1、本科生畢業設計（論文）英文翻譯畢業設計題目：基于全球衛星定位系統GPS的軟件開發學 院： 專業班級： 學生姓名： 指導教師： 2008年 4月 7日Deploying Wireless Java Applicationsby Qusay H. MahmoudOctober 2002 Developers usually build, test, and evaluate an application on a platform similar to the one on which it will be deployed and run. Development of wireless Jav

2、a applications is more challenging because they typically are developed on one platform (such as Solaris or MS Windows) but deployed on a totally different one (such as a cell phone or PDA). One consequence is that, while emulators enable developers to do some of their testing on the development pla

3、tform, ultimately they must test and evaluate the application in the very different environment of a live wireless network. The aim of this article is to show you the different ways you can download local and network applications to J2ME-enabled devices, for both testing and final deployment. After

4、a brief review of wireless Java applications and their development life-cycle, the article shows you how to: Deploy wireless applications remotely Download local and remotely deployed applications Download applications over the air Wireless Java ApplicationsWireless Java applications fall into two b

5、road categories: Local applications (also called stand-alone applications) perform all their operations on a handheld wireless device and need no access to external data sources through a wireless network. Examples include calculators and single-player games. Network applications consist of some com

6、ponents running on a wireless device and others running on a network, and thus depend on access to external resources. An example would be an email application, with a client residing on a wireless phone that interacts with a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server to send messages. Although the

7、se two types of applications are different, they are deployed in the same way. The big difference shows up later: Local applications are easier to test than network applications. For example, a calculator application can run on a wireless phone even when it is not connected to any network, but an em

8、ail client wont work without a connection to the SMTP server that actually transmits the messages. Wireless Java Applications Development LifecycleThe development life-cycle of MIDlets and other wireless Java applications comprises three steps: Write the application. Use your favorite HYPERLINK :/de

9、velopers.sun /mobility/allsoftware/ l midpdev wireless application development environment and tools to develop the application. My favorite is the HYPERLINK :/java.sun /products/j2mewtoolkit/ J2ME Wireless Toolkit. It has a simple and intuitive user interface that makes it easy to start developing

10、wireless applications. More importantly, it includes several emulators for testing your applications. (Some of what follows will assume you use this toolkit too. If you use another development environment, youll have to adapt what you read here to that environment.) Test the application in an emulat

11、ion environment. Once the application compiles nicely, the best place to begin testing it is an emulator. The J2ME Wireless Toolkit comes with several, including Motorola i85s, PalmOS device, and RIM Blackberry. It is important to note, however, that these emulators do not simulate perfectly all of

12、the features of the corresponding devices. They are merely skins with the appropriate dimensions, so the following step is crucial.Download the application to a physical device and test it. Once you are happy with the applications performance on one or more emulators, download it to a real device an

13、d test it there. If its a network application, test it on a live wireless network to ensure that its performance is acceptable. This articles focus is on that last step: deploying and testing the application on a physical device. Deploying and Running Remote ApplicationsThe J2ME Wireless Toolkit ena

14、bles you to run your local wireless application from within the development environment; the JAD and JAR files are available on your own system (if youre using the J2ME Wireless Toolkit, in /apps/YourProject/bin). If you wish to market your wireless applications, however, you need to deploy them whe

15、re users from all over the world can access them. Remote DeploymentTo deploy your wireless applications remotely: Upload your application files (JAD and JAR) to a remote web server. If your project is named games, for instance, upload the files: and from the bin directory of your project home (for e

16、xample, /apps/games/bin). Note that the two files must end up in the same directory on the server.Reconfigure the web server so that it recognizes JAD and JAR files: For the JAD file type, set the file extension to .jad and the MIME type to . For the JAR file type, set the file extension to .jar and

17、 the MIME type to application/java-archive. How you configure the web server depends on which one youre using. For example, if youre using Tomcat, make sure your file includes the following lines: jad text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor jar application/java-archiveChange your JAD files MIDlet-Jar-URL p

18、roperty to specify the URL of your JAR file. For example, in the copy of you uploaded to the server, change. .to. Running Remotely Deployed ApplicationsTo see whether your application deployed correctly, open an ordinary web browser and enter the JAD files URL. The J2ME Wireless Toolkits default emu

19、lator should appear and the remotely deployed application should run in it.J2ME-enabled devices (the Motorola/Nextel i85s, for example) include a Java Application Manager (JAM) responsible for downloading, installing, and configuring applications. The J2ME Wireless Toolkit includes a sample JAM you

20、can run in the default emulator. To see how the user will download and manage your application, open a command prompt, change the current directory to /bin, and enter the command: emulator -Xjam The emulator appears and you see the JAMs main screen. In version of the toolkit, the main screen looks l

21、ike this: Figure 1: The J2ME Wireless Toolkit Java Application Managers Main Screen Select the Install soft button and you will be prompted for the applications URL, as shown in Figure 2. Enter the URL of a web page that contains a hyperlink to the applications JAD file.Figure 2: Entering the URL fo

22、r the Applications JAD File Entering a long URL into a wireless phone is inconvenient. A faster and easier way to get started is to use a command in this form: Without further entry, the JAM downloads the JAR file specified in the JAD file and installs the application. The next time you start the em

23、ulator, simply select the JAMs Menu button, then use the menu to run the application, remove it, or perform the other functions shown in Figure 3: Figure 3: The JAMs Main Menu It is important to note that this syntax allows you to install only one MIDlet at a time. Entering a URL allows you to view

24、a web page that may contain several MIDlets you can choose from. As an example, consider the following HTML file () that contains links to three JAD files:MidletsDownload midlets:Games.jadCalc.jadBrowser.jadThank you.t is important to note that the hyperlinks point to the applications JAD file. Now,

25、 enter the URL into the install window as shown in Figure 4. (The IP address is equivalent to localhost.)Figure 4: Entering a URL in the Install WindowThe JAM reads the HTML doccument (), parses the hyperlinks, and displays a list of MIDlets you can download: Figure 5: Links to Downloadable MIDlets

26、Now you can select a MIDlet to download. The JAM reads the JAD file to discover whether the device is capable of handling the application. If so, it downloads and installs the JAR file specified in the JAD file. Once the games MIDlet is downloaded and installed, you will see a display similar to Fig

27、ure 6. Note that games.jad is the MIDlet suite that comes with the J2ME Wireless ToolkitFigure 6: The MIDlet Suite of Games Downloaded and Installed The JAM is smart enough to notify you if you try to install a MIDlet thats already on your device, as in FIgure 7. It will, however, allow you to downl

28、oad an updated version of the MIDlet.Figure 7: Warning That MIDlet Is Already Installed Deploying and Running Applications on Physical DevicesDeploying and running applications in an emulation environment is a very good way to test the logic and flow of your application generally, but you wont be ce

29、rtain it will satisfy users until you test it on a real physical device connected to a wireless network. Your applications performance may be stunning in the emulator, which has all the processing power and memory of your desktop machine at its command, but will it perform well on the handheld devic

30、e, with its limited memory and processing power, low bandwidth, and other constraints? To perform realistic tests you need a J2ME-enabled physical device, and a data cable to connect it to your desktop. For this article.I used a Motorola/Nextel i85s cell phone, available from HYPERLINK :/nextelonlin

31、e.nextel /NASApp/onlinestore/Action/PhoneLanding?initstate=true&redirect=false Nextel, which offers several models and rate plans. Deploying Local ApplicationsIf you have a Motorola J2ME-enabled phone, you can download stand-alone applications using the HYPERLINK :/idenphones.motorola /iden/develope

32、r/developer_tools_jal.jsp Motorola Java Application Loader Lite (JAL Lite). Note that JAL Lite limits filename lengths to 16 characters, and expects an applications JAD and JAR files to be in the same directory. Connect the phone to your desktop and start JAL Lite on your desktop. Youll see a window

33、 like the one in Figure 8: Figure 8: Motorola JAL Lite The application displays the MIDlets already installed on the device. To install a new application, click on the Connect button, then the Download button. The application loader lets you browse your hard disk and select a JAD file. As soon as yo

34、u do, it begins downloading the application and displays a progress indicator as shown in Figure 9: Figure 9: JAL Lite Downloading an Application to the Phone Once the download is complete, click on the Disconnect button, and disconnect the phone from the data cable. When you browse through the Java

35、 applications available on the phone, you should see the application you just downloaded. Select it and you will be asked if you wish to install it. If you answer yes, the application will be installed and you can start using it. The application remains on the phone until you explicitly remove it. B

36、uying and Deploying Remote ApplicationsYou can use JAL Lite and the data cable to download local applications to a wireless phone fromyour desktop, including freely available applications you first download to your desktop using or FTP. Many useful applications are accessible only if you use special

37、 tools, however, usually because developers and wireless carriers wish to charge people for downloading them. There are two ways to download remotely deployed applications: Download your own remotely deployed applications: You can use the Motorola iDEN Java Application Loader to download local and r

38、emotely deployed applications, much as you use JAL Lite to download local applications. Motorolas iDEN web site provides detailed information on HYPERLINK :/idenphones.motorola /iden/developer/developer_iupdate_app.jsp how to become a member of iDENs Developer Program and start downloading. Buy and

39、download others applications: Motorola and Nextel have a large database of wireless applications available for download. Some are free. Check out HYPERLINK :/iden.motorola /iupdatephone/en/j2me_app.cfm iDEN Update, a web-based service with a client-side download application itself a free downloadabl

40、e application! that enables you to download new features, applications, and enhancements. You can browse the site, select features and applications youd like, and update your phone over the Internet. Youll need the iDEN Update client software and an update data cable. A snapshot of the iDEN wireless

41、 marketplace appears in Figure 10:Figure 10: Motorola iDEN Update HYPERLINK :/developers.sun /mobility/images/deploy_fig10.gif t _blank (click for full size) Downloading Applications Over The AirFor some time, wireless portals in Europe such as HYPERLINK :/ midletcentral Midletcentral have allowed c

42、ustomers to download applications directly to their phones, over the air. Over-the-air provisioning of wireless applications (OTA) is finally available in North America. Nextel customers, for example, can download network-aware wireless applications without an update data cable. OTA is the deploymen

43、t of wireless Java applications (MIDlet suites) from the Internet to wireless devices over a wireless network. Users need not connect their devices to the desktop with a data cable or visit a service center to install or upgrade software. See HYPERLINK :/java.sun /products/midp/OTAProvisioning-1.0.p

44、df Over The Air User Initiated Provisioning Recommended Practice for the Mobile Information Device Profile for details. To take advantage of OTA, you must equip your handheld device with a mechanism to discover MIDlet suites available for download, using the devices browser (such as a WAP browser) o

45、r a resident application written specifically to identify downloadable MIDlet suites. The process of downloading MIDlets over the air is illustrated in Figure 11. Figure 11: Over-the-Air Provisioning of MIDlets HYPERLINK :/developers.sun /mobility/images/deploy_fig11.gif t _blank (click for full siz

46、e) Conclusion: Many HYPERLINK :/developers.sun /mobility/device Java-enabled wireless devices are already out there, and the necessary wireless infrastructure is in place to begin deploying wireless applications. This article discussed several ways to deploy and test local and remote wireless Java a

47、pplications. To succeed in the wireless market, you need to develop relationships with other developers, device manufacturers, content developers, and wireless carriers. Several device manufacturers (such as Nokia) and wireless carriers (such as Nextel) offer developer programs that can help you mar

48、ket your dazzling wireless Java application.For more information J2ME Wireless Toolkit: HYPERLINK :/java.sun /products/j2mewtk Wireless Software Design Techniques: HYPERLINK :/developers.sun /mobility/midp/articles/uidesign om/midp/articles/uidesign Over The Air Provisioning: HYPERLINK :/java.sun /p

49、roducts/midp/OTAProvisioning-1.0.pdf iDEN Update: HYPERLINK :/ mot /iden Nextel Developer Program: HYPERLINK :/developer.nextel 配置無線Java應用 Qusay H. MahmoudOctober 2002 2002年10月 開發商通常會像在真正運行的平臺上一樣來構建，測試和評估應用平臺。發展無線Java應用程序更具挑戰性，因為它們通常是在一個特定的平臺上開發（如Solaris操作系統或微軟視窗） ，但在一個完全不同的平臺上配置（如 或PDA ） 。這樣會導致，雖然模

50、擬器使開發人員對開發平臺做一些測試，但最終他們必須在完全不同的環境一個真正的無線網絡中測試和評估應用。 本文的目的是闡述不同的方式，為雙方的測試和最后的配置來下載本地及網絡應用的J2ME功能的設備。經過短暫的審查無線Java應用程序和它們的開發生命周期，文章顯示如下： 配置無線遠程應用 下載本地和遠程配置應用 下載上層應用無線Java應用 無線Java應用可分為兩大類： 本地應用程序 （也稱為獨立式應用程序 ）在一個手持無線裝置上執行所有操作，不需要通過無線網絡訪問外部數據源。例如計算器和單人游戲。 網絡應用程序包括一些運行于無線設備及其他運行于網絡上的部件，因此依賴于訪問外部資源。例如，一個

51、電子郵件應用程序中，一個無線 用戶以簡單郵件傳輸協議（ SMTP ）服務發送信息進行交互。 雖然這兩種類型的應用程序不同，它們分別在以同樣的方式進行配置。最大的差異表現在：本地應用程序方法比網絡應用更容易測試。舉例來說，一個計算器的應用程序可以運行于無線 ，即使它沒有連接任何網絡；而如果沒有連接到SMTP服務器為其傳達訊息，一個電子郵件客戶端程序將不能工作，。 無線Java應用軟件開發生命周期 MIDlets應用程序和其它無線Java應用程序的開發生命周期包括三個步驟： 寫應用，任選s%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG/m

52、obility/allsoftware/ 無線應用程序開發環境和工具來開發應用。這里用的J2ME是無線開發包。它有一個簡單而直觀的用戶界面，可以輕松開始開發無線應用。更重要的是，它包括幾個用來測試應用程序的模擬器。（下面的一些內容都將使用這個開發包，如果用另一種開發環境，必須適應這里所說的內容。） 在一個仿真環境中測試應用程序，一旦應用程序匯編好了，模擬器便是最好的測試地方。在J2ME 無線開發包中帶有一些，包括摩托羅拉i85s ， Palm操作系統設備，和RIM設備。但必須注意是，這些模擬器并不能完美的模擬相應設備的全部功能。它們只是適當模擬表面的功能，因此，以下的步驟是至關重要的。 下載應

53、用到一個物理設備并進行測試，如果應用程序在一個或多個模擬器的性能讓人滿意，下載到一個真正的設備，并在該設備上進行測試。如果是一個網絡應用，需要對一個真正的無線網絡進行測試，以確保其性能是可以接受的。 這篇文章的重點是在這最后一步：配置和測試應用物理設備。配置和運行遠程應用 在J2ME 無線開發包中，能在本地無線應用從內部發展環境;系統中的jad和jar文件，（如果使用了J2ME 無線開發包，在/apps/games/bin ） 。如果想推銷無線應用程序，就必須保證用戶從世界各地都可以對它們進行訪問。 遠程配置 配置無線遠程應用： 上傳應用程序文件（ jad和JAR ）到一臺遠程網絡服務器。例如

54、工程命名為games上傳文件： 和在工程主目錄的bin文件夾中（例如， /程序/游戲/bin ） 。注意到，這兩個文件必須在同一服務器目錄結束。重新配置網絡服務器，這樣，就能夠識別jad和jar文件： Jad類型的文件，設置文件擴展名為Jad。 而MIME類型為描述符 。 jar類型的文件，設置文件擴展名為jar，MIME類型，以應用/ Java的檔案 。 如何配置網絡服務器，取決于使用哪種類型。例如，如果使用Tomcat，要確保文件包括以下內容： jad text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor jar application/java-archive適當改變JAD文

55、件的MIDlet-Jar-URL屬性來指定JAR文件的URL。舉例來說，在上傳到服務器的文件的復制過程中，變更 MIDlet-Ja .to. 運行遠程配置應用 。看看應用程序是否配置正確，打開一個普通的網頁瀏覽器，并輸入JAD文件的URL 。應該出現J2ME 無線開發包的默認模擬器，遠程配置應用在模擬器上運行。 J2ME的功能裝置（例如摩托羅拉/ Nextel的i85s ） ，一個Java應用程序管理器（JAM）負責下載，安裝和配置應用程序。 在J2ME 無線開發包包括一個樣板JAM，可以運行在默認模擬器。看看用戶將如何在網上下載和管理應用程序，打開一個命令提示符，改變當前目錄 /bin ，并

56、輸入命令： emulator -Xjam 模擬器- xjam 模擬器上出現JAM的主界面。在版本的工具箱，主界面如下：圖1 ： J2ME 無線開發包的Java應用程序管理器的主界面 選擇安裝軟按鈕，提示輸入應用的網址，如圖2所示。進入該網址的網頁，其中包含超鏈接到應用的jad文件。圖2 ：進入應用的jad文件 的網址一個長的URL進入無線 是不方便的。更快和更容易的方法，是使用一個命令，按這種形式： emulator -Xjam:insta 不再進一步進入，JAM下載jar文件指定在JAD文件和安裝應用。當下次啟動模擬器，只要選擇JAM的菜單按鈕，然后使用菜單，以運行該應用程序，刪除或執行其它

57、功能。如圖3所示：圖3 ：JAM的主菜單 但必須注意的是，一個MIDlet一次只允許安裝一個應用程序。進入一個網址查看的網頁可能包含幾個應用程序，可以從中選擇。例如，考慮下面包含3個 JAD文件鏈接的HTML文件（ ）：MidletsDownload midlets:.0.0.1:8080/games.jadGames.jadCalc.jadBrowser.jadThank you.這是必須指出的是，要重視應用的jad文件的超文本鏈接點。現在，輸入網址進入安裝窗口，如圖4所示。（ IP地址相當于本地主機 ）圖4 ：在安裝窗口進入一個網址 JAM讀取HTML文件（ ） ，解析超文本鏈接，并顯示所

58、有可以下載的MIDlet列表： 圖5 ：可下載 MIDlet鏈接現在，可以選擇一個應用程序下載。 JAM讀取JAD文件，會發現該設備是否能夠處理相關應用。如果是的話，它就會下載并安裝JAR文件到指定的JAD文件中。一旦游戲MIDlet下載并安裝，將會看到一個類似圖6的顯示。注意games.jad是與J2ME 無線開發包的MIDlet匹配的。圖6 ：游戲下載與安裝的MIDlet 組如果試圖安裝一個應用程序，并且該設備上已經安裝過，JAM會發出通知。但是，它可以下載最新版本的應用程序。圖7 ：警告：應用程序已經被安裝 在物理設備配置和運行應用程序在一個仿真環境配置和運行的應用程序，是一個很好的測試

59、邏輯和應用的方法，但除非一個真正的物理設備連接到一個無線網絡，否則無法確定是否能滿足用戶。在模擬器上，應用程序的性能可能會驚人的，它所有的處理能力和內存有關。但在手持設備上，其有限的內存和處理能力，低帶寬，和其他制約因素，應用程序會工作的怎樣？ 需要一個J2ME的功能的物理設備和數據電纜，以將它連接到桌面。此文章我使用了一個摩托羅拉/ Nextel的i85s ，可從Nextel的 ，它提供了幾種型號和價格計劃。 配置本地應用程序 如果是摩托羅拉的J2ME功能的 ，還可以使用 HYPERLINK :/04/translate_c?hl=zh-CN&u= :/idenphones.motorola

60、 /iden/developer/developer_tools_jal.jsp&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDeploying%2BWireless%2BJava%2BApplications%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG 摩托羅拉的Java應用程序下載器(JAL Lite) 下載獨立式應用產品。要注意JAL Lite要求文件名長度為16個字符，并且一個應用程序的jad和jar文件必須在同一目錄中。 連接 到桌面，并在桌面上開始JAL Lite。會看到一個窗口，如圖8 ： 圖8 ：摩托羅拉JAL Lite應