1、 2022年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）試題真題+參考答案Section1:UseofEnglish英語應用Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark,A.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)HarlonCobenbelievesthatifyouareawriter,youllfindthetime;andthatifcantfindthetime,thenwritingisntanpriorityandyourenotawriter.Forhim

2、,writingisa_J_job-ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing.Pointingoutthataplumberdoesntwakeupandsaythathecantworkwithpipestoday.3,likemostwritersthesedays,youareholdingdownajobtopaythebills,itsnot4tofindthetimetowrite.Butitsnotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.5thatmostbestselling

3、authorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.AsHarlonCobenhassuggested,itsa8ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,youllhaveto9someofyour-day-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyour

4、lifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.Youllhavetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthanadaily,timeconsuming14.There11probablyhavetobelesssocialisingwithyourfriendsandlesst

5、imewithyourfamily.Itsa15learningcurve,anditwontalwaysmakeyoupopular.Theresjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-andthatsreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;itstheone17supporter-somethingyoucannotdowithout.Timeisfinite.Theolderyoumet,the18itseemstogo.Weneedt

6、ouseitascarefullyandas19_aswecanthatmeansthatprioritisingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyoureawriter,thatmeans-20-writing.1.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant2.A.combinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted3.A.IfB.ThoughC.OnceD.Unless4.A.EnoughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy5.

7、A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberD.Suppose6.A.Well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chose7.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate8.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore10.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills11.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before12.A.pu

8、tupwithB.makeupforC.hangontoD.cutdownon13.A.intelligentB.occasionalC.intensiveD.emotional14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny16.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto17.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker19.A.p

9、eacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully20.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveallSection2:ReadingComprehension閱讀理解PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Onarecentsunnyday13000chickensroamoverLarry

10、Browns40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butitsbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionUS.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorga

11、nicandanimal-friendly,buttheyrealsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.“Imexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirdswastethenfertilizesfields.

12、Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustryspushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethananicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorest

13、obeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful.Itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsellbecausetheconceptistou

14、ghtodefinequicklysaysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuc

15、hasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnqu

16、ell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhattheyredoing.”Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.ataconsiderablylowcostatthedemandofregularshoppersasareplacementfororganiceggsonspeciallydesignedfarmsLarryBrawnisexcitedaboutitsprogressi.reducin

17、gthedamageofwormsacceleratingthedisposalofwastecreatingasustainablesystemattractingcustomerstohisproductTheexampleoforganiceggsisusedinParagraph4tosuggest.thedoubtsovernaturalfoodsthesetbacksintheeggindustrythepotentialofregenerativeproductsthepromotionalsuccessofsupermarketsItcanbeleanedfromthelast

18、paragraphthatyoungpeople.arereluctanttochangetheirdietarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggsarecuriousaboutnewfoodsareamazedatagriculturaladvancesJohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantoneverregenerativeproductsmarketprospectsnutritionalvaluestandarddefinitionmoralimplicationText2MoreAmericansareoptin

19、gtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40have,orplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofunretirees-thosewhoplantoworkinretir

20、ementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsarenttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingde

21、pression.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“Itsnotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.OlderAmericansarealsopercentageofretir

22、ement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary2019,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestud

23、yshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeop

24、lewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpre-retireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisortosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsi

25、nlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,”Weisssaid.“Itsnotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycantretire.”ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworktheoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneoneinthreeAmericanse

26、njoyearlierretirementmoreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemboredomcanberelievedafterretirementthementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked“unretirement”contributestotheeconomyRetirementpatternsarechangingpartlydue

27、to.laborshortagespopulationgrowthlongerlifeexpectancyrisinglivingcostsMany“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsby.investingmoreinstockstakingupoddjobsgettingwell-paidworkspendinglessWithregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare.unpreparedunafraiddisappointedenthusiasticText3Wehaveallencou

28、nteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.T

29、heseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecisionmakingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststoroachmotel,whereaus

30、erexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldb

31、eawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshouldengageinconversationswithll,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsiblefort

32、hecompanysuserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoidingdigitaldeception.Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentatthestatelevel.InMarch,t

33、heCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatcustomerwillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns-thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing“confusinglanguageorun

34、necessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldntoptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsobeaddressedonaselfregulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthe

35、mselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandard.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphstatdarkpatterns.improveuserexperienceleakuserinformationforprofitundermineusersdecision-makingremindusersofhiddencostsThe2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.theirmajorf

36、lawstheircomplexdesignstheirseveredamagetheirstrongpresenceTohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.listentocustomerfeedbacktalkwithrelevantteamsturntoindependentagenciesrelyonprofessionaltrainingTheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesprotectconsumersfrom

37、beingtrickedgrantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsrestrictaccesstoproblematiccontentAccordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.newlegalrequirementsbusinessesself-disciplinestrictregulatorystandsconsumerssafetyawareness.Text4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureift

38、heirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituationasingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssessionsimpactoneatin

39、gmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEncSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:Studentsattitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenviron

40、mentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedm

41、eal-cardpurchasesforthatsemesternearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectsw

42、hodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudysdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“Thatsactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”SchwitzgebelsaysPsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityo

43、fPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttobecannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo”.Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluenceclassmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhave

44、sharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,theVideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistantseatinghabitsandstudents

45、videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords.ScientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesarehardtodeterminenarrowlyinterpreteddifficulttoignorepoorlysummarizedWhichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?Itiscommonamongstudents.Itisab

46、ehavioreasytomeasure.C.Itisimportanttostuhdeeanltths.itisahottopicinethicsclasses.EricSchwitzgebelspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessorsareseldomcriticaloftheirstudentsarelesssociablethanotherprofessorsarenotsensitivetopoliticalissuesarenotnecessarilyethicallybetterNinaStrohmingerthinksthatthe

47、effectoftheinterventionis.permanentpredictableuncertainunrepeatableEricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudentschangeinbehavior.canbringpsychologicalbenefitscanbeanalyzedstatisticallyisaresultofmultiplefactorsisasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginfor

48、mationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn,therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.MakeitahabitB.DontgoitaloneStartlow,goslowTalkwithyourdoctorListentoyourbodyGothroughthemotionsRoundoutyourroutineGettingbackintoexerc

49、isecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Anditsimportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.“Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,”saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologyd

50、epartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.Donttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivityto%mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaw

51、eekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually.“Thisisntsomethingyoucandoovernight,”Denaysays.Butyoullreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.Ifyourebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalitt

52、lelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoo

53、dstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseitstheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfir

54、ststep.Evenifyoucantyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutacluborracket,swinglikeyourehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyoureinakayakorcanoe.Mimicyourfavoriteswimmingstrokes.Theactionwillremindyouofthejoytheactivitybroughtyouandprimeyourmusclesforwhenyoucangetoutthereagain.Exercisingwith

55、others“cankeepyouaccountableandmakeitmorefun,soyouremorelikelytodoitagain,”Jackovitzsays.Youcandoactivitiessuchasgolfandtennisortakeawalkwithothersandstillbesociallydistant.Butwhenyoucantconnectinperson,considerusingtechnology.Chatonthephonewithafriendwhileyouwalkaroundyourneighborhood.FaceTimeorZoo

56、mwitharelativeasyoustrengthtrainorstretchathome.Youcanalsojoinalivestreamoron-demandexerciseclass.Section3:Translation翻譯Direction:InthissectionthereisatestinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Althoughwetryoutbest,sometimesourpaintingsrarelyturnoutasoriginally

57、planned.Changesinthelight,thelimitationsofyourpaintingmaterials,andthelackofexperienceandtechniquemeanthatwhatyoustartouttryingtoachievemaynotcometolifethewaythatyouexpected.Althoughthiscanbefrustratinganddisappointing,itturnsoutthatthiscanactuallybegoodforyou.Unexpectedresulthavetwobenefits:youpret

58、tyquicklylearntodealwithdisappointmentandrealizethatwhenonedoorcloses,antheropens.Youalsoquicklylearntoadaptandcomeupwithcreativesolutionstotheproblemsthepaintingpresentsandthinkingoutsidetheboxwillbecomeyoursecondnature.Infact,creativeproblem-solvingskillsareincrediblyusefulindailylife,withwhichyou

59、aremorelikelytobeabletofindasolutionwhenaproblemarises.Section4:Writing寫作PartADirection:Supposeyouareplanningacampusfoodfestival.Writeanemailtotheinternationalstudentsinyouruniversityto1)introducethefoodfestivaland；2)invitethemtoparticipate.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourown

60、name.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeaneasybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechartand2)giveyourcommentsYourshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSSWERSHEET(15points)(內容簡述：一個柱狀圖，展示從2018年-2020年我國快遞業務總量的變化情況，包含整體快遞量和農村快遞量的變化對比柱狀圖，整體表現農村快遞業務量的快速變化)英語（二）參考答案Section1:Use