1、名詞解釋 5個漢譯英 20個英譯漢 20個翻譯 5個作文 1個（老師說：注意看注釋）名詞解釋：Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.“環境”是圍繞在我們周圍物質生命的棲息地，在那里我們可以看到，聽到，觸到，聞到和品嘗到。System, a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic wh

2、ole.“系統”，一組或一系列能形成一個整體或者有機整體的相互關聯的事物。Pollution, an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.“污染”，有害影響健康，生存，活動的人或其它生物體的空氣，水，或土地的物理，化學或生物特性的不應該有的變化。

3、Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process. “資源減量化”：減少在于一個過程中的大量廢物的任何行為。Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of. “廢物最少化”：產生的廢物最大程度減少，然后處理，存儲，或者處置。句子：這些句子有三處來源：上課老師強調的，課后習

4、題的，還有課后NOTES里的。側重性依次是： （老師強調） > （課后習題） > （NOTES）Unit 1: Environmental Engineering環境工程In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在農業社會，人們基本上能與自然和諧地相處,他們在陸地上種植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。（老師強調）The wast

5、es from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.動物和人類排放的廢物作為肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空氣污染問題產生。（老師強調）Unit 2: Historical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA回顧美國處置危險物品的歷史As a result, industries that generat

6、ed large quantities of these waste materials now had to ensure that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.結果導致產生大量廢物的企業現在不得不確保這些物。（老師強調）Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a t

7、rue solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.盡管現在有足夠的法規來解決有害物質的處理問題，但是在二十年或更長的時間內是不可能真正的解決的。（老師強調）Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.只有通過工業界，科學家和政府部門的共同努力，才能最終得到解決。（老師強調+NOTES）Unit 5: Type and Sources of Air

8、 Pollutants空氣污染物的類型和來源The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉磯和墨西哥城，使他們特別容易受到頻繁的空氣停滯和空氣污染累積的影響。（NOTES）By themselves , measured concentration

9、s tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.通過測出的濃度自身并不能告知我們有關污染物所帶來的危險的信息，因為臨界濃度、協同作用還有生物放大效應都是決定因素。（NOTES）Unit 6: Effects on Climate and Ecological Environment對氣候和生態環境的影響The most sever conse

10、quence of CO2 induced global warming would be melting of the polar ice caps and the subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳引起全球變暖最嚴重的后果是，極地冰川融化、海平面上升，沿海平原將被淹沒。（習題：英譯漢）Although global warming from the already elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most

11、 climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed. 雖然很多氣候模型預言了大氣中二氧化碳水平的升高會引起全球變暖，但是這種變暖并沒有實際觀察到。（習題：英譯漢）Confirmation of the effect of CO2 on climate has been confounded by the natural fluctuations in climate and average global surface temperatures. 自然氣候和全球平均地表溫度的波動一直干擾著二氧化碳對氣候影響的證實

12、。（NOTES）Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution. 雖然這些記錄表明了平均表面溫度和氣候的發展趨勢，遺憾的是，這些記錄又碰巧與工業化的增加和污染重合了。（習題：英譯漢）The uncertainties associated with sink mechanisms considerable complicate the probl

13、em of determining the world carbon budget and prediction of future atmosphere CO2 levels.吸收機制的不確定性相當大程度地使世界碳量平衡和預計未來大氣CO2水平問題復雜化。（NOTES）Unit 8: New Technologies of Air Pollution Control大氣污染控制的新技術Moreover, while bioremediation techniques are now being applied successfully for the treatment of soil an

14、d groundwater contaminated by synthetic organics, at present there is very little practical experience with biological systems for the control of air contaminants among environmental professionals in the U S. 而且，生物除污技術在土壤和地下水得到了成功的應用，現在，在美國環保專業人員中，生物學系統在控制大氣污染物方面只有很少的實踐經驗。（習題：英譯漢）In fact, few enviro

15、nmental professionals in this country appear to be aware that “biofiltration” i.e., the biological removal of air contaminants from off-gas streams in a solid phase reactor, is now a well established air pollution control(APC) technology in several European countries, most notably The Netherlands an

16、d Germany.實際上，這個國家幾乎沒有環境的專家似乎意識到在好幾個歐洲國家（最顯著的是荷蘭和德國），“生物過濾”，即從固相反應器氣流中空氣污染物的生物去除法，是一種充分確立的空氣污染控制技術。（NOTES）The experiences in Europe have demonstrated that biofiltration has economic and other advantages over existing APC technologies, particularly if applied to off-gas streams that contain only low

17、concentrations (typically less than 1000 ppm as methane) of air pollutants that are easily biodegraded.歐洲的經驗已經證明，生物過濾較已有的空氣污染技術有著經濟的和其他方面的優越性，特別是用于僅含有低濃度典型地是加完濃霧小于1000ppm易生物降解的空氣污染物的尾氣。（NOTES）The principal reasons why biofiltration is not presently well recognized in the U.S., and has been applied i

18、n only a few cases, appear to be a lack of regulatory programs, little governmental support for research and development, and lack of descriptions written in the English language. 對于那些為什么生物過濾法如今在美國還不是很好地被認識和只應用于僅僅很少的一些情況的道理，可以認為是缺少控制的計劃、來自政府對此技術研究和發展支持，更是缺少用英語寫成的有關這些技術的文獻。（習題：英譯漢）While soil beds hav

19、e been shown to control certain types of odors and VOC efficiently and fairly low and operating cost, their use in the U.S. has been limited by the low biodegradation capacity of soils and the correspondingly large space requirements for the beds. 雖然已經證實土壤床可用想到低的投資和操作費用來控制某些類型的臭味和揮發性有機化合物，但是，土壤的低生物降

20、解能力和相當大的占地要求限制了土壤床在美國的應用。（NOTES）Unit 10: Water Pollution and Pollutants水污染及其污染源Tests for the few pathogens that might be present are difficult and time consuming, and standard practice is to test for other more plentiful organisms that are always present (in the billions) in the intestines of warm-b

21、looded animals,including human.對可能存在的病菌的檢測不僅有難度并且很耗時，并且標準的實施是對其他許多存在于包括人類在內的熱血動物腸道內德有機體進行的檢測。（老是強調）VSS can be an indicator of the organic content of raw wastes and can also provide a measure of the active microbial population in biological processes. 揮發性懸浮固體可作為原廢物的有機物含量的指示指標，并為在生物過程活微生物數量提供一個測量方法。（老

22、師強調）TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of known TOC. 總有機碳是通過測量樣品中的有機碳在一種強氧化劑的氧化作用下產生的二氧化碳的量，并與已知的總有機碳的標準對比而測得的。（老師強調）Unit 13: Water Treatment Processes水處理過程Coa

23、gulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too small for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized and clustered together for faster settling. 混凝/絮凝法是一種化學物理過程，那些太小的用普通沉降法不能去除的顆粒具有在這個過程中失去穩定性能成團的特點，從而能較快地沉淀。（NOTES）Unit 18: Sources and Types of Solid Waste

24、s固體廢棄物的來源和種類Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful.雖然已有許多廢物來源的分類法，但以下的分類是很有價值的。（NOTES）As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated.作為以下討論的基礎，定義所產生的各種固體

25、廢物是有幫助的。（NOTES）The most important characteristic of these waste is that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather. 飲食廢物的重要特點在于它具有易腐爛性，尤其在溫暖的天氣里，會極快地腐爛。（老師強調+習題：漢譯英）In addition to the amounts of food wastes generated at residences, considerable amounts are gen

26、erated at cafeterias and restaurants, large institutional facilities such as hospitals and prisons, and facilities associated with the marketing of foods, including wholesale and retail stores and markets. 除了在家庭產生飲食廢物外，在自助食堂、飯館、醫院和監獄等機構，以及諸如批發、零售等食品市場，均會產生大量的飲食廢物。（老師強調+習題：漢譯英）Unit 20: Methods of Was

27、te Disposal廢棄物處理方法Waste can be pretreated by pulverizing, or mechanically breaking it down into small particle sizes, which can reduce the bulk by up to 33% by volume. 把廢物粉碎成碎塊可以使其體積減少33%左右。（習題：漢譯英）In this survey, 72% of waste was tipped on land, 16% of the intractable and dangerous waste was dumped

28、 at sea in sealed containers, and 8.6% was buried. Only about 3% of the waste was disposed of by the alternative methods of incineration or discharge into sewers. 在這項調查中，72%的廢棄物被傾倒在陸地上，16%棘手和危險的廢棄物裝在密封的容器被傾倒在海里，并且8%的廢棄物被填埋。只有大約3%的廢棄物被焚燒或排入下水溝的選擇性方法處理。（老師強調）專業名詞：hazardous substance disposal 危險物品處置Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)資源回收保護法Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 環境保護署hazardous w