1、 省高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文研究中西方飲食文化的差異號(hào)：8考生：羽笛指導(dǎo)老師：世平2013年3月大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院制A Study of Differences between Chinese and Western FoodLiu YudiSupervisor：Liu ShipingMarch 2013論文摘要本文主要探討了中西方飲食文化的差異。在這個(gè)復(fù)雜的世界文化，飲食文化在世界文化中起著十分重要的作用。中西方文化的差異帶來(lái)了中西飲食文化的差異，不同的國(guó)家有自己不同的飲食文化特點(diǎn)。 中國(guó)是一種農(nóng)耕文化的陸地文化，而傳統(tǒng)的西方文化是一種畜牧文化的海洋文化，兩種不同的文化反映出人們生活方式的

2、差異，其中飲食文化更是具有代表性的一個(gè)方面。在不同的文化背景下，無(wú)論是在飲食觀念、飲食對(duì)象、廚具、餐具還是餐桌禮儀等各個(gè)方面這些飲食文化的差異都是顯而易見(jiàn)的。但是，隨著國(guó)際之間的交流與融合，中西飲食文化業(yè)將會(huì)在交流中共同發(fā)展，這對(duì)全世界圍的文化交流將起到促進(jìn)的作用。 關(guān)鍵詞: 差異；文化；飲食文化AbstractThis thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. In the complex world culture, the dietary culture plays an ex

3、tremely important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. Different countries have their own dietary cultural. Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while tradi

4、tional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, table ware, or table manners these differenc

5、es are obvious. But as development of the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the worldKey words: differences; culture; food die

6、tetic cultureContentsIntroduction.1Chapter One DietaryConcept.21.1Chinese dietary concept.21.2Western dietary concept.3Chapter Two FoodandDrink42.1 The main of materials42.2 Condiment.62.3 Side dish72.4 Wine.8Chapter Three TableManners.93.1 TheDifferences between Chinese and Western Table Manners.93

7、.2 The characteristic ofTable Manners103.2.1 The characteristic of Table Manners in China.103.2.2The characteristic ofTable Manners in the West11Chapter Four Kitchen ware and table ware124.1 Kitchen ware.124.1.1 Chinese kitchen ware.124.1.2 Western kitchen ware.144.2 Tableware.154.2.1 Chinese Table

8、ware.164.2.2 Western Table ware.17Conclusion.19Works cited.2126 / 32A Study of Differences between Chinese and Western FoodIntroductionDiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition. In the early stage of barba

9、rism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings. But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their tech

10、nology. Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietar

11、y culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth creat

12、ed and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in peoples daily life so

13、 that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture. Facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. We cant only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food whic

14、h is belong to the high calories food. However, it is obvious that we shouldnt aimlessly reject all the new objects. Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always hap

15、pen between Chinese and westerners. Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides cant adapt to each other. If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manne

16、r. The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonalds are the typical food in American. But it is not the fact. The fact is American food is very complex.Therefore,

17、 in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil, dietary tableware and table manners. Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eli

18、minate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries. To study both parties dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the aw

19、areness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, tolerate and accept the foreign culture. Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of cult

20、ure in the whole world (,2006:1).Chapter One Dietary Concept1.1 Chinese dietary conceptIn Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough.

21、The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aro

22、ma and taste. In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste. Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese die

23、t. The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept. But it does not

24、take any count of the collocation of nutrition. The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that “diet therapy is better than medical treatments”, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times. However, the

25、 traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition. Chinese people are thinking highly of eat. Bread is the staff of life, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as da

26、ys. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important. I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: If a culture put ate as p

27、rimary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that diet cures more than the doctors. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highl

28、y of delicious pursuit(, 2010: 33).1.2 Western dietary conceptIn western dietary culture, eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content(黨, 2010:10), people play more a

29、ttention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation. They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a r

30、esult, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand. Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay mor

31、e attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian. For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be g

32、uaranteed. Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglect of color, aroma and taste. Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is n

33、utritive. For another word, it just like refuels the machine. As to westerners, the taste is the secondary. If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food. Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability.

34、 There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.Chapter Two Food and Drink2.1 The main of materialsThe Chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which decides the Chinese dietary st

35、ructure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing. Whats more, there is a plenty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting. On the contrary, animal breeding is rare in China so much so t

36、hat it is very common for people to eat the grain. Chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food; only in holidays or at the higher living standards do they have

37、 the meat. It is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food. The main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetable with a little meat. Therefore, when Chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat. Whats more, rice and noodles are

38、 the principle food; tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chi

39、nese dietary culture. Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for

40、 people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. In the Chinese long history, the distribution of “south rice and north wheat” has formed this situation that the main raw materials a

41、re rice and wheat in Chinese staple food. Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing. According to a study of western botanist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China. It is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes

42、 are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the princi

43、pal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the tec

44、hnology is quite high in the animal cultivation. As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries. The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in th

45、e dishes. They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a “three-high” characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in wester

46、n dietary. Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese. Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables. Whats more, bread and mea

47、t are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.In the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material. Since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish. They devote particular care to the t

48、aste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat. That is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat. Any variety of cheese that is worshiped by westerners is th

49、e necessary thing should be appeared on the table. On the contrary, for most customers in China, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.2.2 CondimentThe condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes. In Chin

50、a, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has t

51、he ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. Whats more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their cond

52、iments in common use. But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China. In o

53、rder to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish. Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in t

54、he west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use. In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking. Because both vanil

55、la and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. For instance, when they cook the vegetable soup、spaghetti and sauce、stuffed、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano. In addition,

56、thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life(哈里斯, 2001:177).2.3 Side dishThe side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure. The side dish indicates that they are

57、the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one. Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China. It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been