicolon & an adverb.Join Clauses with conj. Examples:She enjoys listening to pop music, but her sister doesnt.She enjoys listening to pop music; her sister, however, likes classical music better.She enjoys listening to pop music; howe

26、ver, her sister doesnt like it. In a complex sentence, there must be a main clause, whether it is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. Only in certain contexts (such as a conversation) can a clause be treated as a complete sentence. E.g.:-“Why hasnt Mr. Brown said anything?

27、”-“Because he doesnt speak Russian.” 【the main clause of the answer (Mr. Brown hasnt said anything) is understood】A Main Clause in a Complex SentenceAdjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree should be used only when there is comparison.原級(jí)比較：as +adj./adv.原級(jí)+as (肯定句); not so/as +adj./adv.原級(jí)+as (

28、否定句).比較級(jí)比較：adj./adv.比較級(jí)+thanmuch/far/a lot/a little + adj./adv.比較級(jí)quite/very/fairly/rather + adj./adv.原級(jí)Only things of the same kind (parallel structures) can be compared. E.g.:Her English is much better than I. (I mine)The language of Henry James is more elaborate than Ernest Hemingway. (plus “that

29、 of” after “than”)Proper Use of ComparisonsSpecial Structures of ComparisonA be prior/superior/inferior/senior/junior to Be.g.: Im two years senior to you. =Im two years older than you. =Youre two years junior to me. =Youre two years younger than me.prefer (doing) A to (doing) B/prefer to do A than

30、do Be.g.: I prefer swimming to running. = I prefer to swim rather than run.rather than/instead of 前后跟平行結(jié)構(gòu)e.g.: I go to work by subway instead of by bus. Well have our meeting outside the university instead of/rather than inside/in it. I would rather die than surrender. Correct Use of Tenses Main Usa

31、ges of Each Tense1. The Simple Present Construction: do/does/am/is/are Usage:主要用來表示真理、經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作及現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)，常和always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every day/week/month, on Mondays等時(shí)間狀語連用。 ExamplesThe earth moves around the sun.Four plus three equals seven.How often do you have your hair cut?Special Usage

32、 of Simple Present報(bào)刊標(biāo)題、體育解說或舞臺(tái)指導(dǎo)說明。CHINA HOSTS 2008 OLYMPIC GAMES.Moor passes to Charlton; Charlton shoots. Its a good goal.When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.表示預(yù)先安排好將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用于begin, close, depart, finish, go, leave, open, sta

33、rt, stop等動(dòng)詞。The train leaves in 10 minutes.School finishes in mid-July.When does the book shopping center close?代替將來時(shí)，用于時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中。Well go fishing if the weather is fine tomorrow.Ill phone you as soon as I get there.2. The Simple Past Construction: did/was/were/used to doUsage:主要用來表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，通常用ye

34、sterday, the day before yesterday, in 1990, last week/month/year, three days ago等作時(shí)間狀語。 ExamplesI went to the cinema yesterday.Jane was here a moment ago.I used to get up very late on holidays. Special usage:在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時(shí)。e.g. Father promised that he would buy me a Walkman if I entered a key m

35、iddle school. 3. The Simple Future Construction shall/will do; is/are going to do; be about to doUsage:主要用來表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，通常用next week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in two weeks等作時(shí)間狀語。 ExamplesWe shall set off next Monday.I am going home in a week.School is about to start.Another usage

36、:表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或未來的傾向 E.g.:Whenever he goes out, he will take an umbrella with him.With the development of science and technology, well be able to make machines do more work for us.還可以用“be + 不定式”表示按日程將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 。E.g.:There is to be a test next week.I am to meet my parents at the airport this afternoon.4. The P

37、resent Progressive Construction: is/am/are + doing Usage1) 用來表示現(xiàn)在某時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 E.g.:Listen, your sister is singing in her room now.This summer vacation, he is taking a part-time job in the library.2) 表示經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但往往帶有贊賞、厭惡等感情色彩。 E.g.:He is always thinking of others first.New products are appearin

38、g all the time.Why are you always leaving things behind? 3) 表示暫時(shí)的情況。e.g. You are being foolish. 你真是聰明一世，糊涂一時(shí)。4) come, go, leave, die等瞬間動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以用來表示將來的意味。E.g.:Im leaving Guangzhou for Beijing tonight. The old fisherman is dying. 5. The Past Progressive Construction was/were + doing Usage 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)

39、期正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，通常用 this time yesterday, at that time, at six last Sunday等作時(shí)間狀語。 ExamplesWhat were you doing when I called?When my father was teaching at the college, our family lived near the campus.6. The Future Progressive Construction shall/will + be + doing Usage 表示將來某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或某階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 ExamplesI don

40、t know what my children will be doing when I return home.When I prepare for the college entrance examination, my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside.7. The Present Perfect Construction: have/has + done Usage:主要用來表示從過去到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)完成而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和already, yet, recently, lately, before, in/

41、during the past/last few months/years, just, so far, up to/till now等時(shí)間狀語連用。 ExamplesJohn has just left.We have met before.In the past 10 years great changes have taken place in our hometown.從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和be, live, stay, study, teach, want, work等延續(xù)動(dòng)詞及for, since或these days等引出的狀語連用。E.g.:I have bee

42、n away from home for half a year.The Greens has lived here since 1960.1)在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中代替將來完成時(shí)。E.g.:I will let you know after I have talked with him.The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.2)在“This is the first time”后用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。E.g.: This is the first time I have tutored a top stud

43、ent.3)在“It/This/Sb./Sth. + is + adj.最高級(jí)+n.”后的從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。E.g.: This is the best film I have ever seen.Special Usage of Present Perfect8. The Past Perfect Construction: had + done Usage: 主要表示過去某時(shí)刻前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和after, before, by, up till等引入的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。 ExamplesBefore Jim got home, his parents had gone to be

44、d.There had been 50 colleges in our city up till 1993.By the end of last week all the students had returned from their holidays.（1）和before連用，表示“還沒就”。 They set out before I had told them the address.（2）用在hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。 Hardly had

45、he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. Scarcely had he escaped when he was recaptured. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. （3）與expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want 等連用，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。 I

46、 had planned to visit you, but I just couldnt spare time. You had thought that you could learn Japanese by yourself.Special Usage of Past Perfect9. The Future PerfectConstruction: shall/will + have + done Usage: 主要表示將來某時(shí)刻之前業(yè)已完成或發(fā)生的事情，常與by tomorrow, by that time, by 2010以及由before, by the time, when等引

47、導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句連用。 ExamplesBy the end of next month, he will have been here for 10 years.Be quick, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station. 10. The Present Perfect Progressive Construction have/has + been + doing Usage1）表示現(xiàn)在某時(shí)刻之前一直在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)完成，也可能仍在進(jìn)行。 E.g.:How long has it been

48、raining?Ive been working on my composition all morning.She has been teaching in NO.1 Middle School since 1990.2）有些延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（如live, study, teach, work等）的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別不大，都表示延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性。E.g.:I have lived here for 20 years. = I have been living here for 20 years.How long have they worked her

49、e? = How long have they been working here?3）多數(shù)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)的意義有所不同：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)行為本身，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是行為的結(jié)果。 C.f.:She has done her homework. 她已做完作業(yè)。She has been doing her homework. 她一直在做作業(yè)。He has been writing this morning and has written three letters. 他今早一直在寫信，已寫了三封了。(1)A: Anns clothes are covered in

50、paint. She has been painting the ceiling.B: The ceiling was white. She has painted the ceiling. Now its blue.(2)A: Toms hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.B: The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.Compare 狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞（如love, hate, be, think, feel, hear, want等）通常不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可以用于現(xiàn)在完成

51、時(shí)。Examples: Ive always liked animals. Ive always wanted to do something. Ive often thought that I must work harder so as not to lag behind others. NOTE11. The Past Perfect Progressive Construction had + been + doing Usage 主要表示過去某時(shí)刻前延續(xù)的動(dòng)作。 ExamplesThey had been waiting for an hour before the bus came

52、.He told me he had been living here all his life.12. The Future Perfect Progressive Construction will/shall + have + been + doing Usage 主要表示將來某時(shí)刻前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 ExamplesBy next month he will have been working in our factory for 30 years.In half an hour you will have been playing computer games for 4 hours

53、 today. Turn it off immediately. Coordination: used when two or more things or ideas of equal importance are mentioned. Subordination: used when we express an important idea in a main clause and one or more less important ideas in subordinate clauses. Coordinating conj.: and, but, or, nor, yet, so,

54、for Conjunctive adv.: however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, besides Coordination & SubordinationEffective Sentences unity coherence conciseness emphasis varietyQualities of effective sentences:1. UnityUnity is the first quality of an effective sentence. It refers to two qualities: there is onl

55、y one main idea in a sentence, and that idea is complete. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It doesnt contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is incomplete by itself. Compare:1.1)Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he gre

56、w up to be a famous musician. (faulty) 2)He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician. (revised)2. 1) Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. (faulty) 2) Du Fu was one of the

57、 greatest poets of the Tang Dynasty. (revised)2. CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationship clear. A few rules of thumb:Do not separate words that are closely related; Do not use

58、 a pronoun with ambiguous reference; Do not use a dangling modifier or put a modifier far from the word it modifies; Do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person or number; Do not make unnecessary changes in tense, voice, or mood of verbs;Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas

59、. 1) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. 2) We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 3) We have great faith and high hopes for her.4) She told my sister that she was wrong. 5) He was knocked down by a bike, but it was not serious. 6) I rea

60、d an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. Revise the following sentences to make them coherent.A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. / A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.2) We thought she was charming, intelligent and very capable. /W