1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上細節(jié)理解題的解題步驟和方法一、教學引入細節(jié)理解題.是高考英語閱讀理解最重要的一類題型。根據(jù)我的分類，所有的閱讀理解題型按照答案在文中出現(xiàn)的位置和形式不通，可以分為細節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩大類，而前一類在整個題量當中大概會占到80%甚至以上的比例。二、細節(jié)理解題的分類細節(jié)理解題的答案往往不是文章中的細節(jié)在選項中的簡單重復，而是根據(jù)文中的細節(jié)經(jīng)過合理的推理或轉(zhuǎn)化得出的。1同樣，按照答案在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，細節(jié)理解題可以分為集中型細節(jié)理解題和分散型細節(jié)理解題。（1）集中型：就文章的單個細節(jié)提問，答案在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置一般也位于單句話或幾句話中。因為具體細節(jié)不同，出題形式千變?nèi)f化

2、，因題而異。如：【2010江蘇】57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably 【2010上海】70. As is mentioned in the card, the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that （2）分散型：題目涉及到文章某一段或幾段，甚至貫穿全文的各個位置，需要考生尋找文章中的多個細節(jié)。請注意，分散型細節(jié)理解題并不意味著題目的正確答案出現(xiàn)在文章的不同位置，正確答案往往也是關(guān)于文章的某一個句子或細節(jié)。只是

3、說文章的干擾選項是關(guān)于不同的細節(jié)，需要我們在定位的時候閱讀某一個區(qū)域。分散型細節(jié)理解題常見的出題方式有：Which of the following is not true? We can learn/infer from the passage that Which of the following is NOT mentioned about ?也有因題而異的，有些看似集中的其實也分散在文中，需要考生仔細定位。如：【2010江蘇】61. Some people are against killing wolves because .原文所陳述的原因有很多段，而并不是單個的句子。2. 就題目

4、形式而言，細節(jié)理解題的表現(xiàn)形式是多種多樣的，最常見的有：（1）文章細節(jié)：針對文中細節(jié)直接提問（2）指代判斷：判斷文中某個代詞或特定詞組的指代關(guān)系（3）圖表數(shù)據(jù)：對題目中的圖標和數(shù)據(jù)進行簡單的計算 （4）詞義猜測：推測文中某個詞或詞組的含義 （5）順序排列：選擇文中細節(jié)出現(xiàn)的正確的時間順序或邏輯順序 （6）態(tài)度目的：作者在文中引入某個細節(jié)的目的，或?qū)δ硞€細節(jié)或細節(jié)人物的態(tài)度三、 細節(jié)理解解題方法三大法寶： 順序原則、定位詞、排除法1. 把握解題的順序原則。一般來說隱含題目答案的位置與題目的順序是一致的，這能幫助我們縮小尋找范圍，大大提高效率。我們做題時可以采用采用步步為營法，看一題做一題。【20

5、10廣東】C Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly,51題答案 The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of

6、 the most common symptoms.52題答案 Certain microorganisms (微生物) cause most types of food poisoning. 53題Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (釋放) poisons that make people sick. Some chemicals

7、can also cause food poisoning.53題 They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops. Some plants and animals contain

8、 natural poisons that are harmful to people. 53題These includecertain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms. When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that peopl

9、e should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Final

10、ly, people should not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.54題 Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra w

11、ater. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.51. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.B. Food poisoning means death. C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.D. Food poisoning can be serio

12、us.52. We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning .A. are always accompanied by a feverB. are too common to be notedC. can be noticed within hoursD. can be ignored53. Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT .A. some chemicals B. low tempertures C. some tiny living

13、things D. certain natural materials54. From Paragraph 5, we can learn that A. mushrooms should not be eaten B. vegetables are safer than meat and seafood C. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicalsD. different types of food should be handled differently55. It can be inferred from the passag

14、e that A. natural materials are safe in food processingB. chemicals are needed in food processing C. food poisoning can be kept under controlD. food poisoning is out of control該篇文章除了最后一題是主旨大意題外，其他都是細節(jié)理解題，而且答案位置的先后順序與題號順序是基本一致的。2. 通過定位詞尋找出題點定位詞和主題句是英語閱讀理解解題方法的最重要的兩個要素，前者適用于解答細節(jié)理解題，后者用于解答主旨大意題。通過定位詞解題

15、，就是說我們在閱讀題干的時候迅速的把題干中有標記意義的詞或詞組劃記出來，然后用這個詞回到原文當中定位。（1）什么詞才算是定位詞呢？我們首先要關(guān)注的是表示人名、地名等的專有名詞和表示年份、數(shù)字、百分數(shù)等的數(shù)詞，以及題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的名詞。如【2010遼寧】64. According to California study, the low-scoring group might .【2010全國卷II】51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe?【2010遼寧】61. What does the writer dislik

16、e most about dinner parties in New York?【2010全國I】61. How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzmans opinion of the chi tea? 【2010山東】57. D was created for .【2010湖南】62, We can know that before 1995 Mary .【2010四川】46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?在上面的例子當中，表

17、示地名的California, New York, Europe；表示人名的 Christy McKinley, Ms. Schatzman，表示時間的1995 以及大寫的特殊專有名詞D, Green Communities Standards等都是定位詞，在原文當中都有出現(xiàn)，能幫助我們迅速地找找到出題點。可是我們不一定每次都運氣好碰到專有名詞等，在沒有上面這些類詞的時候我們需要留意一些表示實體意義，指代一件具體事物的具象的名詞。如：【2010廣東】48. When your colleague brings about a problem, you should .【2010江蘇】56. W

18、hich of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?【2010全國I】56. Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeares Birthplace?【2010全國I】66. Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes? 如果我們在題干中連一個實體名詞都找不到的話應該怎么辦呢？這時我們還可以關(guān)注題干中詞義鮮明的動詞、形容詞、副詞等。但是因為動詞、形容詞、副詞

19、的同義表達太多，題干中這些詞往往是原文中的同義表達或轉(zhuǎn)化，需要引起我們的注意。這個我們在下文中還會專門提到。請看下面一個用形容詞、副詞作定位詞的例子：【2010上海】67. Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because 在原文中我們可以找到對應的句子：Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has

20、been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back. 在找定位詞的時候，請同學們注意以下幾點：（1）文章中反復出現(xiàn)的專有名詞是全文描述對象的中心，沒有唯一出處，所以不能算是定位詞。我們?nèi)绻l(fā)現(xiàn)大部分題干中都有這個專有名詞的，就應該排除它作為定位詞的可能。如：【2010全國II】A篇（文章略）41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly. B. Keep them company.C. Play games

21、 with them. D. Touch them gently.42. We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie_.A. world eat anything when hungry B. felt sorry for her mistake C. loved playing hide-and-seek D. disliked the authors dad 43.Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet?A. She was treated as a

22、member of the family.B. She played games with anyone she liked.C. She was loved by everybody she met.D. She went everywhere with the family.44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she_.A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funny 45.Which of the following best describes Brownie?

23、A. Shy B. Polite C. Brave D. Caring我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章的每一個題目的題干中都有Brownie, 因此Brownie不是定位詞。這也是在上面講第一類首選定位詞的時候給出例子里全國卷I的56、66兩題不把hoatzinsShakespeares Birthplace 當做定位詞的原因。他們雖然是特殊名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~，但是在文中反復出現(xiàn)，沒有定位價值。（2）大多數(shù)時候我們選擇的定位詞都是名詞，因為名詞的可替代性相對較低，容易找到唯一出處。但是我們所找的名詞要盡量是實體名詞，也就是能指代一件具體事物的名詞。一般來說，下面兩類名詞都不可取。 a. 抽象詞。如opinion

24、, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory等等。 b. 言語詞。如statement, argument, comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer，reason等等。如：【2010江蘇】60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that .文章所敘述的地區(qū)正是 North America

25、 , 因此在這個題干中 North America 不能算是定位詞。那么reason算不算呢，它是一個言語詞，在文章當中通常也是不出現(xiàn)的，不能算是定位詞。（3）并不是所有的我們在題干中找到的定位詞在原文中都會對應出現(xiàn)，有些情況下，原文中出現(xiàn)的只是題干定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)換形式。在這種情況下，劃出定位詞并在腦中留下印象也有利于我們在瀏覽文章是迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)文中定位詞的對應形式，從而找到題目答案的位置。一般來說，定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)換有下面幾種形式： a. 同義改寫。題干將原文中的詞或詞組換成另外的詞或者詞組，詞性和結(jié)構(gòu)不變，意義相近。如：【2010全國II】A篇When I was six, Dad brought ho

26、me a dog one day, who was called “Brownie”, My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her ,then there were baths, playing catch and many other games .Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touc

27、hed my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better when she was around.41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family? A. Look at them sadly. B. Keep them company. C. Play games with them. D. Touch them gently.這里原文中的sick 被轉(zhuǎn)換成了題干中的ill。【20

28、10廣東】A篇 When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even

29、 acted as if they did not hear her.41. Why was the authors mother poorly served?A. She was unable to speak good English.B. She was often misunderstood.C. She was not clearly heard. D. She was not very polite.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中的treated unfairly 與題干中的 poorly served 意義相近，因此在瀏覽文章的時候就能夠注意到treated unfairly ，并在這個定位詞附

30、近尋找正確答案。【2010江蘇】D篇But the key issue is really moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan ondomestic railway expansion68According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is Atechnical issues Bsafety of the system Cfinancial problems Dmaintenance of ra

31、ilway tracks這里文章中的名詞詞組 key issue 轉(zhuǎn)換成了題干中的 greatest challenge, 意義相近.【2010陜西】B篇Tuesdays Daily News said 29-year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday.51. What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came? A. He was interviewed by a newspaperB. He asked his girlfriend for his dry cl

32、othesC. He went to the hospital in the ambulanceD. He disappeared from the spot quickly這里文章中的quickly 轉(zhuǎn)化成了題干中的shortlyb.轉(zhuǎn)變詞性與結(jié)構(gòu): 題干定位詞并不一定與原文中相關(guān)詞的詞性和結(jié)構(gòu)形式一致，而是做了一定的概括與總結(jié)。如將名詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)化為意思相近的動詞、形容詞等等。【2010江西】 CConfucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would

33、 not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some potential than others, are that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to d

34、evelop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下層的)classes.66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius? A. FamilyB. PotentialC. KnowledgeD. Community我們發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中的set men apart 即有題干中的different 之意。這里將一個動詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)化成為一個形

35、容詞。因此看題干的時候如果劃出了定位詞different（Confucius 在文中反復出現(xiàn)）就容易讓我們定位到set men apart 這里來。我們已經(jīng)了解了怎樣在閱讀題干是找出其中的定位詞，現(xiàn)在讓我們用高考真題來演練一下定位詞是如何幫助我們迅速解決細節(jié)理解題的。【2010江蘇】D篇It11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention t

36、he better communication among those countries.For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，but would also help develop Chinas far westWe foresee that in the coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the western regions，where th

37、e land is empty and resources unusedWith high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11And they11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries67Chinas new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because AChina will get much-neede

38、d resources and develop its western regions BChina and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways CChina will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation，business and tourism我們發(fā)

39、現(xiàn)題干中的引號處的“win-win project”是一個特色比較鮮明的名詞，對應到文章中馬上找到原詞。根據(jù)后面的for other countries 和 for China 我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國的高速鐵路計劃應該是對外國和中國雙方都是十分有利的。因此本題的正確選項應該為B選項。【2010湖南】A篇HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR DO：Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctorTry to eat heart-healthy foods while you take LipitorTake Lipitor at any time of

40、day, with or without foodIf you miss a dose(一劑)，take it as soon as you rememberBut if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose，waitTake the next dose at your regular timeDont：Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctorDo not start new medicines before talking to your d

41、octor58. If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose, you should         .A. change the amount of your next dose   B, eat more when taking your next doseC. have a dose as soon as you remember  D. take the next dose at your regular time這

42、是一篇藥品說明書，我們在58題的題干中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個很典型的表示時間的定位詞 12 hours, 對應到文中我們知道如果漏服了一劑藥超過十二個小時以后應該在下一次正常服藥的時候服一次藥即可。因此這里應該選擇D選項。【2010全國II】A篇Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop and ask if they could pet her. Of course shed let anyone pet her. She was just t

43、he most lovable dog. There were many times when wed be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair. she never barked(吠) or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she lovely e

44、veryone.44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she_.A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funny這個題目的題干中我們只能找到動詞frightened 有可能充當定位詞。在文中我們?yōu)g覽frightened 所在的前一句和后一句發(fā)現(xiàn)，Brownie是因為“微笑”的時候露出牙齒才嚇到別人的，所以本題應該選擇A選項。請注意：離散型細節(jié)理解題的解題步驟和技巧基本上與集中型是一致的，但是離散型細節(jié)理解題在題干中除了告知特定的目標段落之外，往往找不到定位詞。這就需要我們

45、在題干找不到定位詞時，迅速的瀏覽一下選項，在選項中找到定位詞。例如：【2010山東】C篇Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego(UCSD) for two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book, “Versed”.“Im delighted and amazed at how much media recognitio

46、n that the Pulitzer brings, as compared to even the National Book Critics Award, which I was also surprised and delighted to win,” said Armantrout.“For a long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of attention, suddenly, with my 10th book, is really surprising.”

47、Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelors degree at UC Berkeley, where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov, and her masters in creative writing from San Francisco State University. She is a founding member of Language Poets, a group in American poetry that analyzes the way lan

48、guage is used and raises questions to make the reader think. In March, she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for “Versed.” “This book has gotten more attention,” Armantrout said, “but I dont feel as if its better.”The first half of “Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the Unit

49、ed States as it fought the war against Iraq. The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006.Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many of her colleagues were not. “Rae Armantrout is a unique voice

50、in American poetry,” said Seth Lerer, head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD. “Versed”, published by the Wesleyan University Press, did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works, which is about 2,700 copies. The new edition is scheduled to appear in May.66. According to Rae Armantrout, _.A. he

51、r 10th book is much betterB. her winning the Pulitzer is unexpectedC. the media is surprised at her worksD. she likes being recognized by her readers我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一個離散型細節(jié)理解題，題干中沒有明顯的定位詞（文章主人公是Rae Armantrout， 全文貫穿她的話，所以Rae Armantrout不是定位詞）。所以我們這個時候需要快速地瀏覽一下選項看看有沒有我們需要的定位詞。快速瀏覽之后，我們分別標記了10th，Pulitzer，surpris

52、ed，recognized作為定位詞。根據(jù)出題順序原則，我們?nèi)缓髱е@些詞語瀏覽文章的開頭，很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些定位詞在文中出現(xiàn)的位置。A選項屬于過度推測，Rae Armantrout只是說她的第十部作品獲獎讓她感到十分意外，這并不意味著這部作品就更優(yōu)秀。C選項說媒體驚嘆于她的作品，而實際上原文說 “I was also surprised and delighted to win,”這說明是Rae Armantrout自己為她的獲獎感到驚訝，所以C選項是斷章取義地對文章作了錯誤的理解。D選項recognized我們在原文中并沒有找到，我們也不能推測出她喜歡受到讀者的認同，因此D選項也是過度推測。

53、3.排除法排除法是解答閱讀理解題的另一個重要的方法。因為有的時候如果是給填空題讓我們做，我們也許不能填出正確答案，但是如果給出四個選項讓我們選的話，我們可以通過對比排除錯誤選項。那么怎樣通過排除法做題呢？（1）正確選項的特征正確選項雖然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改寫，意思不變。如換一個同義詞，把否定改為肯定，把肯定改為否定等。【2010江蘇】68. According to the passage, the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is .A. technical issues B. safety of

54、 the systemC. financial problems D. maintenance of railway tracks我們在原文中發(fā)現(xiàn)了定位詞greatest challenge 的轉(zhuǎn)化形式 key issue。 原文是這樣的But the key issue is money. 我們知道遇到轉(zhuǎn)折連詞時我們重點要看的是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞的后半部分，本題的正確答案實際上是money 的轉(zhuǎn)換形式。所以我們可以選擇本題的正確答案C。光了解了正確選項特點還不夠，我們更需要知道錯誤選項為什么是錯誤的，這樣才能夠洞察出題者的出題意圖，規(guī)避有意給我們設(shè)置的陷阱。那么干擾項究竟有哪些特點呢？（2）錯誤選項的

55、特征 a張冠李戴：把A事物的特點說成是B事物的，企圖混淆視聽。 【2010江蘇】A篇Other early surnames came· from peoples occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occup

56、ational names are: Carter a person who owned or drove a cart; Potter a person who made pots and pans.57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably _.A. owned or drove a cart B. made things with metalsC. made kitchen tools or contains D. built houses and furnitureB選項是

57、指Smith 這個姓氏而不是Potter，根據(jù)定位詞所指示的句子，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Potter 是指生產(chǎn)壺和罐等廚房用具的職業(yè)，所以選擇C選項。雖然這些器具都是金屬的，但是以生產(chǎn)金屬制品為特點更確切的是Smith。b.斷章取義：抓住一個字眼或細節(jié)做文章，對作者本意歪曲的理解。c.過度猜測：文中并沒有出現(xiàn)和選項一致的直接信息，選項對文意進行了不切實際的過度猜測。【2010全國卷II】B篇When youre lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(壓力) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish so