1、Word-formationReviewed some words in the text.Verb Noun achievebehaviourobservation specializeadvertisementbehaveachievementspecialistadvertiseobserveinspireVerb Noun connectorganize inspiration argumentpermitarguepermissionorganizationconnectionKey for Exercise 1:1. bond 2. nest 3. institute 4. cro

2、wd in 5. childhood 6. outspoken 7. move off 8. welfare 9. projectKey for Exercise 3:1. observed 2. worthwhile 3. argue 4. respectUseful structures語法詳解： 所謂主謂一致是指主語和謂語動詞之間,即主語的人稱和單復數形式決定著謂語動詞對應的形式。The boy _ diving.They _ diving.Both Jack and Tim _ diving.All of them _ diving.Neither Jack nor Tim _ wal

3、king.isareareisareFinish the following exercises:Bob Bob _ a worker.isMike Mike and Bob _ workers.areBoth Mike and Bob _workers.areNeither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.isBill Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English. knows/knowAll of them _ workers.None of them _ (know) how to teach English.are know

4、s/know主謂一致主要有以下幾種情況：1. and連接兩個或兩個以上單數名詞或者代詞作主語的時候,謂語動詞有以下兩種情況：(1) He and I _both students of this school. 我和他都是這個學校的學生。如果指兩個或兩個以上不同的人或事物的時候,謂語動詞用復數。語法一致原則(2) 但如果連接兩個以上的名詞指的是同一個人或物, 或者指同一概念的時候, 謂語要用單數。 The singer and dancer_ going to give us a performance. 那個歌唱家兼舞蹈演員要給我們表演。 The knife and fork _on the

5、 table. 刀叉在桌子上。 isis2. 如果主語是不定式, 動詞ing形式或主語從句的時候,謂語動詞用單數。What he is doing seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起來很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集郵票是他的愛好。3. 定語從句的關系代詞who, which, that在從句中作主語時，要與先行詞的人稱和數保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should help you.4. with, along w

6、ith, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有這些連接詞和主語連用,謂語動詞的數隨主語的變化而變化。例如：The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street. 老師和他的學生們正在街道上植樹。either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, whether.or在句子中連接主語的時候或者在there be句型中,謂語動詞要和就近的主

7、語保持一致。就近原則Neither you nor I am wrong. There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 概念一致原則 所謂概念一致原則是指謂語動詞和主語一致不是取決于主語的語法形式, 而是其實際意義。有的主語名詞在形式上是單數, 但在意義上卻是復數；有的主語名詞在形式上是復數, 但在意義上卻是單數。1. 不定代詞all, more, some, any, none作主語,謂語動詞視情況而定。A

8、ll of the apples _rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。All of the apple _rotten. 整個蘋果都爛了。 不定代詞all, more, some, any, none作主語,謂語動詞視情況而定。 are isNone of the money_ left. 沒有剩下一點錢。None of the students _ there. 沒有學生在那里。 is is2. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名詞作主語的時候,謂語動詞與of后面的名詞保持一致。

9、Half of the students _finished theircomposition. 一半的學生已經完成了他們的作文。Half of the apple _bad. 一半的蘋果壞了。About 60 percent of the students in ourschool _boys. 我們學校, 大約百分之六十的學生是男生.haveisare3. 集合名詞作主語, 動詞可用單數, 也可以用復數。主要由句子的意思決定。強調整體謂語動詞用單數；指全體人員時, 動詞則用復數。這一類常見的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, tea

10、m, group。His family _going out. 他們全家要外出。His family _all music lovers. 他們全家人都是音樂愛好者。集合名詞作主語, 動詞可用單數, 也可以用復數。主要由句子的意思決定。強調整體謂語動詞用單數；指全體人員時, 動詞則用復數。這一類常見的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。is are 4. 某些名詞如people, police, cattle等,形式上是單數, 但意義上是復數, 謂語動詞應用復數。people指“民族”時是例外。 The poli

11、ce are searching for a thief. The cattle are eating grass on the hill.5. 復合不定代詞作主語, 謂語動詞要用單數，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也沒找到。6. 某些名詞如clothes, tr

12、ousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其復數形式, 但當它們被a pair of 修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. 這雙鞋破了。 The shoes are worn out. 鞋子破了。某些名詞以s結尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，謂語動詞應用單數。 Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一門很有趣的學科。 8. every. and every .; each . and each .; no . and n

13、o . 在以上短 語中and連接的單數名詞, 整個短語 在句中作主語時, 謂語動詞常使用單數。 Each man and each woman is asked to attend. Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班級中的每個男孩女孩都很用功。No sound and no voice is heard. 聽不到任何聲音。9. 以a number of 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數; 以the number of 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。 A number of new books are on the desk. Th

14、e number of students in you class is 50.10. 有些名詞的單數和復數形式一樣, 作主語的時候, 其謂語動詞由上下文決定, 這一類名詞有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。 Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。11. many a, more than one, one and a half與單數名詞組成的短語, 謂語用單數。 Many a boy has seen it.

15、 許多孩子都看到了。12. 書刊名、時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的復數名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞常用單數。 Thirty years is not a long time. Roots is a famous American novel.1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (這種書) , 其謂語用單數; 短語this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口語) (這一類人), 但this kind of men 的謂語用單數, men of this kind 和these ki

16、nd of men 的謂語用復數, all kinds of 后跟復數名詞, 謂語用復數形式。例如：應該注意的幾個問題: This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous.2. 在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語動詞的數應與其后的主語一致。例如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.3. “分數或百分數+名詞”構成的短語以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of

17、+ 名詞”構成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞要與短語中of 后面的名詞的數保持一致,這是因為短語中后面的名詞是中心詞,而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。例如:Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和這種情況類似的還有“a number of + 名詞復數”。但是,“the number of + 名詞”的中心詞卻是number。試比較：A number of st

18、udents have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.注意:a (large) quantity of 修飾可數或不可數名詞, 其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。A large quantity of people is needed here.quantities of 修飾可數或不可數名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞一般用復數。例如:Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table

19、.短語in quantity, in large quantities 意為 “大量”; in small quantities 意為“少量”。 4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修飾不可數名詞, 其短語作主語時, 謂語動詞通常用單數; large amounts of 修飾不可數名詞, 其短語作主語時, 謂語動詞通常用復數。例如:A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on t

20、he bridge.5. 表示數量的one and a half 后, 名詞要用復數形式, 但是其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.6. 如果主語由“the + 形容詞(或過去分詞)”結構擔任時,謂語通常用復數;這類詞有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded,

21、 the unemployed 等; 但也有少數的過去分詞與定冠詞連用時指個別,則用單數。例如：The blind study in special school.The departed(死者)was a well-known engineer.這類形容詞或分詞如果要表示個體時,就要與名詞man, person 或表示人的單數連用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.高考鏈接1. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered t

22、he land.(上海2001） A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; haveB精析：a large number of 后面要接復數名詞，所以A不能作為答案。因為desert是單數，所以要填 has。這句話的意思是“毀壞森林的結果是，大片沙漠覆蓋了陸地”答案 B2. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, i

23、s D. Two fifths, areC精析: 分數的分子用基數詞,分母用序數詞表示.如果分子大于1, 分母序數詞后加-s. 分數和百分比作主語時,謂語動詞的形式取決于分數和百分數后面的名詞.句子中的主語 land是單數,所以謂語動詞要用is covered. 答案C.3. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001） A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several millions D. Many millionA精析: 在million前如

24、果有具體的數字或 several等詞時，要用單數形式。 many一般不與 million等詞連用. 表示“數百萬”，英語為 millions of。這句話的意思是“每天，世界上有幾十萬人通過 e-mail傳遞信息。”答案 A。4. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet. (浙江2007)A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided點撥 “when

25、and where (to do sth. 或+從句)”作主語時，謂語通常用單數。由題意可知要用被動，又由yet可知要用完成時態。A5. The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.(遼寧2006)A. is goingB. goC. goesD. are going點撥 句子主語要和as well as 前面的成分the father保持一致，故謂語動詞要用單數，又由every Sunday afternoon in winter

26、可知應該用一般現在時。C6. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.(上海2002春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has beenD7. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; areC分數或百分數+of+名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數與名詞的數一致。單復數同形的名詞作主語時，依照意義一致的原則，表示單數意義時，謂語用單數；反之，謂語用復數形式。這類名詞有：sheep, deer, means(方法、手段),works(工廠),species(種類)8. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. (湖南2007) is B. are C. ha