1、Nonfinite verbs非謂語動詞使用條件一個句子當中，已經(jīng)存在一個主句（謂語動詞）,又沒有連詞的情況下, 還有別的動詞出現(xiàn)時,這些動詞就充當了非謂語動詞.非謂語動詞的非謂語不定式（to do)V-ingV-edas a nounas adj. or adv.現(xiàn)在分詞動名詞過去分詞非謂語動詞 的分類非謂語動詞的句法作用非謂語動詞主語賓語表語定語賓補狀語不定式動名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞高考熱點一、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞做狀語 不定式做狀語，主要表示目的、結果、原因以及 評論性狀語。 不定式往往放在系表結構后面，表示產(chǎn)生某種情緒或狀態(tài)的原因。（原因狀語） e.g. She was surpr

2、ised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆進來，她很驚訝。 不定式可以單獨作目的狀語，有時為了強調(diào)目的性，在不定式前可以加上in order, so as。（目的狀語） e.g. To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows. (3,4,6,8,14,23,) 不定式表結果，常用在too to, enough to結構中。 有時不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的結果。(1,29) e.g. The child is old

3、 enough to dress himself. We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. The husband left his wife, never to return. 有些不定式是用來表示說話者的觀點或態(tài)度的，放在 句子之外，修飾整個句子，我們稱之為評論性狀語。 e.g. I have never seen such a person, to tell you the truth. To cut a long story short, we disagree. 長話短說，我們不同意。一、不

4、定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞做狀語 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語可表示時間、原因、結果、伴隨、方 式、目的以及作評論性狀語等。 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作時間狀語，往往表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或相繼發(fā)生。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作時間狀語，往往表示動作先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。(5,7,11,13,25) e.g. Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. 作原因狀語： Living far from the school, I have to get up early in

5、 the morning. 作結果狀語，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分詞短語表示自然而然的結果。(28,30,31) e.g. The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage. 作伴隨或方式狀語，表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的另一動 作。（10） e.g. Following Tom, we started to climb. 我們跟隨湯姆開始爬山。 She came riding a brand-new bike. 她騎著一輛嶄新的自行車來的。 現(xiàn)在分詞作目的狀語往往具有伴隨性，多放于句尾，且 與主句間用逗號隔開。 e.g. Jan

6、e kept silent, trying not to show her feelings. 作評論性狀語，有些慣用的分詞短語在句中可以獨立存 在，它們用來修飾全句，表明說話者的態(tài)度、觀點等。 常見的有： generally speaking一般說來 strictly speaking嚴格說來 roughly speaking大致說來 narrowly speaking狹義上說 judging from/ by由判斷。 e.g. Judging from her accent, she must come from Australia. 3. 過去分詞在句中可作時間、原因、條件、伴隨、方式等

7、狀語。 過去分詞作時間狀語可置于句首，也可以置于句尾， 有時還可以置于主語和謂語之間。 Asked about his address, the boy didnt respond. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 作原因狀語，常置于句首。 Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children. 作條件狀語： United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合則立，分則敗。 作伴隨或方式狀語：The pop

8、star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans.二、不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞做定語 （1）不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后，表示未發(fā) 生的動作或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的某一動作。 e.g. The train to arrive is from London He is always the first to come and the last to leave. （2）(14,15,16)2. 動名詞做定語往往說明所修飾詞的某種用途，一般 放在被修飾詞的前面。 e.g. a washing machine （動名詞做定語，= a machine w

9、hich is used for washing） 洗衣機 a reading room（動名詞做定語，= a room which is used for reading） 閱覽室3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示主動、正在進行的動作。過去 分詞作定語則表示被動、或完成的意義。單個分詞 或形容詞性的分詞作定語往往放在被修飾詞的前 面；分詞短語作定語多置于被修飾詞后面。 e.g. the rising sun（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，= the sun which is rising）正在升起的太陽 the changing world（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，= the world which is changing

10、）變化中的世界 a moving movie 感人的電影 excited voice激動的聲音 （形容詞性分詞作定語） fallen leaves 落葉 a broken cup 一個破了的杯子 （過去分詞作定語則表示被動、或完成）三、不定式與動名詞做主語：1. 動名詞做主語往往表示泛指的、一般的行為; 不定式 做主語常表示某次具體的行為或?qū)淼膭幼鳌?e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。 To visit China is my next goal. 2. 不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不 定式短語后置。 e.g. It t

11、ook me only five minutes to finish the job.3. 動名詞作主語有時用it作形式主語，把動名詞置于句 尾。常見于以下句型中： Its use/ good / fun Its useful/ nice/ useless Its nice seeing you again. 四、不定式與動名詞做賓語：1. 下列動詞后常跟不定式做賓語： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, afford, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan,

12、prepare, order, manage, promise, intend等。e.g. He agreed to get someone to help us. They promised not to break the school rules again. 決定想做計劃需要同意能做被用來做的事 decide to do sth. 決定做某事 want would like to do sth. 想做某事 plan to do sth. 計劃做某 need to do sth. 需要做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 afford to do 能做某事 be used

13、 to do 被用來做 迫不及待下決心做過去常常未能做的事 cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事 make up ones mind to do 下決心做某事 used to do 過去常常做某事 fail to do 未能做某事2. 在下列動詞或動詞短語后常用動名詞做賓語： admit, advise, allow, avoid, bear, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, pra

14、ctice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, admit to, be/ get/ become used to, be equal to, devoteto, get down to, look forward to, ob

15、ject to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to等。喜歡花費忙著想象忍不住想要結束練習 enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事 spend.doing sth. 花費做某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于做 imagine sb. doing sth. 想象做某事 cant help doing sth. 忍不住做某事 feel like doing sth. 想要做某事 finish doing sth. 完成做某事 practice doing sth. 練習做某事 miss doing sth.

16、錯過做某事 suggest doing sth. 建議做某事 keep (on) doing sth. 保持（繼續(xù)）做某事 mind doing sth. 介意做某事 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 consider doing sth. 考慮做某事錯過建議保持介意值得考慮 介詞+doing 常考介詞: at, in, on of, off, for, from up, about, without to 等等 be good at doing sth 擅長做某事 be interested in doing sth. 對做某事感興趣 insist on doing 堅持做

17、某事 be used for doing sth. 被用來做某事 thank sb. for doing sth. 謝謝某人做某事 be tired of doing sth. 厭煩做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 put off doing 推遲做某事stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事give up doing sth. 放棄做某事without doing sth. 沒有做某事think about doing sth. 考慮做某事What How about doing 做某事怎么樣?此to 非彼to look forwar

18、d to doing sth. （盼望） pay attention to doing sth. （注意） be used to doing sth. （習慣于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜歡） devote to doing sth （致力于） make a contribution to doing （做貢獻）特殊詞精講:to do doing remember forger (do在后) 要做（do在前）做過stop go on （兩個字）兩件事 （一個字）一件事likehatelove一次性 長期 try 盡力做 嘗試做 startbegin一樣

19、 一樣 stop doing/to dostop to do停下來去做另一件事，stop doing停止正在做的某事。Eg:他們停下來吸煙。 They stop to smoke.我必須戒煙了 I must stop smoking.forget to do忘記要去做某事，forget doing忘記做過某事。Eg：辦公室的燈還在亮著，他忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關了燈了。（已做過關燈的動作） He forgot turning the light off

20、. forget doing/to do remember doing/to doremember to do 記得去做某事remember doing記得做過某事記著放學后去趟郵局。Remember to go to the post office after school. 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?Dont you remember seeing the man before?go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事，go on doing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。Eg：做完數(shù)學后，他接著去做物理。After he had finished his m

21、aths，he went on to do his physics. 做完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習Go on doing other exercises after you have finished this one.try doing/ to do sth.try to do sth. 努力, 盡力做某事Although maths is difficult, I will try to study it .try doing sth. 試著做某事The machine couldnt work. Lets try repairing it.五、不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞做表語

22、 1. 表示一定的概念，具有名詞的性質(zhì)時，不定式和動名 詞可以互換。 e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins. 2. 若表示具體的、個別的動作或有將來含義時，一般用 不定式。 e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer. 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語具有形容詞特征,也可以 作為形容詞。但要注意二者的區(qū)別 e.g. The party was very exciting. They were very excited at the news六、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分

23、詞做補足語 1. 在“動詞+賓語+不定式”結構中，不定式作賓語補足語，“賓語+不定式”構成了復合賓語。 有些動詞要求不定式不帶to，有些要求必須帶to，還有的帶與不帶都可以。 以下動詞后常跟帶符號to的不定式做賓語補足語： ask, tell, want, wish, order, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require等。e.g. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept th

24、e post. 我們希望他留下來接受這個職位。想要邀請期待鼓勵與建議 want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth. 建議某人做某事 答應告誡允許提醒和幫助 promise sb. to do 答應某人做某事 warn sb. not to do sth. 告誡某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事 remind sb. to d

25、o sth. 提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事 有些感官動詞和使役動詞，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get等后常跟不帶符號to的不定式做賓語補足語，常表動作的整個過程。 e.g. We noticed him enter the house. 我們留意到他進了那所房子。 The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板讓他們一天干12小時工作。 省略to的情況:使役動詞

26、和感官動詞后：一感二聽三讓四看feel/ hear, listen to/ let, make, have, / look at, see, watch, noticehad better （not）do sth. 最好(不)做why not /why dont you do sth為什么不做? help sb.（to）do sth Would rather寧愿做 would you please情態(tài)動詞+do助動詞+do2. 現(xiàn)在分詞做補足語分兩種情況： 形容詞性質(zhì)的現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語： e.g. I find the book very interesting. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書非常有趣。（賓語

27、補足語） The boy is found very annoying. 發(fā)現(xiàn)這個小男孩很令人討厭。（主語補足語） 動詞性質(zhì)的現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語：感官動詞和使役動 詞，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get等后可以跟表示動作性質(zhì)的 現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語，表示“正在或持續(xù)做某事”。 e.g. I see him passing by a bank. 我看見他正經(jīng)過一家銀行。（賓語補足語） He was seen working in the garden. 有人看見

28、他正在花園里干活。（主語補足語）3. 過去分詞(done)做賓語補足語，說明賓語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，與賓語一起構成復合賓語，其前的賓語是它的邏輯主語。 若是及物動詞的過去分詞，既表示被動，也可以表示動作已經(jīng)完成（即先于謂語動詞）。 若是不及物動詞的過去分詞，則只表示完成。 句子由主動變被動時，賓語補足語相應的變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。 The boss found his plan carried out successfully. The boy was found lost in the forest. Have you heard this song sung in Japanese? (賓補) Thi

29、s song is often heard sung everywhere in China. (主補)下面從二個方面來探究非謂語動詞的解題方法：1.非謂語動詞的七大經(jīng)典原則2.非謂語動詞解題四大步驟非謂語動詞題的做題技巧一.非謂語動詞的 七大經(jīng)典原則原則一：用作目的狀語，原則上要用不定式原則二：用作伴隨狀語，原則上要用現(xiàn)在分詞原則三：用作結果狀語時，可用-ing 或不定式原則四：凡是含有被動意義時，原則上要用過去分詞。原則五：非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語原則上應與主句主語保持一致原則六：強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前時，原則上要用完成式原則七：用于名詞后作定語時，原則是：用不定式，表示動作

30、尚未發(fā)生; 用-ing，表示動作正在進行; 用過去分詞，表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，同時表示被動意義。英語非謂語動詞題的七條經(jīng)典原則原則一：用作目的狀語，原則上要用不定式When asked why he went there， he said he was sent there _ for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained【解析】由于進行航空飛行訓練是他被派往那兒的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除 A 和 B。另外，由于“他”與“訓練”為被動關系， 故選 D。 2. _ th

31、is cake， youll need 2 eggs， 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making 3.As the light turned green， I stood for a moment， not _， and asked myself what I was going to do. A. moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved【解析】由于與句子主語之間為主動關系，且表示當 時持續(xù)了一會 兒，故用-ing。句意為：當信號燈變綠時，我站在那

32、兒一會兒沒動，心想自己該怎么辦。 原則二：用作伴隨狀語，原則上要用-ing.4. He sat _ to her _ the stairs. A. to listen; to climb B. listening; to climb C. listening; climb D. listening; climbing listen to do/doing 【解析】listen是伴隨sat而同時由主語he發(fā)出的，所以用-ing作伴隨狀語；listen to 后跟不帶to的不定式/-ing作賓補。用括號里的詞的適當形式填空1. She wrote to the editor , _that the

33、 editor would be able to help her（ hope ）2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped there _ on a big rock( rest )3.The secretary worked late into night , _ a long speech. ( prepare )4. _ warm, we shut all the windows. ( keep )preparingto resthopingTo keep,ing形式作伴隨狀語與 to do作目的狀語的區(qū)別：作伴隨狀語的ing形式與謂語動

34、詞的動作同時發(fā)生且前面常常帶一逗號;而作目的狀語的不定式的動作要比謂語動詞的動作后發(fā)生，且前面不能用逗號。原則三：用作結果狀語時，可用-ing或不定式，其區(qū)別是，一般用-ing，表示一定邏輯的結果，即結果在意料之中。不定式用作結果狀語表示非邏輯的結果，即結果在意料之外。5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_ in the natural light during the day. A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let 【解析 此處用-i

35、ng 表示自然而然的結果。 如：It rained heavily， causing severe flooding in that place. 大雨滂沱，造成了那個地方洪水泛濫。6. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，_ a record US$ 57. 65 a barrel on April 4.A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching 8. He hurried to the booking office only _

36、 that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 7.He hurried to the station, only _ that the train had left. A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found【解析】only to do sth 在此表示出人意料的結果。原則四：凡是含有被動意義時，原則上要用過去分詞。但是，如果所涉及的動作尚未發(fā)生，則用不定式的被動式；如果所涉及的動作正在進行，則用-ing的被動式.9.

37、The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _. A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard【解析】根據(jù)句意，此處指的是“被聽見”，故要用被 動式，因可排除 B 和 C。另外，由于“設法被聽見”為目的狀語，動作當時尚未發(fā)生，故用不定式，即選 A。 10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. A.

38、opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close【解析】of 后應接-ing，desks 與open and close 之間存在邏輯上的被動關系，又因could be heard，所以選-ing的被動式表正在被進行的動作。of11. When she came in, she was surprised to find a stranger _ at the back of the classroom with his eyes _upon her. A.

39、seating; fixing B. to seat; fixing seated; fixed D. seated; fixed a stranger his eyessittingseat vt.I seated myself.=I was seated.=I sat downfix ones eyes upon原則五：非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語原則上應與主句主語保持一致.12. Faced with a bill for $10,000，_. A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job

40、C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John(be) faced withFaced with13. While watching television，_. A. the door bell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings【解析】因為 watching 的邏輯主語一定是人，排除選項 A 和 B ；又因在hear后作賓補的是省略了 to 的不定式， 所以選項

41、D 中的 rings 是錯誤的。watching原則六：強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前時，原則上要用完成式（根據(jù)情況可用不定式的完成式或ing的完成式） 14._ from other continents for millions of years， Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. A. Being separated B. Having separatedC. Having been separated D. to be separated【解析】因為

42、Australia 與 separate 是被動關系，且 separate發(fā)生在謂語動詞 has 之前，所以用-ing的完成被動式作原因狀語。has15. The manager，_ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us， left the meeting room. A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making【解析】因為 The manager 與 make 是主動關系，且 make 發(fā)生在謂語 left 之前，所以用-ing的完成式作狀語，having made . 相當于 who had

43、 made. 的意思。left16.Li Ming is said _ abroad. Do you know what country Yes, In London. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studyinghe studied in ?he will study in?he studies in?CABissb is said to do 據(jù)說原則七：用于名詞后作定語時，原則是： 用不定式，表示動作尚未發(fā)生; 用-ing，表示動作正在進行; 用過去分詞，表示動作被動、完成。17.The

44、re will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _ the day after tomorrow. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held 18. There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait the meeting the day a

45、fter tomorrowvisitors19. “Things _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. A. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost 20. The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving ThingsThe last onelose vt. lose sb/sth注：受 the first， the second . the last 修飾的名詞或

46、代詞后原則上要用不定式作定語。 You are the second to make that mistake. 你是第二個犯這錯誤的人。原則一：用作目的狀語，原則二：用作伴隨狀語，原則三：用作結果狀語，原則四：凡是含有被動意義時，原則五：非謂語動詞作狀語時，原則六：強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作 之前時，原則七：用于名詞后作定語時，原則一：用作目的狀語，原則上用不定式.原則二：用作伴隨狀語，原則上用-ing.原則三：用作結果狀語，可用-ing/ to do ,區(qū)別是：-ing 表示一定邏輯的結果，to do 表示非邏輯的結果。原則四:凡是有被動意義時，原則上要用過去分詞。 如果動作尚未發(fā)生，則用

47、不定式的被動形式； 如果動作正在進行，則用-ing的被動形式。原則五：非謂語動詞作狀語時，原則上其邏輯主語應與主句主語保持一致。原則六：強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前，原則上要用完成式（-ing 的完成式或不定式的完成式）原則七：用于名詞后作定語，原則是：不定式表示動作尚未發(fā)生；-ing表示動作正在進行：過去分詞表示動作完成，被動。二. 非謂語動詞解題四大步驟（一）分析句子結構,辨別“謂語與非謂語”_many times , but he still couldnt understand it .2. _ many times , he still couldnt understand it

48、.Having been told B. Being told C. He had been told D. Though he was toldC_A注意連詞3.It _ a hot day, wed better go swimming. 4. _ a rainy day ; we decided not to go there.is B. to be C. being being E. It was F. beenCE注意標點符號二. 分析邏輯主語確定要選非謂語動詞之后，第二步要分析其邏輯主語。非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者就叫做邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語

49、時，其邏輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。怎么加?非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者就叫做邏輯主語，特別是當非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語通常是主句的主語，若不然，則得加上自己的邏輯主語，這時就構成獨立主格。一般說來,非謂語動詞作定語時，邏輯主語為其所修飾的名詞；作賓語補足語，邏輯主語為賓語補足語之前的賓語；作表語、賓語或狀語時，其邏輯主語通常為主句的主語, （二）找邏輯主語1.Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.2.She

50、is reading a book found on the way.3.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 一般來說，非謂語動詞作狀語,邏輯主語是句子的主語；非謂語動詞作賓補,邏輯主語是賓語；非謂語動詞作定語,邏輯主語是被修飾詞。分析語態(tài)就是在確定邏輯主語之后，分析非謂語動詞和邏輯主語在搭配使用時是主動還是被動關系。 _from space , the earth looks blue .2._from space , we can see the earth is blue .A. Seen B.

51、 Seeing C. To see D. SeeAB解析：句1. “地球”被“看起來”，表被動，故選A， 用過去分詞表被動。 句2. 我們主動看.即表主動，故選B。（三）分析語態(tài) take B. taking C. to be taken D. takenD BEverythingthey1._ everything into consideration, they ought to have another chance.2.Everything _into consideration, they ought to have another chance.（四）分析時態(tài)1. The buil

52、ding _ now will be a restaurant .2. The building _ next year will be a restaurant .3. The building _ last year is a restaurant.having been built be built C.being built D. built _C _B_D二. 找邏輯主語三、分析語態(tài)四、分析時態(tài)一. 辨別“謂與非謂”三. 非謂語動詞解題步驟方法總結：謂非謂，找主語，析語態(tài)，定時態(tài)PracticeChallenge yourself! 1. A railway station is n

53、o place for a child _ alone at night.A. leave B. leaving C. to be leaving D. to be left2. We were warned _ the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset.A. not to eat B. not eating C. to eat not D. eating not3. _ themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories.A. Keep B. Keepi