1、聯盟驅動型創新政策的新發展： 集體知識和日本產學合作聯盟2008年8月22日日本東京法政大學1內容 介紹1.理論探索： 集體知識和集體戰略2. 日本的創新政策：實地調查3. 經驗分析4. 結論2介紹政府的重組2001年4月：90個國家公共機構、醫院和博物館成為62個自主管理機構（IAI）。減少了72000名工作人員。3引進第三方評估自主管理機構：法律，19992004年4月：99個國家級大學變成89個自主國家級大學機構。 4法律系統重組2005年5月，企業法改革外部CEO的參與2006年4月，反壟斷法改革 Heavy Surcharge 1997年12月，控股公司的恢復Restoration

2、of Holding Company5自主管理機構的管理轉型依照日本創新政策的轉型聯盟驅動型研究和發展61.理論探索產學聯盟的理論集體戰略集體智慧 集體知識 群眾智慧7集體戰略Astley, W., Fombrun, C., “Collective Strategy: Social Ecology of Organizational Environments,” Academy of Management Review, vol.8, 1983.Yami, Sad, “Fondements et Perspectives des Stratgies Collectives,” Revue Fr

3、anaise de Gestion, No.167, pp.91-104, 2006.8集體戰略的類型 (A&F)Commensalistic(Within Industry)Symbiotic(Inter- Industries)直接關系ConfederateConjugate間接關系AgglomerateOrganic9創業管理戰略競爭戰略集體戰略Comprehension of Strategies10集體智慧Academy of Artificial Intelligence in Japan had a special issue on Collective Intelligence

4、 in 2003.Takadama, K. 2003. Ikegami, T.2003. The Wisdom of Crowd by James Surowiecki in 2004.11集體戰略和集體知識Commensalistic Symbiotic 直接關系ConfederateShared KnowledgeConjugateSymbiotic Knowledge間接關系AgglomerateLocal KnowledgeOrganicCommon Knowledge12集體知識和協同工作CommensalisticSymbiotic 直接關系ConfederateShared Kn

5、owledgeClear PurposeConjugateSymbiotic KnowledgeUnexpected Result 間接關系AgglomerateLocal KnowledgeEngineering with ObjectsOrganicCommon KnowledgeAnonymous Community13集體知識的模型Horaguchi, H.H. (2008) “Economics of Reciprocal Networks: Collaboration in Knowledge and Emergence of Industrial Clusters,” Compu

6、tational Economics, vol. 31, issue 4, pages 307-339. 14設置SettingsCournot competition with Graph Theory.Knowledge creating companies collaborate through Network.Simulation of Equilibrium Quantity and Mathematical Proof for Hub and Spoke Type or Circular Network.15Cournot Competition by Four Firms16Ma

7、trix to be Inverted: 4 by 417Hub and Spoke Type:Cournot Competition by Four Firms18Matrix to be Inverted: 4 by 1192021222324Matrix to be Inverted: Free Scale Network25Production Level of Free Scale NetworkTotal Production Level: =1,999,912,327,728,270,000,000,000 26下一步研究Agent-based SimulationCreatio

8、n of ClusterHow many Clusters are made out of random settings of parameters?Why seven ?Competition between Clusters27集體知識的特征知識遵照戰略 不同領域的知識由Various field of Knowledge is gathered by a type of collective strategies.What are incentives of collecting together?Productivity is really higher?How one can me

9、asure the result?282. Innovation Policy in Japan: Field SurveyConference for Industrial Competitiveness (Sangyo Kyosouryoku Kaigi, March, 1999. May 2000.) Private Meeting for Prime Minister Obuchi and Prime Minister Mori.Innovate Japan Project: March 2003-Feb. 2004. by Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei).

10、 Strategy to Create New Industry (Shinsangyo Soushutsu Senryaku, May, 2004). Ministry of Economy and Industry.29Innovation Policy in the 2000s “Innovation 25”, by Abe Govt., Cabinet Office, Sept.2006-Jun.2007. Policy Recommendations for many field of science and educationhttp:/www.kantei.go.jp/jp/in

11、novation/dai3/siryou4.pdf30Major CharacteristicsCreation of Regional Innovation Hot SpotsInterdisciplinary ResearchBusiness University AlliancesCreating Local FundsTax Exemption on the Initial FundingLocal Innovation Community: visible for Policy makers and publics31Characteristics continued.Post-gr

12、ant patent review, Creating Measures for National Innovation Performance: Innovation ScorecardIntellectual property protectionTechnology Roadmap32Knowledge Cluster Initiative Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT, Knowledge Cluster Initiative: 18 cities, 5,000-9,000 mi

13、llion yen 5 years. 2002-2006/ 2003-2007/ 2004-2008. The Second Round of the Knowledge Cluster Initiative, 2007-2011.3321Nano, Bio, IT, Semi-conductor, Environ-ment500 million yen per yearUniversity,Business, Local Govt. Alliances6 Clusters start in 200734The Second Round: 6 Cities, 1 billion yen5 ye

14、arsFukuoka: Advanced System LSI Development Initiative: Silicon Sea Belt.Nagano: Smart Device by Nano CompositeOsaka+Kobe: Bio-Medical ClusterSendai: Proactive Health Care ClusterHamamatsu: Opt-Electronics ClusterSapporo: Bio Cluster35Saito & Kobe ClusterBiomedical Cluster Kansai36Regenerative Medic

15、are: Embryonic Stem Cell3738394041Fukuoka Kitakyushu R&D Hub of Advanced System LSI42Automatic Design System of LSI434445Sonny KyushuCMOS Sensor/CCD46Case Study in Toyama in 2006“Type B cell lymphocyte” is placed on a “Cell Chip” with small wells and responses to calcium is checked. Toyama Universit

16、y, Medical Department and Engineering Department, Sugino Machine, Richell, Toyama Industrial Technology Center. SC World, a venture company, was created.474849505152Professor Atsushi Muraguchi and Professor Hiroyuki Kishi53545556Industrial Cluster ProjectMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry, METI

17、, Industry Cluster Project.9 regions divided by the local “Bureau of the METI.17 projects, 9800 small and medium companies, 290 Universities and Polytechnics5758AIST Second Research Strategy, 2007 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.Only ICT, ElectronicsSupply for Inform

18、ation with semantics: OntologyRobotics and ICT Household AppliancesNetworked Voting SystemHardware Technology：Quantum Computer, Computer Device by New Material and New Physical Phenomena, Bio-optical Sensing, Superconductivity Electronics Mesurementhttp:/www.aist.go.jp/aist_j/information/strategy.ht

19、ml593. Empirical AnalysisQuestionnaire Survey to Knowledge Cluster Initiative in June 2006.16 response.How Coordinators see the performance of the Cluster. Questionnaire + Equation60Some Empirical Study: HypothesisBusiness Based Projects (BBPs) in the Knowledge Cluster Initiatives are the functions

20、of coordination efforts, facilities, and orientations.61Poisson RegressionDependent Variable: Business Based Projects (BBPs) in the Clusters.Independent Variables:Organizing Academic Meeting (Call)Outgoing to see other clusters (Out)Agglomeration of S/Medium Industry (Agg)Satisfaction to incubation

21、facilities (Sat)Orientation to practical research (Prac)62BBPs =f(x), N=16 Coef. Std. Err. z P|z| Call | -1.842763 .5601328 -3.29 0.001 Out | -2.996145 .7385951 -4.06 0.000 Agg | 1.665521 .6360508 2.62 0.009Sat | 2.052094 .4848901 4.23 0.000Prac | 1.667146 .7365967 2.26 0.024 63 Coef. Std. Err. z P|

22、z| 95% Conf. Interval Wide | -1.635962 .9045719 -1.81 0.071 -3.408891 .1369659 *Call | -1.842763 .5601328 -3.29 0.001 -2.940603 -.7449225 *Out | -2.996145 .7385951 -4.06 0.000 -4.443765 -1.548525 Exi | -.4760456 .4226983 -1.13 0.260 -1.304519 .3524278 *Agg | 1.665521 .6360508 2.62 0.009 .4188844 2.9

23、12158 Inc | .7971039 .4658868 1.71 0.087 -.1160174 1.710225 *Sat | 2.052094 .4848901 4.23 0.000 1.101727 3.002461 *Prac | 1.667146 .7365967 2.26 0.024 .2234432 3.110849 Fund | .0317821 .4328245 0.07 0.941 -.8165383 .8801025 *Cord | -1.26837 .6466512 -1.96 0.050 -2.535783 -.0009565 Bug | .7694866 .49

24、59993 1.55 0.121 -.2026541 1.741627 Ven | -.5306217 .3766186 -1.41 0.159 -1.268781 .2075371 *Pop | .000737 .0003611 2.04 0.041 .0000292 .0014448 *Uni | -.4826261 .1508763 -3.20 0.001 -.7783382 -.186914 *Year | -1.829666 .5893387 -3.10 0.002 -2.984748 -.6745833 _cons | 13.0171 3.188632 4.08 0.000 6.76749 19.266764 Independent Variables and Control Variables. Wide: Wider range of collaboration with other universities or companies Call: Organizing Academic Meeting Out: Outgoing to