1、Chapter 4 Developing Paragraphs1 Features of a paragraphAn effective paragraph generally has three fundamental features:a central idea(中心或主題)(a topic sentence主題句)supporting evidenceclose connection between the sentences句子間的緊密聯(lián)系2 Ways of developing a paragraph段落的展開法1.Development by time按時間展開In tellin

2、g a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last.2. Development by process按過程展開When you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a ch

3、ronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences(祈使句) and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are often used. The pre

4、sent tense should be used if the instructions are still reliable.3. Developing by space按空間展開Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relati

5、onships between them and arrange our description accordingly. It would only confuse the reader to mention them in a haphazard way.不論我們要描述的是一個大國家或一個小房間，都要先設(shè)計好描述的順序。要做到這一點，就要先搞清楚所要描述的地方有哪些細節(jié)，它們之間的方位關(guān)系如何，從哪一個角度開始展開描述比較清楚的。對一個地方的描述最忌零散無章。4. Developing by example舉例Supporting a topic sentence with example

6、s or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand.An illustration is a case, a specimen, an instance.Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable, or convincing.Illustrations may be a single example or a series of examples.It is n

7、ot always necessary to say “for example” or “for instance”.Details or examples are usually arranged in climatic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.段落中的細節(jié)和例子往往按照它們的重要性或趣味性排列：分量輕或趣味性弱的靠前，分量重或趣味性強的置后。5. Development of comparison and contrast類比和對

8、比A comparison points out the similarities between two or more persons or things of the same class.類比用于指出同一范疇的事物之間或幾個人之間的相似之處。A contrast points out the differences between them.對比用于指出他們之間的不同之處。Comparison and contrast often appear together because people generally compare two things that are similar i

9、n certain ways and different in others.Block presentation (subject-by-subject pattern)整體類比或整體對比法: to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same order.在闡述完一件事物的特點之后，再擺出與之相比的另一件事物的全部特點。注意：進行類比或?qū)Ρ鹊膬杉挛?/p>

10、的方面應(yīng)一致，順序應(yīng)相同，否則相互脫離不成對比。Alternating presentation (point-by-point pattern)交替類比或交替對比法：to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point.逐條比較或?qū)Ρ葍蓚€人或兩種事物的特點。Blocking presentation is suitable when the writer wants to treat points of similarity in depth. In this way each point is draw

11、n out and its relationship to another point is made clear. This type of presentation is often used when the points of similarity discussed are not many but complex, and require much explanation.當(dāng)想深入討論兩種事物相似的特點而這些特點的內(nèi)涵比較復(fù)雜，需要詳細解釋時，可先詳盡闡述一事或一人的各種特點然后再同相比者進行全面的比較。Alternating presentation is used when y

12、ou want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect.用于集中討論兩種事物的幾個特點，先指出一種事物的一個特點，接著同令一種事物的相應(yīng)的特點進行比較。這一方法適用于討論內(nèi)涵比較簡單，特點比較突出的事物

13、。6. Development by cause and effect原因和結(jié)果It is not always easy to explain causes and effects clearly and logically. One reason for this is that an effect may have many causes and a cause may have many effects. So we must be thorough in our discussion and careful in our selection of details.There are

14、two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect.The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes先寫出結(jié)果，再占用主要篇幅一一寫出原因The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.先敘述原因，再寫出或預(yù)測后果。7.Development by classification分類To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics.分類就是根據(jù)事物的特點分別歸類。We group thi