1、中科院地理資源所自然與文化遺產(chǎn)研究中心 FAO GIAHS 中國工程辦公室從哈尼梯田看傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義兼談GIAHS及其在中國的執(zhí)行1Two factsMore and more serious drought disasters in Southwest ChinaThe excellent performance of the Hani Rice Terraces in severedrought in 2009-20102Droughts in History 1300-1988: 210 drought years within 689 years 84 severe-drought

2、 years126 medium-drought years1 drought year every 3 years 1 severe-drought year every 8 yearsBefore 1979, one severe-drought occured every 9 years; after then occurred every year.(XIE Yingqi, HUANG Huaqiu, ZHAO Huazhu. 1994. An Analysis of Drought in Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan University. 16(1):69-7

3、3.)3Analysis based on the data from 124 weather stations in Yunnan province showed that during the last 40 yearsthe average annual precipitation decreased about 50mm; andthe average annual air temperature increased about 0.8 .(Liu et al., 2010) 4Southwest Drought in China, 2009-2010From Sep. 2009 to

4、 Apr. 2010, Southwestern China suffered once-a-century serious drought. The drought affected most places in Southwest China, including Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Chongqing. During the drought, rainfall in the worst-hit area of Yunnan was the lowest in half a century.5It leave more than 25

5、.95 million people and 18.44 million livestock with drinking water shortages as well as 8.07 million ha of arable land.Southwest drought caused great economic losses with standing at 19 billion yuan ($2.8 billion). The rare drought in Chinas southwestern areas has close connection with global warmin

6、g.(LIU Jian-gang et al., 2011) 6(Huang et al. 2011. Diagnosis of the Severe Drought in Autumn/Winter 2009-2010 in Yunnan Province. TROPICAL GEOGRAPHY.31(1):28-33.)Drought Distribution in Yunnan7Miracles of Hani Rice TerracesHonghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is one of the most drought area, ho

7、wever, the Hani Rice Terraces still had plenty of water to meet the different demands. According to Statistic Bureau of Yunnan Province, the total grain yield of Honghe Prefecture was surprisingly not affected by the drought disaster and even more amazing is that the total grain yield in Hani Rice T

8、erraces had risen for 1-2%. This incredible phenomenon attracts many scientists and media. 8CCTV-1 “Focus Interview: Anti-Drought: Inspiration from Hani Rice TerracesCCTV-7 “Agricultural Sci.&Tech.: Secret of Hani Rice TerracesCCTV-10 “Chinese Geography: Ladders to the Heaven9 Spectacular Wonders10

9、About Hani Rice TerracesA long history for more than 1300 years.Only in Honghe Prefecture, it covers an area of about 70,000 ha. It was listed in the candidate catalogue of World Cultural Heritage in 2006, in the National Wetland Parks List in 2007, and in the GIAHS List in 2010.11We should study th

10、e scientific mechanisms hidden in the beautiful and spectacular system and deeply understand the Hani Rice Terraces: landscape, biodiversity, culture, soil and water management12Four reasons to relieve the severe droughtRational eco-landscape structureSuitable water conservation woodsPerfect water s

11、ystemIngenious water management approaches13“Forest-Village-Terrace-River Landscape (“Four-in-One System)Rational eco-landscape14Suitable water conservation woodsForests on the top of the mountains are helpful in water conservation through interception, stemflow and soil storage which altered the sp

12、atial pattern of rainfall below the canopy, influenced infiltrating water and conservation of water supply.ElevationForestVillageTerraceRiver15Alder (Alnus nepalensis ), a special and dominant tree species plays an important role in water conservation through its unique root nodules and well develop

13、ed root systems. 16In a field experiment, a small puddle was dug on the ground under the Alnus nepalensis trees, after 2 hours the puddle was full of water, which successfully proved its high water retention. 17Perfect water system1819The Hani people utilize and manage water resources in a unique, s

14、imple, economical and efficient manner. “Ditch-leader-system and “Carved-Stone-water ensure equitable and logical water distribution for irrigation and flow from one plot to another.Ingenious water management20The Hani worship of nature ultimately embodies in the worship of the tree. Hani respect tr

15、ees as gods safeguarding and blessing them. There are at least one plot of magic woods or sacred forests in a village.In Hani, tree represents the nature and there are a series of annual religious activities worshiping the tree deity. 21Water Balance Analysis(Quanfu Village small watershed)全福莊小流域的20

16、05-2006降水量為1555.8mm,蒸發(fā)量為929.4mm 22Water Balance EquationQrQgQdQeQtQpQrQrInput Water, including rainfall, fogs, etc.QgGround WaterQdDischarge Water out of the watershedQeEvapotranspirationQtWater storage in TerracesQpWater Storage in PondsQrWater Storage in ReservoirsQrQg=(10.4475+4.0981) *104m3/a=14

17、.5456*106m3/aQdQeQtQpQr =(10.9896+2.5372+0.5460+0.1820+0.0567) *103m3/a14.3115*103m3/a23One inspirationTraditional (agricultural) knowledge (system) doesnt means leg behind which could provide useful references for modern agricultural development.24GLOBALLY IMPORTANTAGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEMSWhat

18、 are GIAHS?25“Remarkable land use systems and landscapes which are rich in biological diversity evolving from the co-adaptation of a rural community/population with its environment and its needs and aspirations for sustainable development (FAO, 2002)26HOW ?At Global levelby identification, selection

19、 and recognition of GIAHS through a prior informed consent and policy commitmentAt National levelby capacity building in policy, regulatory and incentive mechanisms to safeguard these outstanding systems and use them as sustainability bench mark systemsAt Local Levelby empowerment of local communities and technical assistance for sustainable resource management, promoting traditional knowledge and enhancing viability of these systems through economic incentives27Examples of GIAHS:Mountain rice terrace agroecosystemsMultiple cropping/p