1、語法復習一：定語從句（一）定義1)在復合句中（一個句子的某一成分由句子承當），修飾某一名詞或代詞從句叫定語從句或形容詞從句；在句中起定語的作用.2)被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行詞 關系代詞 定語從句2) You must do everything that I do.先行詞 關系代詞 定語從句(二)：關系代詞的作用; 1.連接主句和從句。2.代表被修飾的先行詞。3.在定語從句做一個句子成分。eg. This is the room which I lived in last

2、year.先行詞 關系代詞 定語從句(三)：定語從句中有 關系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.關系副詞 when, where, why 等引導定語從句。（四）：用關系代詞還是用關系副詞關系代詞起代詞的作用，關系副詞起副詞的作用，因此同樣的先行詞，選用什么樣的關系詞，要由它在定語從句中擔任的邏輯作用來決定。關系代詞詞行先行詞充當成分who人主、賓、表Whom人賓That人&物主、賓、表Which物主、賓、表As物主、賓Whose=of whomof which人&物定語關系副詞When=atinonduring which時間狀Where=atinto

3、 which地點狀Why=for which原因狀that 在口語中可以代替關系副詞以上三者狀注：先行詞是time, minute, moment, next time很少用關系副詞when,可用that 但通常省去。 一、指人的用法that用于指人，在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語或表語。如：A driver that has knocked someone down must stop.撞人的司機必須停車。(關系代詞that指driver，在從句中作主語)He is the man that you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那個人。(關系代詞that指man，

4、在從句中作賓語)He is not that man that he was.他已不是過去的他了。(關系代詞that指man，在從句中作表語)二、指物的用法that用于指物，在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語或表語。如：This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.這是下午要飛往東京的那架飛機。(關系代詞that指plane，在定語從句中作主語)She was annoyed by something that I had said.她為我說的某句話而不高興。(關系代詞that指something，在定語從句中作賓語)Shengz

5、hen is not the city that it used to be.深圳現在已不是原來的那個城市了。(關系代詞that指city，在定語從句中作表語)關系代詞which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定語從句中主要用作主語或賓語。She was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在剛才到達的那列火車上。(關系代詞which指train，在從句中用作主語)He never got back the money which he had lent him.他從未收回他曾借給他的那筆錢。(關系代詞which指money，在從句中用作賓語)關

6、系代詞who, whom)的用法who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定語從句中用作主語，whom在定語從句中用作賓語。如：I met a girl who knew your sister.我碰到一個認識你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.在柏林，他第一次遇見那個女人，后來他終于跟她結了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.她把我介紹給她丈夫，我以前沒見過他。但是，用作賓語的whom如果不是

7、緊跟在介詞之后，通常會被省略或用who, that代之。The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投訴的那個人是經理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager.我向他投訴的那個人是經理。關系代詞whose的用法關系代詞whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定語從句中主要用作定語。如：She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽車被盜的那個女人。This is the house whose windows wer

8、e broken.這就是窗戶被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job.格雷太太的孩子們都在上大學，她想找一份工作。His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.他的房子窗戶無一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。as1.用于引導限制性定語從句，主要與such, as, the same連用，其意為“像的”“凡是的”“一類的人(物)”。如：Hes not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那

9、樣愚蠢。He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.他并不是一個做事半途而廢的人。2.用于引導非限制性定語從句，根據情況可位于主句之前或之后，有時也可插在主句中間，其意為“這件事”“這一點”。如()：He is late, as is often the case.他遲到了，這是經常的事。As is usual with children, they soon got tired.孩子們一貫如此,他們很快就厭倦了。David, as you know, has not been well lately.大衛最近身體不太好，這你是

10、知道的。關系副詞where主要用于修飾表示地點的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作時間狀語。This is the village where he was born.這就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer.這就是我們去年夏天住的旅館。與前面when的情況一樣，注意不要一見到先行詞為地點名詞，就以為一定要用關系副詞where來引導定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分如果在定語從句中用作地點狀語，就用where；如果在定語從句中不是用作時間狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用where，而要用that, whic

11、h等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets.他在一家電視機廠工作。關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作主語。另外注意，where有時還可用于抽象名詞后引導定語從句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。There are cases where the word“mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情況下，mighty一詞可用作副詞。I dont want a job where Im chained to

12、a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。關系副詞when主要用于修飾表示時間的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作時間狀語。There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必須作出抉擇的時候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他們為所欲為的日子一去不復返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我們將把野餐推遲到下星期，那時天氣可能會好一點。注意

13、不要一見到先行詞為時間名詞，就以為一定要用關系副詞when來引導定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分如果在定語從句中用作時間狀語，就用when；如果在定語從句中不是用作時間狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you.不要忘記我告訴你的時間。關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作動詞told的賓語，正因為是用作賓語，所以也可以省略。關系副詞why主要用于修飾表示原因的名詞（主要是the reason），同時它在定語從句中用作原因狀語。如：We

14、dont know the reason why he didnt show up.我們不知道他為什么沒有來。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她沒跟我講她拒絕這項工作的因。與關系副詞when和where不同，why可以換成that或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come.這就是我請你來的原因之一。另外，與關系副詞when和where可以引導非限制性定語從句不一樣，why只能引導限制性定語從句，不能引導非限制性定語從句。如：他失去工作的

15、主要原因是他喝酒。誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.（五）：限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句從句與先行詞的關系從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省去，主句的意思就會不完整或不明確。從句只是對先行詞的附加說明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整標 點從句和主句之間不用逗號分開從句和主句之間通常用逗號分開關系代詞指人who (that) whom指物which (that)

16、人和物whose關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省去指人who（作主語）whom（做賓語）指物which人和物的whose關系代詞一般不可省修飾從句只修飾一個名詞或代詞可以修飾一個名詞或代詞也可修飾整個主句翻譯定語從句譯在被修飾詞的前面定語從句通常被譯成另一個獨立的句子限制性非限制性形式上無逗號有逗號內容上先行詞不是唯一的先行詞是唯一的，定語從句可有可無。關系詞可用that ,why.作賓語可以省略不可用that ,why。關系詞一律不省。先行詞名詞或代詞名詞或代詞，也可以使整個句子漢語翻譯譯作定語譯成并列句 1二者差異比較限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞之間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關系

17、代詞關系副詞或that來引導。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導。He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一個)He returned all the books which are written in English.He returned all the books, which are written in English. The man who lives next door is a doctor.M

18、y sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.（六） 關系代詞that和which的區別 只能用that的情況 (1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代詞，關系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Im interested in everything that I dont know. (2) 如果先等詞被 all ,li

19、ttle none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等詞修飾，關系代詞常用that,不用which.例如：I read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in my pocket. (3) 如果先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾或者先行詞是最高級時，關系代詞常用that,不用which。This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last factory that I

20、visited. (4) 如果先等詞被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修飾，關系代詞常用that,不用which.This is the only book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關系代詞應該用that。而不用who, which.例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. H

21、e talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6)who ,which開頭的特殊疑問句中，關系代詞用that.Who is the person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesnt know this? (7) 關系代詞作表語時，關系代詞用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is today.He is not the man that he used to be.

22、(8) 先行詞是奇數詞或是序數詞時，關系代詞用that .Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 當主句 “ there be “開頭時，關系代詞要用that 引導的定語從句修飾該句型的主語。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 當先行詞是 “ to be “ 后面的表語時關系代詞用that . This

23、 is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.只能用which的情況 1) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關系代詞that,作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.Bei jing , which is chinas capital, is rich in culture.2)those/that +名詞后的定語從句用which引導。不

24、能用關系代詞that。That pen which he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.3) 介詞后只用which This is the room in which he lived. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.(4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語， 不用that.例如：He succeeded in the

25、 competition, which made his parents very happy.(5)先行詞是that時，關系代詞要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 關系代詞后面有插入語時，益用關系代詞 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.只用who, whom.而不用that的情況 (1) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone,

26、 everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等時，關系代詞應該用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.（2） 當先行詞是指人的集合名詞時，如果作這個名詞著眼于集體的整體，關系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員，則用who。 Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our cla

27、ss, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (3)當先行詞有較長的 后置定語或者在被分割的定語從句中，宜用關系代詞 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 當先行詞用-body 或-one 構成的復合不定代詞時，關系代詞用who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 當先行詞是一個限定性的表示人的特定名詞時，常用who T

28、he aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介詞關系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結構(1)“介詞關系代詞“可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞關系代詞“結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?Give me the bo

29、ok the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. (2) from where為“介詞關系副詞“結構，但也可以引導定語從句（不常用）。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（3）*關系代詞前的介詞如何確定？A.依據定語從句中動詞的某種習慣搭配 Mr. S

30、mith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依據先行詞的某種習慣搭配確定 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根據所表達的意思確定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)*注意關系代詞的位置 介詞

31、在關系代詞前時，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介詞在句尾時，關系代詞可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且還可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters

32、 with this morning?所以一個句子有時有多種用法如：那就是他工作的大學This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am looki

33、ng for.（八） whose 引導從句的意義1）指人=of whom 表示所修飾的“某（些）人的用做所修飾的先行詞的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修飾的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( whose +從句 可以用“of which +從句”代替)（九）As 與which 是有區別的A) 相同之處： 都可以用來引

34、導非限制性定語從句，指代前面的主句所表達的內容。which 可做賓語或表語He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 區別：1）as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is

35、right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is kno

36、wn by everyone.2.） as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含義，which 沒有。后面的謂語動詞多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。 Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.We are facin

37、g the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using. We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引導限制性定語從句多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。the sameas such.asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4).as 也可單獨使用，引導非限制性定語從句，作用相當于

38、which。可代表一個句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as做主語時， 其后必跟系動詞，而which 無此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as引導從句時，從句語義必須和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married again, as was unexpected 77）the same as

39、 與the same .that 的區別： 前者修飾的是原物同樣的而后者修飾的就是先行詞 This is the same watch as I lost.這和我丟的那一只手表是一樣的。This is the dame watch that I lost.著就是我丟的那一只手表。（十）什么時候that 可以省略？1) 引導同位語從句，主語從句，表語從句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves

40、quickly.Its known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有時可省，一般不省)2）賓語從句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定語從句中做成分，可做主、賓、表語。（十一）關系代詞做主語，謂語動詞的單復數取決于先行詞而不是關系代詞。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who

41、dont study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the 與the one of the 做先行詞時謂語不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.This is the only one of the books

42、that has been written in Chinese.（十三）關系副詞引導的定語從句 1關系副詞也可以引導定語從句 關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語，where 充當地點狀語，why充當原因狀語。 1)when 表示時間, 充當時間狀語 when=on/ in/ of /at+which I still remember the day when I join the party I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意：1.當先行詞是表地點：place ,r

43、oom, mountain, airport等時間：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名詞時,并且分別在句中做地點、時間、原因狀語時，應用where ,when ,why引導。但是如果如果表示時間地點原因的名詞不做狀語，而是做主語，賓語，或者表語時，必須用關系代詞that /which來引導而不是用where等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beaut

44、iful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.長江三峽是個美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來參觀。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he live

45、d in.2.當先行詞為 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 時，關系詞不用when而用that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果time前無修飾語,關系詞用that when 均可 I will never fo

46、rgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 當先行詞為way 時，關系詞用in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.但注意： 4.why 表示原因（現行詞只有一個 reason），做原因狀語。 Why= for which That is the reason why he was late.（十四）學生容易出現的問題。在定語從句中多加了賓語，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come.Some

47、 of the boys I invited didnt come. 把定語從句的動詞的單復數弄錯。This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. 省略了定語從句中做主語的關系代詞。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.定語從句中加了多余的關系副詞或者是

48、介詞。The house where he lives in needs repairing.The house where he lives needs repairing. The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.（十五）代有插入語的定語從句who 與whom 的選用。擔主語成分時用who ,擔 賓格成分時用whom方法：要區分是定語從句中的插入語還是主謂結構。Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)Jason is a man whom I believe to be ho

49、nest. 做賓語The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么時候宜用非限制性定語從句當先行詞是專有名詞時，通常用非限制性定語從句，它本身就具有特殊性，無需在加限定。 Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly. My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden . Mr. Smith bought a new

50、house on which he spent all his money.2) 當先行詞是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一個，但跟非限制從句時則表示唯一的一個，Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Beijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.當先行詞表示類屬意義，即表示某類動物，事物或人時，其后所跟的定語從句一般是非限制性的。A sleep

51、is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.語法復習二：動詞時態1 一般現在時的用法 1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。 時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。 The earth moves around the s

52、un. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am do

53、ing my homework now.第一句用一般現在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現在時。2 一般過去時的用法 1）在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。 時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now?2）表示在過去一段時間內，經

54、常性或習慣性的動作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到時間了 該了 It is time sb. did sth. 時間已遲了 早該了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 wo

55、uld (had) rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現在還活著)Mrs. Da

56、rby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。1）動詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態動詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?3

57、 used to / be used to used to + do：過去常常表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步) be used to + doing： 對已感到習慣，或習慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣于散步)典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch

58、 it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。4 一般將來時 1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you g

59、oing to do tomorrow? b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與 t

60、omorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。5 be going to / will 用于條件句時， be going to表將來 will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排