1、翻譯教學與研究宏觀導入復旦大學 何剛強1.The implication(s) of translationWhat is translation?What is not translation? orWhat translation is not? Words that could denote “to translate”: Transfer Transmit Transform Transfuse Transpose Transmute (transmutation) Transmigrate (transmigration) Transplant “中國, 夷, 蠻, 戎, 狄五方之民

2、, 言語不通,嗜欲不同, 達其志, 通其欲: 東方曰寄, 南方曰象, 西方曰狄鞮, 北方曰譯.” 羅新璋: “我國自成體系的翻譯理論” 以上對翻譯概念(部分)的不同表述表明: 翻譯還可以從廣義上來認識或解釋. In short: inside or between languages, human communication equals translation. (George steiner 1975) 到目前為止，捷克學者Roman Jakobsen所提出三大類翻譯的劃分: intralingual translation, “語內翻譯”， interlingual translatio

3、n, “語際翻譯”， intersemiotic translation “不同符號系 統之間翻譯” 是對這種翻譯廣義性的最簡潔的歸類。 認識翻譯的廣義性對于做好翻譯工作十分重要，對于搞好我們的翻譯教學與編寫好翻譯教材等也有很好的啟示作用。 #In actual translating performances, sufficient attention must be paid to the different stylistic features of different languages, in order to fully respect the ways of saying thi

4、ngs of the target language.Moreover, the standards of stylistic acceptability for various types of discourse differ radically from language to language. What is entirely appropriate in Spanish, for example, may turn out to be quite unacceptable “purple prose” in English, and the English prose we adm

5、ire as dignified and effective often seems in Spanish to be colorless, insipid, and flat. Many Spanish literary artists take delight in the flowery elegance of their language, while most English writers prefer bold realism, precision, and movement. (Eugene Nida, 1964) 中國字屬象形文字(pictograph/hieroglyph)

6、，它對讀者似具有一種天然的視覺沖擊力（或者說吸引力與想象力）。目擊中國字往往容易立即與物質現實與形象現實掛鉤，這也就是中國的某些詩歌何以能達到詩畫一體臻境的一個重要原因。 由此而帶來的另一個現象是，中國字的運用似乎與生俱來就有其尚美性（ to render sth. beautiful, elegant,或者說是一種“向善”功能，甚至是一種“止于至善”的功能。而這一點在翻譯外來詞方面就顯得特別的明顯： 眾所周知，中國人繪畫表現手法與西方人不同，即中國水墨畫與西洋油畫的創作與欣賞路子完全不一樣。同樣,從漢字的正楷(regular script)向草書(cursive script)的演變（更確切

7、地說，應當是從甲骨文(inscriptions on tortoise shells and animal bones)、金文(inscriptions on ancient bronze objects) 到楷書最后到草書的演變),我們也可以大致聯想、領悟到漢語行文何以有其簡約性、提煉簡約性、提煉性性的特點。# 尚美性、簡約性、提煉性（熔裁） (elegance, brevity, refinement)這種尚美性、簡約性、與熔裁性的特點在翻譯中的體現也可能相當突出：People in the northern regions have a greater inclination to st

8、rong liquors, and those in the southern to love and women. Just as we see the bee settling on all the flowers, and sipping the best from each, so also those who aspire to culture ought not to leave anything untasted, but should gather useful knowledge from every source. “文字” meaning literally “texts

9、” and “characters” “Chinese characters” are pictographic characters. (象形文字) 釋名釋言語云：“文者，會集眾采，以成錦繡，會集眾字，以成詞誼，如文繡也”(a splendid brocade)。是“文”以“藻繢成章”為本訓。（清 劉師培：廣阮氏文言說） 這就是強調: 形成文字的東西，都應是美文、藝術品。這就意味著寫文章（做翻譯亦然）必定是一個選擇、加工、精雕細琢的過程。（譯文自然是要反復推敲的，使之如文繡. (to write with meticulous care before “a splendid brocade”

10、 is presented) 語貴含蓄。東坡云：“言有盡而意無窮者，天下之至言也。”山谷尤謹于此。清廟之瑟，一唱三嘆，遠矣哉！后之學詩者，可不務乎？若句中無余字，篇中無長語，非善之善者也；句中有余味，篇中有余意，善之善者也。（宋姜夔白石道人詩說 文章的寫成當是內容與形式的統一，其中“言之有文”的一種最高境界是文章含“神韻”，“有回味”，以至讀之讓人“亹亹不倦”（鐘嶸語） A genius differs from a good understanding, as a magician from an architect; that raises his structure by means i

11、nvisible, this by the skilful use of common tools. Everything is the same, but you are not here, and I still am. In separation the one who goes away suffers less than the one who stays behind. Poetry, like schoolboys, by too frequent and severe corrections, may be cowed into Dullness.2. The complexi

12、ties of translation 翻譯的復雜性I.A.Richards：（Translation）may very probably be the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos. Negotiate:1.Try to reach an agreement or compromise by discussion with others 2.Travel over a land or area (an obstacle of difficult path)#Machine Tran

13、slation Vs. Human TranslationA sign of sincere remorse goes a long way toward mitigating punishment. An unpublished government study says a quarter of all divorces result from “sexual problems” and another quarter from “emotional incompatibility”, a euphemism that hints at trouble in bed. England al

14、one in the last three centuries must have produced scores of Newtons who never learnt to read, hundreds of Daltons, Darwins, Bacons, and Huxleys, who died stunted in hovels, or never got a chance of proving their quality. (Wells: The Outline of History) England alone in the last three centuries must

15、 have produced scores of Newtons who never learnt to read, hundreds of Daltons, Darwins, Bacons, and Huxleys, who died stunted in hovels, or never got a chance of proving their quality. (Wells: The Outline of History) We sometimes fall in with persons who have seen much of the world, and of the men

16、who, in their day, have played a conspicuous part in it, but who generalize nothing, and have no observation, in the true sense of the word.Whipping wind, plunging temperatures and a coating of snow and ice caused power outages and whiteout conditions, ending the Northeasts brief flirtation with spr

17、ing. 飲食暖衣，逸居而無教，則 近于禽獸。本人承蒙貴國政府之援助，得自中國公使館獲釋，擬借貴報一角，敬伸感激之情，不知可邀俞允否？Ecology Loves Economy Car parts made with BASF plastics can be used instead of metal parts to make vehicles lighter and therefore more fuel-efficient. This means lower emissions, less fuel consumption and less money out of peoples po

18、ckets. When preserving the environment agrees with not upsetting your finances, its because at BASF, we create chemistry #translate源自拉丁文transferre的過去分詞translatus。Trans指從一處至另一處的空間跨越，ferre則表示“搬動”或“運送”。翻譯據此可解釋為將一種文字的意思跨越一定的時空搬送到另一種文字中去。 從詞源上說，Ferre同時還兼有endure（忍受）和suffer（遭罪）的含義，因此翻譯也意味著艱難，意味著要承受痛苦。Jose Orgega y Gasset: “The misery and the splendor of translation”3.The requirements for the translators # generalist translators vs. professi